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Articles 4501 - 4530 of 11188
Full-Text Articles in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
Strategic Action Execution Through Regret Matching In Press Diplomacy, Leif D. White
Strategic Action Execution Through Regret Matching In Press Diplomacy, Leif D. White
Theses and Dissertations
To take most advantage of collaboration, negotiation is paramount to succeed in press Diplomacy. Humans use this construct to work towards self victory or sometimes towards an alternative strategic objective undefined in the game’s rules. To emulate this behavior, this thesis examines how to use communication to enable the victory or defeat of any other player in the game. This research develops a press Diplomacy agent, Lyre, that can work to attain these specific objectives in Diplomacy through the regret matching algorithm (RM). We also study how Lyre can begin Diplomacy with the goal to win, then shift strategies to …
Modeling Daily Fantasy Basketball, Martin Jiang
Modeling Daily Fantasy Basketball, Martin Jiang
Master's Theses
Daily fantasy basketball presents interesting problems to researchers due to the extensive amounts of data that needs to be explored when trying to predict player performance. A large amount of this data can be noisy due to the variance within the sport of basketball. Because of this, a high degree of skill is required to consistently win in daily fantasy basketball contests. On any given day, users are challenged to predict how players will perform and create a lineup of the eight best players under fixed salary and positional requirements. In this thesis, we present a tool to assist daily …
Of Inventorship And Patent Ownership: Examining The Intersection Between Artificial Intelligence And Patent Law, Cheng Lim Saw, Zheng Wen Samuel Chan
Of Inventorship And Patent Ownership: Examining The Intersection Between Artificial Intelligence And Patent Law, Cheng Lim Saw, Zheng Wen Samuel Chan
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Artificial intelligence (“AI”) has garnered much attention in recent years, with capabilities spanning the operation of self-driving cars to the emulation of the great artistic masters of old. The field has now been ostensibly enlarged in light of the professed abilities of AI machines to autonomously generate patentable inventions. This article examines the present state of AI technology and the suitability of existing patent law frameworks in accommodating it. Looking ahead, the authors also offer two recommendations in a bid to anticipate and resolve the challenges that future developments in AI technology might pose to patent law. In particular, the …
Hybrid Modeling For Electrochemical Systems, Luis Alejandro Briceno-Mena
Hybrid Modeling For Electrochemical Systems, Luis Alejandro Briceno-Mena
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The discovery of new materials like catalysts, polymeric films, and biomolecules, is driven by industrial needs such as improving reaction or separation selectivity, enhancing therapeutic effects on medical treatments, or reducing costs of replacement. However, deployment of these advances in industrial applications is often hindered by the lack of models needed for design and optimization. Due to the novelty of materials and devices, experimental data and first principles' knowledge are scarce, making it hard to build models either via data-driven or knowledge based approaches. In this context, a way to efficiently combine domain knowledge with data could provide a pathway …
Wifi-Based Human Activity Recognition Using Attention-Based Bilstm, Amany Elkelany, Robert J. Ross, Susan Mckeever
Wifi-Based Human Activity Recognition Using Attention-Based Bilstm, Amany Elkelany, Robert J. Ross, Susan Mckeever
Conference papers
Recently, significant efforts have been made to explore human activity recognition (HAR) techniques that use information gathered by existing indoor wireless infrastructures through WiFi signals without demanding the monitored subject to carry a dedicated device. The key intuition is that different activities introduce different multi-paths in WiFi signals and generate different patterns in the time series of channel state information (CSI). In this paper, we propose and evaluate a full pipeline for a CSI-based human activity recognition framework for 12 activities in three different spatial environments using two deep learning models: ABiLSTM and CNN-ABiLSTM. Evaluation experiments have demonstrated that the …
Generative Ai As A Tool For Environmental Health Research Translation., Lauren B. Anderson, Dhiraj Kanneganti, Mary Bentley Houk, Rochelle H. Holm, Ted Smith
Generative Ai As A Tool For Environmental Health Research Translation., Lauren B. Anderson, Dhiraj Kanneganti, Mary Bentley Houk, Rochelle H. Holm, Ted Smith
Faculty and Staff Scholarship
One valuable application for generative artificial intelligence (AI) is summarizing research studies for non-academic readers. We submitted five articles to Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) for summarization, and asked the article's author to rate the summaries. Higher ratings were assigned to more insight-oriented activities, such as the production of eighth-grade reading level summaries, and summaries highlighting the most important findings and real-world applications. The general summary request was rated lower. For the field of environmental health science, no-cost AI technology such as ChatGPT holds the promise to improve research translation, but it must continue to be improved (or improve itself) …
Comparing Boys’ And Girls’ Attitudes Toward Computer Science, Danielle Scott, Amiee Zou, Sharin Rawhiya Jacob, Debra Richardson, Mark Warschauer
Comparing Boys’ And Girls’ Attitudes Toward Computer Science, Danielle Scott, Amiee Zou, Sharin Rawhiya Jacob, Debra Richardson, Mark Warschauer
Journal of Computer Science Integration
Women are severely underrepresented in computer science (CS) degrees and careers. While student interest is a key predictor of success, little is known about how elementary students from underserved groups, such as girls, develop their interest in CS. To address this issue, we examined the differences in attitudes between upper elementary girls and boys towards CS after participating in a yearlong, inquiry-based CS curriculum designed for diverse learners. Pre-and-post surveys on students’ attitudes towards CS (n = 108) were delivered before and after student participation in the curriculum. Results from the survey showed only two demonstrated significant differences between boys …
Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation Platform Of Loop Control For Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process, Tianzheng Wang, Jian Tang, Heng Xia, Junfei Qiao
Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation Platform Of Loop Control For Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process, Tianzheng Wang, Jian Tang, Heng Xia, Junfei Qiao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To accurately simulate and realize the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) loop control of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) process, a distributed hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform consisting of a real device layer and a virtual object layer is developed based on the actual industrial process. The mechanism model is qualitatively described, and a data-driven virtual process object model in terms of loop control is established. The software subsystems of the platform and their cooperative operation mode are designed based on the control requirement. The hardware and software of the proposed platform are built and experimentally verified based on actual industrial …
A Simulation Method Of Airborne Radar Real-Time Detection Based On Three-Dimensional Subdivision, Ying Xu, Shuai Zhang, Zhige Xie, Xinhai Xu, Manhui Sun, Ning Guo
A Simulation Method Of Airborne Radar Real-Time Detection Based On Three-Dimensional Subdivision, Ying Xu, Shuai Zhang, Zhige Xie, Xinhai Xu, Manhui Sun, Ning Guo
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The emergence and rapid development of UAVs make the target detection of UAV airborne radar in combat simulation great research valuable. In the existing combat simulation platforms at home and abroad, the detection relationship between radar and target is pairwise interactive, and the calculation overhead increases linearly or ultra-linear following the increase of entity numbers, which is difficult to carry out the large-scale real-time combat simulation. Based on the concept of three-dimensional meshing, an airborne radar target detection simulation method is proposed, which can quickly judge the success or failure of detection by making a detection template before simulation …
Design And Implementation Of Industrial Robot Remote Monitoring System In Cloud Manufacturing, Yongkui Liu, Lin Zhang, Yingfu Liu, Jianyong Feng, Bo Yu, Wenbo Niu
Design And Implementation Of Industrial Robot Remote Monitoring System In Cloud Manufacturing, Yongkui Liu, Lin Zhang, Yingfu Liu, Jianyong Feng, Bo Yu, Wenbo Niu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Considering the lack of the existing research on cloud manufacturing monitoring system and the lack of scalability and flexibility of existing remote monitoring system, and taking deep reinforcement learning-based industrial robot intelligent grasping as an application scenario, a micro-service architecture-based remote monitoring system for cloud manufacturing is developed, to carry out the requirement analysis and design of the monitoring system, and the remote monitoring of industrial robot intelligent grasping processes is realized. Test results show that the system can meet the monitoring requirements of resource providers, platform operator(s) and service consumers.
Design Of System Combat Simulation Platform For Complex Electromagnetic Environment, Baiyuan Ding, Fuling Mu, Yunpeng Li, Zhongkuan Chen, Chengyu Liu
Design Of System Combat Simulation Platform For Complex Electromagnetic Environment, Baiyuan Ding, Fuling Mu, Yunpeng Li, Zhongkuan Chen, Chengyu Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: War gaming and simulation can be divided into four levels of strategy、campaign、tactics and technique. Existing system combat simulation platforms of campaign and tactics at home and abroad cannot drive the special model of electromagnetic equipment in technique level, resulting in the low fidelity of battlefield complex electromagnetic environment simulation. To solve the problem, flexible analysis modeling and exercise system(FLAMES) model architecture as the reference, based on the simulation engine library of a discrete event system simulator(ADEVS), a flexible operation simulation platform(FOSim) is designed and developed, which integrates three levels of campaign, tactics and technology, supports three levels independence simulation …
Machine Learning-Based Simulation Research Of On-Line Subway Pedestrian Flow Control, Jiajie Shi, Peng Yang, Yannan Pi
Machine Learning-Based Simulation Research Of On-Line Subway Pedestrian Flow Control, Jiajie Shi, Peng Yang, Yannan Pi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In recent years, a large number of digital experiments have been carried out in the field of space launch, such as digital design verification, digital joint training and simulation training, and rocket-ground joint simulation evaluation, all of which involve the space launch information visualization. Through virtual reality technology, system simulation technology, data visualization technology, etc., on the basis of multi-thread, multi-module architecture design idea, and message queue system interaction mode, the space launch visual simulation analysis technology platform with functions of data management, scenario management, calculation management, and script management is constructed. The application cases of visual simulation analysis …
Takeout Distribution Routes Optimization Considering Order Clustering Under Dynamic Demand, Houming Fan, Fushan Xian, Huaiqi Wang
Takeout Distribution Routes Optimization Considering Order Clustering Under Dynamic Demand, Houming Fan, Fushan Xian, Huaiqi Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Takeout distribution optimization includes order allocation and route planning. Aiming at dynamic order and rider position change, with the goal of minimizing the overtime order proportion, average delivery time and average travel distance,a two-stage mathematical model is established based on the idea of pre-optimization and dynamic adjustment. In the pre-optimization stage, an improved variable neighborhood search algorithm is designed to obtain the initial distribution scheme. In the dynamic adjustment stage, a periodic optimization strategy is adopted to transform the problem into a virtual distribution center vehicle problem for solution. In each stage,different clustering methods are used to optimize the …
Demand Forecasting Method Of Emergency Materials Based On Metabolic Gray Markov, Long Ma, Baodong Qin, Na Lu, Meng Kou
Demand Forecasting Method Of Emergency Materials Based On Metabolic Gray Markov, Long Ma, Baodong Qin, Na Lu, Meng Kou
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the demand for emergency materials of people affected by the disaster, a forecasting method based on metabolism-gray Markov's is proposed. To realize the dynamic prediction of the number of people affected by the disaster, according to demand forecast ideas, the prediction model of metabolism-gray Markov fused is constructed progressively through gray, Markov and metabolism theories. A flexible demand forecasting model for emergency supplies is built through safety stock theory to complete the balance of supply and demand between people number and the materials demand. The prediction results of different …
Se(3)-Based Finite-Time Fault-Tolerant Control Of Spacecraft Integrated Attitude-Orbit, Yafei Mei, Ying Liao, Kejie Gong, Xingyu Zheng
Se(3)-Based Finite-Time Fault-Tolerant Control Of Spacecraft Integrated Attitude-Orbit, Yafei Mei, Ying Liao, Kejie Gong, Xingyu Zheng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: For relative motion spacecraft, when the actuator fails and the external disturbance and system uncertainty occur simultaneously, a finite-time fault-tolerant control method is proposed on the basis of the robustness of sliding mode control. A single-rigid spacecraft integrated attitude-orbit model is established based on Lie Group SE(3), and the relative motion spacecraft error dynamic equation is derived in exponential coordinates. A class of non-singular fast terminal sliding surface is designed, and the equivalent adaptive method is adopted to design the controller to estimate and compensate the total disturbance. The proposed fault-tolerant control algorithm can be independent from fault diagnosis …
Research On Image Super-Resolution Reconstruction Based On Loss Extraction Feedback Attention Network, Hong Sun, Yuxiang Zhang, Yuelan Ling
Research On Image Super-Resolution Reconstruction Based On Loss Extraction Feedback Attention Network, Hong Sun, Yuxiang Zhang, Yuelan Ling
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Since the first application of convolutional neural network to the field of super-resolution image reconstruction (super-resolution convolutional neural network, SRCNN), a large number of studies have proved that deep learning can improve the effect of image reconstruction. Aiming at the too many parameters in the image super-resolution network and the insufficient utilization of image features resulting in less available high-frequency information, a loss extraction feedback attention network (LEFAN) is proposed to reuse parameters in a circular way and increase the reuse of low-resolution image features to capture more high-frequency information. The loss caused in the reconstruction process is extracted …
Research On Cooperative Path Planning Model Of Multiple Unmanned Vehicles In Real Environment, Guohui Zhang, Xuan Wang, Yanan Zhang, Ang Gao
Research On Cooperative Path Planning Model Of Multiple Unmanned Vehicles In Real Environment, Guohui Zhang, Xuan Wang, Yanan Zhang, Ang Gao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The cluster combat application of unmanned ground vehicles(UVS) is a hot research issue of the intersection of artificial intelligence and battle command. Aiming at the cooperative path planning multiple unmanned vehicles not meeting the dynamic threat condition requirement, by combining the global path planning algorithm A-STAR with the local path planning algorithm RL, from the perspective of perception to behavioral decision making, the cooperative path planning model of multiple unmanned vehicles is studied. The cooperative combat situation threat algorithm, state and action space, reward function and sphere of influence function are designed, the sub-models of formation configuration strategy generation …
Dqn-Based Joint Scheduling Method Of Heterogeneous Tt&C Resources, Naiyang Xue, Dan Ding, Yutong Jia, Zhiqiang Wang, Yuan Liu
Dqn-Based Joint Scheduling Method Of Heterogeneous Tt&C Resources, Naiyang Xue, Dan Ding, Yutong Jia, Zhiqiang Wang, Yuan Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Joint scheduling of heterogeneous TT&C resources as research object, a deep Q network (DQN) algorithm based on reinforcement learning is proposed. The characteristics of the joint scheduling problem of heterogeneous TT&C resources being fully analyzied and mathematical language being used to describe the constraints affecting the solution, a resource joint scheduling model is established. From the perspective of applying reinforcement learning, two neural networks with the same structure and the action selection strategies based onεgreedy algorithm are respectively designed after Markov decision process description, and DQN solution framework is established. The simulation results show that DQN-based heterogeneous …
Online Classification Method For Motor Imagery Eeg With Spatial Information, Fengwei Yang, Peng Chen, Kai Xi, Hualin Pu, Xueyin Liu
Online Classification Method For Motor Imagery Eeg With Spatial Information, Fengwei Yang, Peng Chen, Kai Xi, Hualin Pu, Xueyin Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: EEG-based BCI system can help the daily life and rehabilitation training of limb movement disorders patients. Due to the low signal-to-noise ratio and large individual differences of EEG signals, the accuracy and efficiency of EEG feature extraction and classification are not high, which affects the wide application of online BCI system. A CNN with spatial information is proposed for the online classification of MI-EEG signals. The reordered MI-EEG is convolved horizontally and vertically respectively. With the contralateral effect of motor imagery ERD/ERS phenomenon, the spatial information in MI-EEG is fully utilized to achieve the real-time acquisition and classification of …
Simulation Of Occluded Pedestrian Detection Based On Improved Yolo, Nan Xiang, Lu Wang, Chongliu Jia, Yuemou Jian, Xiaoxia Ma
Simulation Of Occluded Pedestrian Detection Based On Improved Yolo, Nan Xiang, Lu Wang, Chongliu Jia, Yuemou Jian, Xiaoxia Ma
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the high missed detection rates and low accuracy of existing YOLO for occlusion and multi-scale pedestrian targets, an improved pedestrian detection algorithm is proposed. YOLO backbone is modified to enhance the capabilities of cross-scale feature extraction. To increase thepedestrian feature fusion capabilities of different scales, a spatial pyramid pooling module and two attention mechanisms are introduced at different positions in front of YOLO layers. Aiming at the detection performance degradation due to the extreme complexity of network module and to improve the model training efficiency, the network structure is pruned according to the actual …
Evacuation Dynamics Research Based On Evolutionary Game Theory, Qiaoru Li, Jinxiu Yan, Xiaoyong Tian, Kun Li, Xia Li
Evacuation Dynamics Research Based On Evolutionary Game Theory, Qiaoru Li, Jinxiu Yan, Xiaoyong Tian, Kun Li, Xia Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to study the impact of individual cooperative behavior on the overall pedestrian evacuation efficiency, combined with cellular automata and social force model, the co-evolution of evacuation system dynamics and "cooperative behavior" is studied, and an evacuation dynamics research method based on evolutionary game theory is proposed. The cellular automata model is used as the basic simulation framework, and the social force model is used to represent the psychological repulsion among the practitioners. The evacuation individual strategy is updated through evolutionary game. The simulation results show that when the game gain coefficient exceeds a certain threshold, the …
Efficient Hmm Map Matching Method Using R-Tree And Trajectory Segmentation, Yanjiao Song, Jiayue Zhou, Longhao Wang, Jing Wu, Rui Li, Xiaoping Rui
Efficient Hmm Map Matching Method Using R-Tree And Trajectory Segmentation, Yanjiao Song, Jiayue Zhou, Longhao Wang, Jing Wu, Rui Li, Xiaoping Rui
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In view of the incapability of traditional methods to efficiently process massive trajectory data, an improved HMM (hidden-Markov model) map matching algorithm is proposed. Spatial index for road networks is established through R-tree spatial index. GPS trajectory data are segmented based on the position change rates of trajectory points. R-tree index is used to quickly determine the candidate road section that sub-trajectories belong to, and the key points of the sub-trajectories instead of the entire sub-trajectories are selected to judge which road the sub-trajectories should be matched with. The map matching of each sub-trajectory is carried out on …
Research On Digital Twin Credibility Assessment Process And Index, Fan Yang, Ping Ma, Wei Li, Ming Yang
Research On Digital Twin Credibility Assessment Process And Index, Fan Yang, Ping Ma, Wei Li, Ming Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With the application field expansion of digital twin technology, in order to meet the requirement of digital twin credibility and promote the digital twin credibility assessment, the credibility assessment process and indicators of digital twin are researched. The development process of digital twin is analyzed and the construction method of flexible multi-layer digital twin credibility assessment process model based on IDEF0 is proposed. Two index systems, process-stage-activity layers(P-S-A) and activity-element-feature layers(A-E-F),are proposed to solve the problems of defect backtracking and evaluation of complex objects. Several examples of index system are given.
Research On Real-Time Gesture Classification Algorithm Based On Imu And Semg Mixed Signals, Tao Wang, Yingnian Wu, Rui Yang, Yueying Sun
Research On Real-Time Gesture Classification Algorithm Based On Imu And Semg Mixed Signals, Tao Wang, Yingnian Wu, Rui Yang, Yueying Sun
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the gesture classification accuracy of surface electromyography (sEMG), the mixed signal of attitude and sEMG is collected by inertial measurement unit (IMU) and EMG sensor, and a GRU-BiLSTM double-layer network real-time gesture classification algorithm is proposed. The first layer of gated recurrent unit (GRU) detects the mutation point of the initial mixed signal though energy combination operator feature and locates the starting point of the dynamic data. The second layer Bi-directional long short term memory (BiLSTM) classifies the motion state mixed signal into 10 gestures in two directions though energy kernel phase map feature. …
Computation Offloading Strategy Based On Stackelberg Game And Drl, Xianwei Zhou, Qixu Gong, Songsen Yu
Computation Offloading Strategy Based On Stackelberg Game And Drl, Xianwei Zhou, Qixu Gong, Songsen Yu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To achieve the optimal computation offloading strategy for two kinds of MEC users in 5G hybrid private network, Stackelberg game is used to build the model of the competition for MEC server resources of two kinds of users, andthe strategies of complete information game and partially incomplete information game are researched respectively. It is proved that there is only one Nash equilibrium solution in the complete information scenario. In the incomplete information scenario, the environment is modeled as POMDP, and a two-stage deep reinforcement learning(TSDRL) is proposed to obtain the optimal computation offloading strategy. Simulation results show the proposed …
Machine Learning Methods For Computational Phenotyping Using Patient Healthcare Data With Noisy Labels, Praveen Kumar
Machine Learning Methods For Computational Phenotyping Using Patient Healthcare Data With Noisy Labels, Praveen Kumar
Computer Science ETDs
Positive and Unlabeled (PU) learning problems abound in many real-world applications. In healthcare informatics, diagnosed patients are considered labeled positive for a specific disease, but being undiagnosed does not mean they can be labeled negative. PU learning can improve classification performance, and estimate the positive fraction, α, among unlabeled samples. However, algorithms based on the Selected Completely At Random (SCAR) assumption are inadequate when the SCAR assumption fails (e.g., severe cases overrepresented), and when class imbalance is substantial. This dissertation presents and evaluates new algorithms to overcome these limitations. The proposed methods outperform the state-of-art for α-estimation, enhance classification performance, …
Session11: Skip-Gcn : A Framework For Hierarchical Graph Representation Learning, Jackson Cates, Justin Lewis, Randy Hoover, Kyle Caudle
Session11: Skip-Gcn : A Framework For Hierarchical Graph Representation Learning, Jackson Cates, Justin Lewis, Randy Hoover, Kyle Caudle
SDSU Data Science Symposium
Recently there has been high demand for the representation learning of graphs. Graphs are a complex data structure that contains both topology and features. There are first several domains for graphs, such as infectious disease contact tracing and social media network communications interactions. The literature describes several methods developed that work to represent nodes in an embedding space, allowing for classical techniques to perform node classification and prediction. One such method is the graph convolutional neural network that aggregates the node neighbor’s features to create the embedding. Another method, Walklets, takes advantage of the topological information stored in a graph …
Temporal Tensor Factorization For Multidimensional Forecasting, Jackson Cates, Karissa Scipke, Randy Hoover, Kyle Caudle
Temporal Tensor Factorization For Multidimensional Forecasting, Jackson Cates, Karissa Scipke, Randy Hoover, Kyle Caudle
SDSU Data Science Symposium
In the era of big data, there is a need for forecasting high-dimensional time series that might be incomplete, sparse, and/or nonstationary. The current research aims to solve this problem for two-dimensional data through a combination of temporal matrix factorization (TMF) and low-rank tensor factorization. From this method, we propose an expansion of TMF to two-dimensional data: temporal tensor factorization (TTF). The current research aims to interpolate missing values via low-rank tensor factorization, which produces a latent space of the original multilinear time series. We then can perform forecasting in the latent space. We present experimental results of the proposed …
Deep Learning Architectures For Visual Question Answering On Medical Images, Venkat Ramana Kodali Kodali
Deep Learning Architectures For Visual Question Answering On Medical Images, Venkat Ramana Kodali Kodali
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this research is to apply both computer vision and natural language processing techniques for visual question answering (VQA) on a medical image dataset. Deep learning and machine learning libraries were used in the research. The research includes understanding key achievements in the field of visual question answering, identifying techniques applied in general images and applying them along with new techniques to medical images. There are many more articles explaining the application of visual question answering to general images than on applying VQA specifically to medical images. In this research, I initially developed a model of VQA that …
A Proposed Meta-Reality Immersive Development Pipeline: Generative Ai Models And Extended Reality (Xr) Content For The Metaverse, Jay Ratican, James Hutson, Andrew Wright
A Proposed Meta-Reality Immersive Development Pipeline: Generative Ai Models And Extended Reality (Xr) Content For The Metaverse, Jay Ratican, James Hutson, Andrew Wright
Faculty Scholarship
The realization of an interoperable and scalable virtual platform, currently known as the “metaverse,” is inevitable, but many technological challenges need to be overcome first. With the metaverse still in a nascent phase, research currently indicates that building a new 3D social environment capable of interoperable avatars and digital transactions will represent most of the initial investment in time and capital. The return on investment, however, is worth the financial risk for firms like Meta, Google, and Apple. While the current virtual space of the metaverse is worth $6.30 billion, that is expected to grow to $84.09 billion by the …