Chemistry Commons^™

Synthesis, Molecular Characterization, And Antibacterial Testing Of Silver–Cadmium Bimetallic Bionanoparticles Prepared From The Sidaguri (Sida Rhombifolia L.) Extract, Fredryk Mandey, Anita Rahelea Rangga Bua, Ismi Sri Rahayu, Nur Umriani Permatasari

Makara Journal of Science

Herein, we successfully synthesized, characterized, and examined the antibacterial activity of silver–cadmium bimetallic bionanoparticles prepared by mixing the aqueous extract of Sidaguri (Sida rhombifolia L.) and mixtures of silver nitrate and cadmium nitrate (yield = 0.2035 g). Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and particle-size analysis, revealed that the products exhibited a maximum absorption wavelength of 427.5 nm with an absorbance intensity of 0.790; a face centered cubic structure; Ag and Cd mass percentages of 98.52% and 1.28%, respectively; an average molecular diameter of 43.8 nm, and a polydispersity index of …

The Quality Of Bio-Pellets Made By Combining Walnut Kernel Shells (Canarium Indicum L.) From Bogor, Indonesia, And Palm Kernel Shells As Renewable Energy, Ani Iryani, Linda Jati Kusumawardani, Ronaldo Juniansyah

Makara Journal of Science

Using biomass as an energy source helps overcome the declining supply of fossil fuels. Bio-pellets—an energy product made from biomass—is one option that can be utilized. One source of biomass energy is walnut kernel shells. The walnut plant (Canarium indicum L.) is a forest tree grown in eastern Indonesia. The walnut plant is also located in the GOR Pajajaran area of Bogor City and has not been utilized for energy production. This study consists of three stages: 1) raw material preparation, 2) bio-pellet production, and 3) bio-pellet characterization in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 8951:2020. Based on …

Antibacterial Activity Of Zno/Geopolymer Composite Granules And Their Potential Application In Water Treatment, Ziyan Tirta Maulitia, Putri Nur Angelina, Pipit Erlita Sari, Sri Sugiarti, Irma Isnafia Arief, Zaenal Abidin

Makara Journal of Science

Water pollution has become a major global concern owing to its complexity and widespread impact. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the most common bacterial contaminants in water sources, which pose significant threats to public health. To mitigate water contamination by these pathogenic microorganisms, developing and implementing effective water treatment technologies are essential. A promising approach involves using antibacterial water filtration systems. Herein, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized via hydrothermal and precipitation methods as antibacterial agents for water treatment. These preparation methods required considerably low synthesis time. A capping agent was …

The Effect Of Ozone Treatment On The Quality Of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil, Sri Redjeki Setyawati, Singgih Wibowo

Makara Journal of Science

This research demonstrates the successful production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) using the transesterification method. A methoxide solution, formed by employing a base catalyst and alcohol, facilitated the conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters and glycerol as the byproduct. The conversion process yielded 74% biodiesel and 13.5% glycerol content, with the remaining proportion consisting of water and contaminants. The application of ozone (O₃) aeration proved effective in reducing contaminants—such as alcohol, unreacted catalysts, food residues and water—by approximately 60%. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) testing affirmed that the biodiesel product—treated with O₃ aeration—maintained its original …

Effect Of Varying Chitosan Molecular Weights On The Morphology And Physical Characteristics Of Pva/Chitosan Composite Hydrogels, Yuan Alfinsyah Sihombing, Halida Rahmi Luthfianti, William Xaveriano Waresindo, Marathur Rodhiyah, Nur’Aini Nafisah, Dian Ahmad Hapidin, Dhewa Edikresnha, Khairurrijal Khairurrijal

Makara Journal of Science

We employed the innovative freeze–thaw method to investigate the effect of chitosan (CS) molecular weights incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol on the morphology and physical characteristics of the hydrogel. This study aimed to unravel the intricate relationships between CS molecular weight variations, CS concentration, and the number of freeze–thaw cycles (4 or 6 cycles) on hydrogel swelling degree and weight loss. Incorporating CS improved the hydrogel structure and enhanced its porosity, resulting in remarkable increases in swelling degree ranging from 2 to 6 times the initial weight. Higher molecular weight CS (310,000–375,000 Da) exhibited a lower swelling degree than medium molecular …

Enhancing Science Learning Outcomes With Sitaya Miniature Media: A Quantitative Study Of Elementary Education, Gilang Kripsiyadi Praramdana, Hamdan Hamdan, Agus Gunawan, Fauziah Dwi Hijriani

Jurnal Pendidikan Sains

This study investigates the impact of SITAYA Miniature media on the learning outcomes of grade VI students in science subjects at SDN 2 Darma. Conventional teaching methods, often less engaging for students, were identified as a significant factor contributing to low academic performance. The study employed a quantitative research approach, with a randomized sample of 43 students divided into an experimental group (24 students) and a control group (19 students). Pretest and posttest data were collected using a structured test instrument, and statistical analyses, including normality, homogeneity, t-tests, and N-Gain tests, were conducted to assess the effectiveness of SITAYA Miniature …

Investigation Of The Physicochemical Behaviour Of Acidum Citricum Homoeopathic Dilutions At Temperatures From 293.15 K To 318.15 K By Using Volumetric, Acoustic And Viscometric Methods, Anil Kumar Nain, Neha Chaudhary, Raj Kumar Manchanda, Debadatta Nayak

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Background: The physicochemical properties of homoeopathic medicines have been gaining importance in elucidating the physicochemical behaviour (interactions) and, hence in establishing the presence of medicine at ultra-high dilutions. Objective: The present study is aimed to reconnoiter the existence of drug in ultra-diluted medicines and evidence regarding the physicochemical behaviour and prevailing interactions in the dilutions of Acidum citricum. Materials and Methods: The densities (ρ), ultrasonic speeds (u) and viscosities (η) of pure ethanol control (91% ethanol in water) and 33 dilutions of Acidum citricum of potencies across 1C to 200C at temperatures from …

Green Synthesis Of Copper And Silver Nanostructured Particles From Eremurus Plant Extract And Comparison Of Their Optical Properties And Antibacterial Activities, Doaa Ayad Kamil, Ali F. Al-Rawaf, Mohammed Yarub Hani, H.H. Obeed, Tabarek Falah Deindee, Mohammed Ridha Shaeed

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

In the present investigation, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanostructured particles were synthesized from Eremurus plant by means of an environmentally benign methodology in which plant extracts served as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The resultant nanostructured particles were subjected to characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). XRD analysis confirmed development of Ag nanostructured particles with face-centered cubic (fcc) structure and also Cu nanostructured particles with cubic form. Moreover, the average crystallite dimensions obtained for Ag and Cu were 18.3 nm and 65.7 nm, …

Fabrication And Characterization Of Epoxy Resin Co-Doped With 2,5-Diphenyloxazole And Cerium Fluoride Nanoparticles For Radiation Detection, Akapong Phunpueok, Jaruwan Seangrit, Sarawut Jaiyen, Krittiya Sreebunpeng, Wuttichai Chaiphaksa, Kewalee Nilgumhang, Voranuch Thongpool

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

This paper presents the fabrication and characterization of a plastic scintillator prepared from epoxy resin doped with 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and cerium fluoride nanoparticles (CeF₃ NPs) for radiation detection. The CeF₃ NPs were prepared by a chemical process and examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); it was found that the prepared particles were true CeF₃ NPs with an average particle size of approximately 17 nm. The CeF₃ NPs were co-doped with PPO into epoxy resin and formed into a plastic scintillator of 3 cm in diameter and 2 cm in length. Analysis of …

Hybrid Path Planner For Centralized Multi-Robotic Long-Vehicle Based On Adaptive Dimensionality And Grey Wolf Algorithm, Noor Kadhim Ayoob, Ali Hadi Hasan

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

The present robot planning methods pay no attention to the impact of the robot's size and the space it occupies in the environment on path planning. This paper presents a centralized hybrid method to plan optimal paths for multiple robotic long vehicles (RLVs) competing with each other to reach one common goal, taking into account the space that must be available to the RLV at each step to avoid narrow spaces that are too small to pass through. The environment analysis for each RLV is improved by assigning constant weight to the obstacles and calculating two new parameters: safety (SF) …

Allosteric Control Overcomes Steric Limitations For Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting Conserved Binding Epitopes Of The Sars-Cov-2 Spike Protein: Exploring The Intersection Of Binding, Allostery, And Immune Escape With A Multimodal Computational Approach, Mohammed Alshahrani, Vedant Parikh, Brandon Foley, Gennady M. Verkhivker

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

Understanding the atomistic basis of multi-layer mechanisms employed by broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein without directly blocking receptor engagement remains an important challenge in coronavirus immunology. Class 4 antibodies represent an intriguing case: they target a deeply conserved, cryptic epitope on the receptor-binding domain yet exhibit variable neutralization potency across subgroups F1 (CR3022, EY6A, COVA1-16), F2 (DH1047), and F3 (S2X259). The molecular basis for this variability is not fully understood. Here, we employed a multi-modal computational approach integrating atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, binding free energy calculations, mutational scanning, and dynamic network analysis to elucidate …

Unveiling The Interplay Of Electronic And Phononic Excitations In Laser-Induced Oxygen Activation On Ru(0001), Xiangrui Wang, Jiamin Wang, Paul Spiering, Liping Liu, Jörg Meyer, Jerry L. Larue, Hongliang Xin

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Understanding laser-induced dynamics on metal surfaces poses significant challenges due to the intricate interplay between electronic and phononic degrees of freedom, which evolve on distinct timescales. In this study, we introduce a machine learning-accelerated approach to molecular dynamics simulations that incorporates anisotropic electronic friction, providing deeper insights into these complex processes. Our framework extends the accessible time and length scales for nonadiabatic dynamics simulations, enabling a detailed investigation of the laser-induced activation of oxygen on the Ru(0001) surface. Statistical analysis reveals that strong electronic excitation dominates the first 800 fs after laser exposure. Beyond this timescale, energy deposited by electronic …

Influence Of Variable Climate On Mechanical Properties Of Composite Materials: An Experimental Study, Alexandra Tazhibaeva, Safaa M.R.H. Hussein, Mikhail Kuznetsov, Farid Shakirzyanov, Nikita Kharin, Igor Muravyev, Timur Agliullin, Gulshat Saleeva, Victor Mitryakin, Oleg Morozov, Oskar Sachenkov

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

This study investigates the degradation of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites, fabricated via non-autoclave molding, under tropical climatic conditions across three regions over three years. Forty specimens (10 control, 30 exposed) with 2x2 twill weave and 0°/90° fiber orientation were subjected to tensile and compressive testing, microscopy, and X-ray computed tomography. Control specimens established baseline properties, while exposed specimens underwent three-year weathering. Statistical and principal component analyses revealed significant mechanical degradation, with tensile strength decreasing by up to 16.1% (p

Impact Of Plasma-Activated Water On Breast Cancer Cell Viability, Maryam G. Jasim, Hammad R. Humud

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Plasma-activated water (PAW) was generated using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system operating with a 1:1 mixture of nitrogen and argon gases to evaluate its cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Water samples were divided into five groups: 0 minutes (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes of plasma exposure. The resulting PAW was applied to cultured cells, and cell viability was assessed 24- and 48-hour post-treatment. Viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed an apparent time-dependent increase in cytotoxicity. At 24 hours, cell mortality rates were 1.9%, 40.7%, 48.1%, 53.6%, …

Molecular Architecture And Mechanical Response In Polymeric Materials: Thin Films, Linear-Ring Elastomers, And Lignin, Siteng Zhang

Theses and Dissertations

Understanding the mechanical behavior of polymeric materials is critical to advancing modern technologies, from flexible electronics to sustainable adhesives. This dissertation investigates the micromechanics of polymer thin films, dual-network elastomers, and bio-based lignin materials, with an emphasis on deformation mechanisms, network topology, and mechanical properties. The work combines principles of polymer physics with materials science to uncover structure–property relationships that inform polymer design. This dissertation primarily uses coarse-grained and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to investigate molecular-scale behavior beyond experimental reach. Through these methods, critical insights are gained into how entanglement, topology, and chain architecture govern bulk material performance. The first …

Bioelectrochemical Systems: Prioritizing Energy Density, Long-Term Stability, And Validation, Luana C.I. Faria, Steffane Q. Nascimento, Filipe C.D.A. Lima, Graziela C. Sedenho, Thiago Bertaglia, Rodrigo M. Iost, João C.P. De Souza, Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez, Shelley D. Minteer, Serge Cosnier, Ariel L. Furst, Frank N. Crespilho

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

Pioneering work in bioelectrochemistry, particularly the employing of yeast cells to generate electrical current, had substantially favored the comprehension of bio electrochemical reactions. This foundational research has boosted the development of bio electrochemical systems (BES), which are significant for sustainable energy solutions. BES technologies, such as biobatteries, bio supercapacitors, and enzymatic and microbial biofuel cells, harness organic and biological systems to provide environmentally friendly alternatives for energy storage and conversion. Despite their potential, these technologies face challenges in achieving competitive energy densities and long-term stability compared to traditional accumulators and converters. Here, we introduce a new Ragone plot for BES, …

Structural Evolution Of Nitrogenase Over 3 Billion Years, Bruno Cuevas Zuviría, Franka Detemple, Kaustubh Amritkar, Amanda K. Garcia, Lance Seefeldt, Betül Kaçar

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Previously, we identified the only dinitrogen reduction mechanism known to date as an ancient feature conserved from nitrogenase ancestors, which we directly tested by resurrecting and integrating synthetic ancestral nitrogenases into the genome of Azotobacter vinelandii (Garcia et al., 2023), a genetically tractable, nitrogen-fixing model bacterium. Here, we extend this paleomolecular approach to investigate the structural evolution of nitrogenase over billions of years of evolution by combining phylogenetics, ancestral sequence reconstruction, protein crystallography, and deep-learning based predictions. This study reveals that nitrogenase, while maintaining a conserved multimeric core, evolved novel modular features aligned with major environmental transitions, suggesting that subtle …

Controlling Properties Of Pmaa Multilayer Hydrogel Microparticles Through Network Structure, Daniel Inman

All ETDs from UAB

Advancements in the fabrication of “smart” stimuli responsive hydrogel microparti-cles have been pivotal in their optimization for applications. The responsiveness of hydro-gel networks to external stimuli enhances the intrinsic properties of hydrogels to increase functionality. Through layer-by-layer assembly, the internal composition, network struc-ture, and surface chemistry of multilayer hydrogels can be directly controlled to introduce new and unique properties. Applicable to a wide variety of shapes and sizes; hydrogel mi-croparticles are versatile for biological interactions, such as, cellular internalization, tissue regeneration, biosensors, and more. Thus, this dissertation will discuss the synthesis of shaped pH-responsive hydrogel microparticles and the investigation of …

An Adaptive Force Matching Potential For Alanine Developed With Møller-Plesset Perturbation Theory And Smooth Fourier Transform Correction Map, Ying Yuan, Feng Wang

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations

Developing accurate force fields for biomolecules remains a significant challenge due to the subtle energetic differences between various conformational states. We present a novel force field model for polyalanine, ALAMP2_25, developed using adaptive force matching (AFM) with M & oslash;ller-Plesset perturbation theory at the second order (MP2) as the reference method. By fitting smaller model compounds and transferring parameters to larger peptides, we overcome the limitations of traditional AFM approaches and enable the use of more accurate electronic structure methods. The ALAMP2_25 model incorporates a new correction scheme, Smooth Fourier Transform-based phi, psi correction map (SFT-CMAP), which efficiently describes phi, …

Mechanistic Rationale For Toxic Aerosol Formation From Vaping And Dabbing With A Focus On Ketene Formation From Semi-Synthetic Cannabinoids, Kaelas Ryan Munger

Dissertations and Theses

Cannabis vaping is a relatively new route of administration that is increasingly common among youth and young adults. Cannabis vaping has been associated with cases of acute lung injury, especially among youth, and most often involves the heating and aerosolization of high-potency products having cannabinoid concentrations of ~ 50 % - 98 % w/w. Proponents argue that vaping is safer than smoking due to the characteristically lower temperatures and fewer plant materials. However, the extreme cannabinoid concentrations, along with non-natural formulations having undisclosed additives, require studies of the health effects of these products. Despite the popularity of cannabis concentrate vaping, …

A Comparison Of Shear Bond Strength Of Denture Teeth To Denture Base Using Different Means Of Retention: An In Vitro Pilot Study, Dima Taha El Baba, Paul Boulos

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Objectives: The objective of this work is to evaluate the shear bond strength between denture base resin and three different acrylic artificial denture teeth. The latter was subjected to three different surface modifications on the ridge lap area and compared to unmodified acrylic artificial denture teeth.

Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, twenty-four maxillary central incisor acrylic teeth were used from each of three manufacturers; namely Major®, Ivoclar® and Myerson®. The teeth were additionally divided into four test groups with six specimens in each: a control group, a chemical retention group, a mechanical retention group, and a …

An Experiment In Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy For Undergraduate Labs In Physical Chemistry Or Physical Biochemistry, Evan A. Old, Matthew C. Rehak, Jefferson C. Thompson, Herbert J. Sipe Jr.

TeachEPR Submissions

We report a biochemically based EPR experiment for undergraduate laboratories that will serve as instruction for learning EPR sample preparation, spectral observation, and spectral analysis. There is a current lack of EPR instructional experiments that present complex spectra in which computational analysis may be required. The biochemical oxidation system of horse radish peroxidase (HRP) activated by H₂O₂ acts on 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (DTBHA) to form phenoxyl radicals. This experiment produces moderately complex spectra of moderately long-lived radicals using relatively small amounts of readily available reactants. Spectrum analysis and simulation is accomplished using software freely available on-line. If desired, EPR …

Data From: Nek4 Suppresses Cell Proliferation In Bt20 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells By Diminishing Expression Of Cell Cycle Genes, While Its Depletion Mitigates Proliferation In Other Cell Lines, Amanda Ashley

Chemistry & Biochemistry: Datasets

No abstract provided.

The Next Frontier In The Study Of Noncovalent Bonding: Transition Metals, Steve Scheiner

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

As work continues unabated in the study of noncovalent bonding, particularly σ-hole bonds, new challenges have emerged as the participation of transition metals in interactions of this sort is fast becoming appreciated. While there are certain similarities with the halogen, chalcogen, etc, bonds, in which the main group elements participate, there are certain unique properties of these metal atoms that must be analyzed before a complete understanding can be attained. As one example, these atoms tend to act simultaneously as both electron donors and acceptors, a synergistic action that amplifies the overall bond strength. Ideas are expressed in this paper …

The Influence Of Defects: Oxidation Of Non-Planar Transition Metal Model Catalysts, Maxwell Gillum

Dissertations

Metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions are a major application of heterogeneous catalysis and are a widely applied synthetic route for the production of chemicals and reagents essential to modern society. However, as the intricacies of heterogeneous surface catalysis are slowly being unraveled, minute details of the catalytic environment have been revealed to play outsized roles in the catalytic activity of the surface. The experiments herein further investigate the interplay between surface geometry and the formation oxygen-induced surface structures. Understanding how defects influence surface reactivity is a necessary step in gaining the ability to accurately model heterogeneous catalytic environments. Two different aspects of …

High-Capacity, Reversible, And Energy-Efficient Water Vapor Sorption By Hierarchical Micro-To-Macroporous Carbon Aerogels From Polybenzoxazine And Polybenzodiazine, Vaibhav A. Edlabadkar, Rushi U. Soni, Stephen Y. Owusu, A. B.M.Shaheen Ud Doulah, Nicholas Leventis, Chariklia Sotiriou-Leventis

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

Quantitative, reversible water vapor sorption is in rising demand for applications ranging from home appliances to atmospheric water harvesting. However, most sorbents suffer from low water-uptake capacities, nonreusability, and especially high regeneration temperatures. This study addresses this challenge by introducing polybenzoxazine- (PBO) and polybenzodiazine-derived (PBDAZ) carbon aerogels as reversible high-capacity desiccants. PBO and PBDAZ aerogels were prepared from structurally related monomers via HCl-catalyzed ring opening polymerization. Both types of aerogels were first aromatized at 200–240 °C under air or O2 and then were carbonized at 800 °C under Ar. These as-prepared carbon aerogels were further etched at 1000 °C under …

Root Exudates: The Rhizospheric Frontier For Advancing Sustainable Plant Protection, Muhammad Rahil Afzal, Misbah Naz, Youbo Yu, Lisha Yan, Peiyi Wang, Janaki Mohotti, Gefei Hao, Jing-Jiang Zhou, Zhou Chen, Libo Zhang, Qian Wang

Faculty Publications

Root exudates (REs), a diverse array of bioactive metabolites secreted by plant roots in response to environmental stimuli, serve as key mediators of rhizosphere ecology and plant defense responses, offering a promising avenue for sustainable pest management and eco-friendly plant protection. While earlier reviews primarily focus on root exudates in the context of general rhizosphere dynamics and plant-microbial interactions, critical knowledge gaps persist in REs-plant-pest tripartite interactions, the mechanistic basis of REs-mediated plant defense, and their practical integration with integrated pest management (IPM) frameworks. This review provides a synthesis of the latest literature on the biochemical diversity and functions of …

Characterizing The Excited States And Electronic Absorption Spectra Of Small Alkylperoxy (Ro2•) And Hydroperoxy (•Qooh) Radicals, Lily M. Guidry, Sofia E. Guidry, Tanima Barua, Barbara Marchetti, Michael F. Vansco, Tolga N.V. Karsili

Chemistry

Organic peroxy (ROO•) and hydroperoxy (•QOOH) radicals are key reactive intermediates that are formed via the oxidation of volatile organic compounds during combustion or in the Earth’s atmosphere. Their primary fate is continued unimolecular decay or bimolecular chemistry, the relative branching for which is heavily structure- and temperature-dependent. This article outlines a combined single- and multi-reference quantum chemical study to characterize the near-UV accessible electronically excited states of the prototypical ROO• and •QOOH intermediates, tert-butyl peroxy and hydroperoxy-tert-butyl radicals—the ground-state chemistries of which have been well studied both experimentally and computationally. Additionally, we simulate the electronic absorption profiles of these …

Comprehensive Review Of In Vitro Approaches For Environmental Heavy Metal Exposure, Manas Warke, Madeline English, Camila Padilla, Lexie Gasco, Wendy Leisner, Rupali Datta, Smitha Rao

Michigan Tech Publications

Heavy metals are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, contaminating air, soil, and water via the erosion of natural deposits, as well as originating from anthropogenic sources, such as agriculture, industries, transportation, and landfills. The increasing utilization of heavy metals over the years, combined with the persistent nature of metals in the environment poses a direct threat to human and environment health. Although regulatory limits have been established for toxic metals, assessing the associated health risks using real-life exposure scenarios remains challenging. In this review, we summarize the development and use of in vitro models based two- and three-dimensional cell culture systems, focusing …

Regioselective C-Allylation Of Indole With Potassium Allyltrifluoroborate In The Presence Of Pd-Catalyst, Milton Kumar Kundu

Tennessee State University Alumni Theses and Dissertations

Indole is a versatile heterocyclic scaffold renowned for its wide range of pharmacological activities and strong potential as a successful drug candidate. These attributes continue to inspire researchers to explore indole derivatives as promising leads in drug development. In this project, we report the development of a cross-coupling reaction of indoles and potassium allyltrifluoroborate to the corresponding 3-allylindoles in the presence of PdCl2(dtbpf) and PdCl2(dppf)CH2Cl2 catalyst under microwave heating, offering a rapid, regioselective, and high-yielding synthetic route. This methodology provides a valuable platform for generating structurally diverse indole-based compounds, which could serve as promising leads for further pharmacological evaluation and …