Chemistry Commons^™

Synthesis Of Polyurethane Incorporated By Calcium Oxide And Magnesium Oxide For Heavy Metal Removal From Water, Fard Mohsen Vafaei

Student Works (2020-2029)

Water contaminated by heavy metals such as copper, lead, nickel, and cadmium has significant adverse impacts on receiving water. In recent years, various methods, such as adsorption, chemical precipitation, and ion exchange, have been extensively studied for the elimination of heavy metals. Adsorption is one of the numerously and diversely reported mechanisms of removing heavy metals due to its simplicity and costeffectiveness. In this study, highly permeable rigid polyurethanes (PU) incorporating calcium oxide (CaO) (PU/CaO) composite materials were prepared via a facile and economic one-pot synthesis method and characterized for remediation of heavy metal from water. To investigate the effect …

The Influence Of Carbon Nanotubes And Mn Dopant Onto Zinc Oxide For Degradation Of Organic Pollutant Model Under Visible Light Irradiation, Ab Wahab Norfarhanah

Student Works (2020-2029)

Globally untreated industrial wastewaters are contaminating soil, surface water, groundwater, and consequently, the environment. Therefore, there is a huge interest in developing efficient and effective removal methods, such as photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes (AOP) under visible light (~47% of solar irradiation). In this work, the effectiveness of Mn-doped ZnO composite decorated onto multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on photodegrading organic pollutants was studied. This composite was simultaneously synthesized by sol gel method. XRD was used to confirm the formation of ZnO/Mn nanocomposite and the crystalline phase changes as ZnO content decreases when other elements were added to form the nanocomposite. The …

Chemical Variability In Volatile Oils Of Bentong Ginger: A Chemometric Study, Ahmad Jahiddin Farah Syuhaidah

Student Works (2020-2029)

The volatile oil of ginger (Zingiber officinale) possesses various pharmacological properties corresponding to its chemical compositions, which in turn, depends on its source material and preparation method. In this study, preliminary experiments were carried out to investigate the variations in volatile oil of ginger prepared based on different method (dry/fresh samples), extraction duration and size reduction process (grate/slice samples). The ginger volatile oil yield can be quantitatively improved by using a fresh sample with grated form and a longer extraction cycle. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was conducted and the chromatogram profile was subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results show …

Nitrogen-Doped Graphene-Based Metal Composites For The Non-Enzymatic Detection Of Hydrogen Peroxide, Tajabadi Poor Mohammad Taghi

Student Works (2020-2029)

Recently, much attention has been devoted to detecting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) because of its extensive range of applications in chemical synthesis, the textile industry, food production, fuel cell devices, and even in many oxidative biological reactions. Among the various methods of detection of H2O2, electrochemical sensors has many advantages, such as simplicity, high efficiency and sensitivity, as well as good selectivity., To improve the sensitivity of non-enzymatic sensors, noble metal nanoparticles with particular electrocatalytic activities can be utilized. The present research is aimed to design a hybrid approach for the development of novel nanostructures for non-enzymatic detection of H2O2. Herein, …

Graphene Oxide Gold Nanostructure Based Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Dna Biosensor For The Detection Of Meat Species, Khalil Md. Ibrahim

Student Works (2020-2029)

Authentication, detection and quantification of the ingredients, and adulterant in the food, meat and meat products are of high importance in current days. However, the conventional meat species detection techniques based on lipid, protein and DNA biomarkers have been confronting challenges due to the poor selectivity, sensitivity, and unsuitability for processed food products or complex food matrices. Hence, nanoparticle based DNA biosensing strategies have attracted the most interests and considered as one of the best alternatives to conventional strategies. Among these, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has gained the substantial acceptance as an excellent, fast and ultrasensitive sensing technique due …

Synthesis And In Vitro Studies Of Polycaprolactone-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles For Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy, Nasab Ziba Hedayat

Student Works (2020-2029)

Research has garnered a great interest in utilization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as magnetic nano-heating agents in hyperthermia cancer therapy by profiting from high apoptosis vulnerability of cancer cells at elevated temperatures. However, low oxidation resistance and high agglomeration tendency negatively affect magnetic characteristics of nanoparticles and subsequently their clinical efficiency. Particle surface modifications are potential approaches to endow SPIONs a range of desirable properties including high colloidal dispersity, low aggregation tendency, cytocompatibility, and high oxidation resistance. Currently, polymer coating has led to decrease magnetic hyperthermia efficiency through formation of intermediate layer between nanoheating agents and targeted cells. …

Syntheses, Characterisations And Electrochemical Studies Of Nickel(Ii) And Cobalt(Ii)-Ligand Assisted Cooperative Complexes, Subramaniam Jeevithra Dewi

Student Works (2020-2029)

A newly designed tetradentate ligand L1 (L1 = 3,6-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)-pyridazine) which offers multinucleation sites on its moiety structure has been prepared. The reaction of L1 with different molar ratio of nickel and cobalt salts lead to the formation of di- and tetranuclear complexes [NiII 2(L1)2(CH3CN)4](PF6)4 (1), [NiII 4(L1)4(μ-OH)4](ClO4)4 (2) and [CoII/III(L1)4(μ-CH3O)2(μ-O)2](PF6)3(NO3) (3), which served as the attempt to design of catalysts based on cheap and earth-abundant metals for carbon dioxide reduction. The presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as the base controls the nuclearity of the complex formation. In the absence of DBU, complex 1 was formed in dinuclear fashion whereas complex 2 …

Development Of Nano Carbon And Conducting Polymers Based Ternary Composites For Supercapattery, Iqbal Javed

Student Works (2020-2029)

Although significant efforts have been devoted on the development of energy storage systems such as batteries and fuel cells in the past decades, the low power density, short cyclic life and high maintenance cost have kept them away from many applications. Alternatively, supercapattery which has the characteristic features of batteries as well as supercapacitors has gained much attention because of its rapid charge/discharge mechanism, long life cycle, and high power density. However, supercapattery generally suffers from poor energy density. This research aims to develop carbon and conducting polymers based ternary nanocomposites for high performance supercapattery. Pristine metal oxide nanostructures suffer …

Identification Of Peptide Sequence To Block Dengue Virus Transmission Into Cells Via In Silico And In Vitro Assays, Arumugam Aathe Cangaree

Student Works (2020-2029)

Dengue virus (DV) infection has become main public wellbeing concerns, affecting approximately 390 million people worldwide. This fact was reported by the World Health Organization. Yet, there is no commercial antiviral treatment for DV infection. Therefore, the development of potent and non-toxic anti-DV, as a complement for the existing treatment strategies, are urgently needed. Herein, we investigate a series of low molecular weight peptides inhibitors by aiming the cellular entry process as the promising approach to block DV infection. The peptides were designed based on previously reported peptide sequence, DN58opt (TWWCFYFCRRHHPFWFFYRHN), to identify minimal effective inhibitory sequence via molecular docking …

Synthesis And Fabrication Of Self-Sustainable Triboelectric Energy Case For Powering Smart Electronic Devices, Abu Masa Abdullah, Alejandro Flores, Aminur Rashid Chowdhury, Jianzhi Li, Yuanbing Mao, M. Jasim Uddin

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Chemistry)

In recent times, Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENG) have attained the focus of the scientific community due to its potential as a medium to harvest mechanical energy from the ambient environment. Human motion has been attributed as a source of mechanical energy to drive electronic devices and sensors through TENG. Based on the principles of single electrode TENG, we have developed a Triboelectricity based Stepping and Tapping Energy Case (TESTEC) which magnifies the prospect to power touch electronic devices by utilizing finger tapping and stepping motion. This novel case was constructed with two single electrode TENG operating through the triboelectric mechanism between …

Surface Structure And Phase Composition Of Tio2 P25 Particles After Thermal Treatments And Hf Etching, M. Jasim Uddin, Federico Cesano, Aminur Rashid Chowdhury, Tarek Trad, Sara Cravanzola, Gianmario Martra, Lorenzo Mino, Adriano Zecchina, Domenica Scarano

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Chemistry)

The anatase to rutile phase transformation via thermal and chemical (HF etching) routes of TiO2 P25 has been investigated. The treatment parameters and properties of the resulting anatase and rutile nanoparticles are analyzed and discussed. Since the nature of TiO2 surfaces plays a significant role in determining the physical and chemical properties of the TiO2 nanoparticles, it is important to investigate the surface properties, including the morphology, the main exposed faces, the defectiveness, to be correlated with their peculiar properties, and then reactivity. Herein, we report an infrared spectroscopy investigation, employing the adsorption of CO probe molecule at low temperature, …

Resonance Raman Spectroscopic Studies Of Peroxo And Hydroperoxo Intermediates In Lauric Acid (La)-Bound Cytochrome P450 119, Remigio Usai, Daniel Kaluka, Piotr J. Mak, Yilin Liu, James R. Kincaid

Chemistry Faculty Research and Publications

Cytochromes P450 bind and cleave dioxygen to generate a potent intermediate compound I, capable of hydroxylating inert hydrocarbon substrates. Cytochrome P450 119, a bacterial cytochrome P450 that serves as a good model system for the study of the intermediate states in the P450 catalytic cycle. CYP119 is found in high temperature and sulfur rich environments. Though the natural substrate and redox partner are still unknown, a potential application of such thermophilic P450s is utilizing them as biocatalysts in biotechnological industry; e.g., the synthesis of organic compounds otherwise requiring hostile environments like extremes of pH or temperature. In the present work …

Hydrogen Peroxide And Antioxidant Enzymes Moderate Interaction Of The Carbon And Oxygen Cycles At The Redoxcline, Fan Wang

Theses and Dissertations

Hydrogen peroxide is a reduced form of dioxygen produced in natural waters from a manifold of abiotic and biological processes. Hydrogen peroxide is highly redox active and it often serves to initiate the formation of reactive oxygen species in the environment. It typically exists in natural waters at concentrations ranging from as low as ~ 1 nanomolar in “blue water” marine environments to as high as 10 micromolar near actively effluxing sediments. It has the potential to cause significant toxicity in aquatic organisms, which have evolved a collection of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. Work in this …

Protein Co-Assembly And Its Application In Enzyme Engineering, Libo Zhang

Theses and Dissertations

Enzymes, as highly efficient biocatalysts, have been researched extensively in both academia and industry because of their distinct advantages including high substrate specificity, high regio- and stereoselectivity, environmentally benign process, etc. Though enzyme catalysis has been scaled up for commercial processes in the pharmaceutical, food and beverage and detergent industries, technical barriers associated with enzyme implementation persist, i.e., low catalytic efficiency at non-natural environment, exhausting product separations, high cost of certain enzymes, etc. Moreover, currently most industrial enzymes are used in single-step reactions; however, multistep and multienzyme catalysis with optimal efficiency could greatly expand its potential for synthetic applications to …

1. Dft-Guided Discovery Of Hybrid Catalysts For C-C Bond Formation; 2. Synthesis Of A Reported Pdi Inhibitor, Eric Greve

Dissertations (1934 -)

1. Dual amine/pi Lewis acid catalyst systems have been reported for intramolecular direct additions of aldehydes/ketones to unactivated alkynes and occasionally alkenes, but related intermolecular reactions are rare. We reasoned that bulky metal ligands and bulky amine catalysts could minimize catalyst poisoning and could facilitate certain examples of direct intermolecular additions of unactivated aldehydes/ketones to alkenes/alkynes. Density Functional Theory (DFT) ground state calculations on putative catalytic intermediates for alkyne versus organocatalyst complexation to the -acid, and also the key carbon-carbon bond formation were used to prioritize ligand/organocatalyst combinations. Our calculations suggested that PyBOX-Pt(II) catalysts for alkene/alkyne activation could be combined …

An Angelman Syndrome Substitution In The Hect E3 Ubiquitin Ligase C-Terminal Lobe Of E6ap Affects Protein Stability And Activity, Steven A. Beasley, Chloe E. Kellum, Rachel J. Orlomoski, Feston Idrizi, Donald E. Spratt

Chemistry

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by speech impairment, intellectual disability, ataxia, and epilepsy. AS is caused by mutations in the maternal copy of UBE3A located on chromosome 15q11-13. UBE3A codes for E6AP (E6 Associated Protein), a prominent member of the HECT (Homologous to E6AP C-Terminus) E3 ubiquitin ligase family. E6AP catalyzes the posttranslational attachment of ubiquitin via its HECT domain onto various intracellular target proteins to regulate DNA repair and cell cycle progression. The HECT domain consists of an N-lobe, required for E2~ubiquitin recruitment, while the C-lobe contains the conserved catalytic cysteine required for ubiquitin transfer. …

Glyoxal’S Impact On Dry Ammonium Salts: Fast And Reversible Surface Aerosol Browning (Raw Data), David O. De Haan Phd, Lelia N. Hawkins Phd, Margaret A. Tolbert Phd, Jean-François Doussin

Chemistry and Biochemistry: Faculty Scholarship

Alpha-dicarbonyl compounds are believed to form brown carbon in the atmosphere via reactions with ammonium sulfate (AS) in cloud droplets and aqueous aerosol particles. In this work, brown carbon formation in AS and other aerosol particles was quantified as a function of relative humidity (RH) during exposure to gas-phase glyoxal (GX) in chamber experiments. Under dry conditions (RH < 5%), solid AS, AS/glycine, and methylammonium sulfate aerosol particles brown within minutes upon exposure to GX, while sodium sulfate particles do not. When GX concentrations decline, browning goes away, demonstrating that this dry browning process is reversible. Declines in aerosol albedo are found to be a function of [GX]2, and are consistent between AS and AS/glycine aerosol. Dry methylammonium sulfate aerosol browns 4´ more than dry AS aerosol, but deliquesced AS aerosol browns much less than dry AS aerosol. Optical measurements at 405, 450, and 530 nm provide an estimated Ångstrom absorbance coefficient of -16 ±4. This coefficient and the empirical relationship between GX and albedo are used to estimate an upper limit to global radiative forcing by brown carbon formed by 70 ppt GX reacting with AS (+7.6 ´10-5 W/m2). This quantity is < 1% of the total radiative forcing by secondary brown carbon, but occurs almost entirely in the ultraviolet range.

The zipped data files are in the following formats: Igor experiments (.pxp), Word documents (.docx), Excel spreadsheets (.xlsx), organized by experiment number. “Optical” files contain cavity attenuated phase shift (CAPS) extinction, scattering and albedo data; PILS/waveguide data (experiments 1,2, and 5 only); …

An Experimental Investigation Of Liquid Hydrocarbons In A Simulated Titan Environment, Kendra Farnsworth

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Saturn’s moon, Titan, has surface conditions (89–94 K, 1.5-bar atmosphere) that permit lakes of methane, ethane, and dissolved atmospheric nitrogen. The effects of atmospheric nitrogen on methane-ethane liquid properties is poorly understood, leading to uncertainty in Titan modeling. I address this question by experimentally investigating the physical properties of methane-ethane liquids under a 1.5-bar nitrogen atmosphere in a simulated Titan environmental chamber.

Chapter 1 addresses nitrogen dissolution kinetics in Titan’s liquid hydrocarbons. I found an exponential increase in nitrogen quantity and diffusion coefficients with increasing methane mol%. I find that Titan’s liquids are likely not saturated in nitrogen, with dissolution …

Elucidating Collagen Degradation Synergy Between Col G And Col H From Hathewaya (Clostridium) Histolytica And Identifying Novel Structural Features In Hpt And Rec Domains From Vars Histidine Kinase In V. Alginolyticus, Perry Caviness

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In this research the mechanisms by which Hathewaya (Clostridia) histolytica collagenases are secreted and work together to degrade collagens are investigated. While H. histolytica collagenases Col G and Col H have similar multi-domain structures the difference in number of and orientation of the domains hint that the two target different regions in collagen. Study small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to give a low-resolution envelope of full-length Col G and Col H and Col G/Col H non-catalytic domains bound to a collagen-like peptide (mini-collagen). SAXS derived envelopes along with structural information was used to tease out the mechanisms by …

Investigation Of The Structural, Electronic, And Thermoelectric Properties Of Mono- Chalcogenides, Aida Sheibani

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The structural, electronic, and thermoelectric properties of GeTe are studied using density functional theory and Boltzmann transport equations. This material has a rhombohedral crystal structure in ambient temperature with a ferroelectric behavior due to lack of inversion symmetry. This study suggests that the presence of asymmetry in GeTe can lead to an improvement in the thermoelectric properties of this material. In addition, studies on introducing Group III, IV, and V dopants to GeSe show that while these impurities can improve the power factor and decrease the lattice thermal conductivity, they cannot enhance the figure of merit.

Ensemble And Single Particle Studies Of Cation Exchange In Cuins2/Zns Qds And Their Application In Super-Resolution Imaging, Anh Tue Nguyen

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have great potential in many applications such as bioimaging, light emitting diodes, solar cells and lasers. However, a great number of studies have been focused on Cd based (II-VI) and Pb (IV-VI) based materials which are not suitable for mass production. Therefore, alternative types of QD containing less toxic materials have been introduced, including CuInS2 QDs. This I-III-VI semiconductor nanocrystals also attract lots of attention due to their large Stock shift, long fluorescence lifetime and high defect tolerance, making them attractive emitters for applications in bioimaging, photovoltaics and light emitting diodes.

In the first project, we …

Features Of Heart Activity Of Cattle In The Conditions Of Southern Aral Sea Region, Svetlana Mambetullaeva, Khayratdin Seytkamalov

Karakalpak Scientific Journal

In this article, the results of comparative analysis of electrocardiogram are shown for the cows of different breeds in the Aral Sea region. It is set that the high temperature of the environment and sunny insolation render a negative influence on the functional parameters of the cardiac vascular system of animals. There are facts about the cows of different breeds at the influence of different temperatures that have unidirectional functional changes in the operation of the heart. At the same time, we will mark that these changes are less expressed for the cows of the improved zebu visible cattle, what …

Photoelectric Injection Amplification Of Al–Al2o3–P-Cdte–Mo Structures At Low Bias Voltages, A K. Uteniyazov

Karakalpak Scientific Journal

The results of studies of photoelectric injection enhancement of the Al–Al₂O₃–p-CdTe –Mo structure upon application of low bias voltages. It has been shown that the studied Al-Al₂O₃–p-CdTe-Mo structure under can be represented as a n⁺-p-R_ом structure with a long base. Conducted researches show that Al-Al₂O₃–p-CdTe-Mo structure has unique properties. It has very high photocurrent and photosensitivity at both direct and reverse dias voltage under even small bias voltage (up to 500mV).

Synthesis Of Supramolecular Complex L– (-) – Menthol, Ziyada Djumanova Dr, Lolaxan Ettibaeva, Ugilay Abduraxmonova, Zulfiya Khalmuratova

Karakalpak Scientific Journal

In this article glycyrrhizic acid content with menthol in several various proportions (2:1; 4:1; 9:1), information was given on synthesis and physical and chemical properties of new supermolecular complexes. Received supramolecular complexes concerning 4:1 it was chemically defined and also studied the structure of supramolecular complexes by physical methods on the basis of interaction of organic molecules with electromagnetic radiation, in particular their range IR – of spectroscopy. Our work of the near future will be turned to check its recent supramolecular complexes on the basis of GA: Menthol for growth of a plant and biotic elasticity of tension …

Spectrophotometric Characterization Of The Complexation Of Gossypol Acetic Acid With Cobalt Ion, Ugilay Abdurahmanova, Habibjon Kushiev, Maral Askarova, Dilafruz Allanazarova

Karakalpak Scientific Journal

The authors of the article suggest simple and express method of spectrophotometric determination of cobalt with the help of derivatives of gossypol. Optimal conditions of determining cobalt are found. Under optimal conditions there was created a graded graph, which is more linear in the range for cobalt concentration of 10.0 – 50.0 microgram/25 ml, contents and constants of cobalt complex with gossypol vinegar acid.

Stabilizing Capability Of Gum Arabic On The Synthesis Of Poly(Styrene-Methylmethacrylate-Acrylic Acid) Latex For The Generation Of Colloidal Crystal Films, Ikhazuagbe Ifijen, Stanley Omorogbe, Muniratu Maliki, Ifeanyi Odiachi, Aireguamen Aigbodion, Esther Ikhuoria

Tanzania Journal of Science

This article describes the generation and characterization of colloidal crystals from particles of gum arabic (GA) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate (SDBS) emulsified poly(styrene methylmethacrylate-acrylic acid) (P(St-MMA-AA) latex. The colloidal latex was synthesized using GA and SDBS as the emulsifying agents and then used to generate colloidal crystal films via the vertical deposition technique. Dynamic light scattering analysis placed the average particle diameter, polydispersity and Zeta potential at about 122 nm, 0.014 and –36.20 mV for the as-synthesized GA emulsified terpolymer latex and 213 nm, 0.006, –35.60 mV for the SDBS emulsified terpolymer latex, respectively. Thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry …

Construction Of Giant 2d And 3d Metallo-Supramolecules Based On Pyrylium Salts Chemistry, Yiming Li

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Pyrylium salts are a type of six-membered cationic heterocycles with one positively charged oxygen atom. Since the discovery of pyrylium salts in 1911, such salts have been underappreciated for a long time. Until 1960s, the importance of pyrylium salts has been realized as versatile precursors in a variety of organic syntheses. Due to their high reactivity towards various nucleophiles, pyrylium salts were widely used for the convenient synthesis of diverse heterocyclic compounds. Starting from 1980s, the high reactive feature of pyrylium salts were further utilized to synthesize viologen polymers with pyridinium salts in the backbones. During the past two decades, …

Preparation And Characterization Of Zns Thin Films Grown By Spin Coating Technique, Oluwatoyin Osanyinlusi

Tanzania Journal of Science

Spin coating technique was used to deposit zinc sulphide (ZnS) thin films successfully onto glass substrates and the effects of the number of spin times on the optical properties investigated. The morphology and structures of the prepared thin films were also confirmed. X-ray diffraction confirmed that spin coated ZnS films exhibited cubic structure, where reflections from (111), (220) and (311) are clearly visible with a preferential orientation along (111) plane. The calculated crystallite size for 1S sample from the XRD data is 8.8 nm. From the optical studies, the thin films exhibit good optical properties with relatively high transmittance (81 …

Structural, Mineralogical And Quantitative Characterizations Of Compositions Of Products Linked To Explosive Volcanic Eruption At Haleakala, Usa, Aderemi Alabi, Ibukun Akinsola, Saminu Olatunji, Comfort Ogunyinka1, Oluwatoyin Osanyinlusi

Tanzania Journal of Science

This research focused the analysis vis-à-vis structural, mineralogical and quantitative characterizations of the samples which appeared to be formed from leftover of volcanic eruption sourced from basaltic magma obtained from Haleakala Hill, USA. The results show the presence of natural minerals like pyrolusite, zincite, magnetite, quartz, and diopside with their compositional concentrations in the samples. The geophysical analysis done corroborates the results obtained from the Scanning Electron Micrograph, which confirms the porosity of one of the samples. The X-Ray Diffraction results reveal the average grain sizes of the samples to range between 16 nm and 25 nm. Sample 'A' showed …

The Geochemical Compositions And Origin Of Sand Dunes In The Olduvai Gorge–Eastern Serengeti Plains, Northern Tanzania, Dalaly Kafumu

Tanzania Journal of Science

This paper reports the composition and origin of black sand dunes that occur in the eastern Serengeti plains near the Olduvai Gorge hominid site in Tanzania.  Grain size analysis reflected light microscopic examination, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis identified very fine to coarse sand fraction mineral grains of between 0.065 mm and 1 mm, composed of augite, fassaite and omphacite pyroxenes; garnet and sillimanite silicate mineral grains.  The pyroxene minerals (augite, omphacite and fassaite) constitute 95.4% by volume of the sand dunes. The other mineral grains are silicate minerals that include garnet and sillimanite, together form the remaining 4.6% …