Screening And Prevention Of The Female Athlete Triad, Lia Summer Goldberg, Kate Whelihan

Rowan-Virtua Research Day

Background The Female Athlete Triad—a syndrome of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and decreased bone mineral density—poses a significant risk to female athletes, particularly those in sports emphasizing leanness or endurance. Despite its potential to impair both performance and long-term health, the Triad remains frequently underdiagnosed due to stigma, nonspecific symptoms, and limited screening practices. This review investigates current strategies for screening and preventing the Triad, aiming to identify best practices and areas needing improvement.

Methods A literature review was conducted using PubMed, focusing on studies published after 2005. Keyword searches included “female athlete triad screening,” “prevention,” “education,” and “awareness.” …

Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Examining If Hyperplasia Occurs In Humans In Response To Resistance Exercise, Hitesh Gowda, Scott Dankel, Harshal Parmar, Nicholas Barton

Rowan-Virtua Research Day

Background: It is commonly believed that resistance exercise in humans induces muscle growth primarily via muscle hypertrophy, but there is some debate as to whether muscle hyperplasia occurs. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to quantitively assess whether the presence of muscle hyperplasia occurs in humans performing resistance training.

Methods: Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched on May 17, 2024. Studies that assessed muscle fiber number pre and post resistance training were included in a three-level random effects model to assess changes in muscle fiber number.

Results: A total of 11 studies met the search criteria, with all …

Outcomes After Anatomic Labral Repair With All-Suture Knotless Tensionable Anchors In Primary Hip Arthroscopic Surgery: A Prospective Analysis Of 200 Consecutive Patients, David R Maldonado, Rachel E Bruning, Julio Nerys-Figueroa, Benjamin G Domb

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Anatomic labral repair is paramount when restoring the hip suction sealing mechanism in femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) surgery. All-suture knotless tensionable anchors have been recently proposed as an alternative; however, data are scarce.

Purpose: To report patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) scores at a minimum 2-year follow-up for patients who underwent primary hip arthroscopic surgery with labral repair using an all-suture knotless tensionable anchor with the controlled-tension anatomic technique in the setting of FAIS.

Study design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: Data were prospectively collected, and patients who underwent primary hip arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of FAIS …

Using Point-Of-Care Ultrasound For The Medical Management Of Marathoners And Spectators: A Case Series, Jacob D. Pope, Casey Wilson, Kelsey Daller, Jonathan Hardin, Steven Rickett

HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine

Background

Temporary field hospitals play a crucial role in providing medical care to individuals who experience illnesses and injuries during mass gathering events. Handheld point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) devices offer an affordable and portable adjunct for emergency care. We present multiple patients from a field hospital during a marathon event in which handheld POCUS devices changed clinical management.

Case Presentation

A 75-year-old man who had fallen was able to be discharged after a lung exam confirmed no rib fractures or pneumothorax. A hypotensive and hypoglycemic 21-year-old man had an echocardiogram confirming volume depletion. He received treatment, and a repeat exam demonstrated …

4-Strand Hamstring Versus Single-Bundle Quadriceps Tendon Grafts In Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction At 2 Years: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of Randomised Controlled Trials, Jonathan Elias, Mitchell Kaplan, Kunal Shah, Michael Bickford, Chelsea Mcnamara, Elizabeth Ford, Sean Mcmillan

Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Departmental Research

PURPOSE: To compare the 2-year postoperative outcomes of hamstring tendon (HT) grafts to quadriceps tendon (QT) grafts in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We hypothesised no significant differences between the two methods.

METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the 2020 PRISMA guidelines. Five online databases (Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were screened for prospective randomised controlled trials (RCT). IKDC, Lysholm, Tegner, side-to-side KT-1000 scores and ages were collected. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS v29. Between the two groups, a test of between-subgroup homogeneity

RESULTS: Five RCTs were included in the final analysis. The …

The Effect Of Female Athlete Menstrual Cycles On Their Athletic Performance, Millie Allgood

Honors Theses

Previous research studying the effects of the menstrual cycle on athletic performance has focused on women who do not participate in any athletic activity or participate at a recreational or professional level (Dupuit et al., 2023; Ekenros et al., 2022). Few studies have tested collegiate athletes and those which have examined theoretical effects or psychological impacts rather than direct performance outcomes (Carmichael et al., 2021). It is widely agreed upon that reproductive hormones have broad influences throughout the body including body composition, response to stress, appetite, energy expenditure, and blood-glucose regulation. These factors directly contribute to physiological abilities such as …

Self Perception Of Leadership Styles And Behavior In Secondary School Athletic Trainers, Kelly A. Coleman, Stephanie M. Singe

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Leadership has been considered an important part of advancing the profession, but investigations into leadership styles of clinically practicing athletic trainers (ATs) are scant, with none in the secondary school setting. The purpose of this study was to explore the leadership styles of secondary school ATs and to determine if differences in leadership style practices exist across demographic characteristics. Methods: We used a cross-sectional web-based survey (Qualtrics, Provo, UT). Leadership style was assessed via the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)-5x where transformational, transactional, and passive/avoidant leadership behaviors were measured on a five-point Likert scale (0=not at all; 1=once in a …

Simulation-Based Assessment Of Blood Pressure By Certified Athletic Trainers, Michael W. Verde, Lindsey E. Eberman, Dawn M. Emerson, Zoë J. Foster, Zachary K. Winkelmann

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Blood pressure (BP) assessment is a key component of pre-participation examinations and can aid athletic trainers (ATs) in diagnosing hypertension. However, the current pedagogical technique, which involves practicing BP assessment on healthy individuals, may not adequately prepare healthcare providers to recognize Korotkoff sounds at abnormal pressures during clinical practice. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine AT's ability to and confidence in assessing and interpreting BP using a high-fidelity simulator.

Methods: We recruited ATs through conferences, in-services, and postprofessional athletic training programs. In total, 100 ATs from various job settings (age=31±11 years; men=37, women=63, clinical experience=8±10 years; …

Is There A Difference In Effectiveness Between Nonoperative Treatments For Modified Garcia-Elias Scapholunate Ligament Injuries Stages 1 And 2?, Michelle Yi, Minie Zhang, Lucas Kopp, Charles S. Day

Medical Student Research Symposium

Introduction

Scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) injuries result from falling on an outstretched hand. Studies have assessed the effectiveness of non-operative treatments, but none has compared different non-operative treatments. We analyze the effectiveness of casting and bracing/splinting based on patient reported outcomes (PRO).

Methods

Chart review was conducted on 1150 possible SLIL injury patients from 5 orthopaedic hand surgeons from a Midwestern, tertiary-care academic hospital system between 2021 and 2024. Two patient cohorts were divided based on treatment. PROs obtained were PROMIS Upper Extremity (UE) and Pain Interference (PI) pre-treatment and 2-3 months after. Patient improvement was calculated as difference between …

The Role Of Age, Experience, And Physical Fitness In Technical Performance In Karate: An Observational Analysis, Rui Miguel Silva, Joaquim Ferreira, Georgian Badicu, Jarosław Muracki, Beata Pożarowszczyk-Kuczko, Adam Kawczyński

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between age, experience, anthropometric measures, physical fitness, and the quality of technical performance in karate practitioners. We conducted an observational cross-sectional study with 53 federated karate athletes, aged 5 to 55, affiliated with the Youth Karate Association Portugal. The participants were divided into age and experience groups to assess differences in anthropometric measures (body mass, height, BMI) and physical fitness (strength, power, flexibility). The technical performance of four specific karate techniques – kizami, gyaku zuki, mawashi geri, and ura mawashi geri – was evaluated using a custom-designed technical evaluation …

The Relationship Between Fear Avoidance Beliefs And Low Back Pain In Crossfit Participants, Kyle Flaten

Doctorate in Kinesiology

This study aimed to examine the relationships between fear avoidance, low back pain (LBP), and disability in CrossFit (CF) participants in the greater Twin Cities area in Minnesota with correlations between the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire for physical activity (FABQpa). 151 CF participants voluntarily completed the survey, including demographic information, LBP characteristics, the ODI, the RMDQ, and the FABQpa. Results showed that for CF participants with current LBP, duration had a large effect on fear avoidance (ɲ = .519 and ɲ2 = .269), and for those who reported a …

Academic Productivity At Orthopaedic Surgery Sports Medicine Fellowship Programs In The United States Has A Weak Positive Correlation With Nonresearch Lifetime Industry Earnings, Benjamin Miltenberg, William Johns, Anthony Baumann, Faheem Pottayil, Bradley Richey, Albert Anastasio, Kempland Walley, Christopher Dodson, Sommer Hammoud

Rothman Institute Papers

PURPOSE: To characterize the relationship between academic productivity, as defined by the h-index, and industry payments for fellowship-trained sports medicine surgeons in faculty positions at sports medicine fellowships.

METHODS: The American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine fellowship directory was used to create a comprehensive list of all fellowship programs nationwide. Fellowship websites were then reviewed to generate a list of the teaching faculty associated with each program. Total nonresearch lifetime earnings were obtained from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website. Academic productivity of each fellowship faculty was assessed via the h-index. Frequency counts and other descriptive statistic measures …

Profiling Competitive Malaysian Archers: Musculoskeletal Injuries And Related Risk Factors, Ambusam Subramaniam, Fariza Zainudin Fairus, Mon Redee Sut Txi

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Archery requires precision, strength, stamina, and attention, yet musculoskeletal injury data is scarce. The study aimed to profile the musculoskeletal injuries and the associated risk factors among Malaysian archers. Methods: A cross-sectional approach was used to recruit 165 elite archers. The Standardized Nordic Questionnaire (SNQ), adapted risk factors questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Depression Anxiety Stress Questionnaire (DASS-21) were used to screen participants. Results: Shoulder (drawing arm) (54.5%), shoulder (bow arm) (56.4%), upper back (38.8%), lower back (38.2%), and neck (37.6%) musculoskeletal injuries were common. The injuries were reported during training (85.5%), accumulation/overuse injuries (72.1%), and sudden …

Optimizing Interventions For Major Depressive Disorder And Provider Burnout: Self-Speak Exercise Dosing (Sed), Laureen Maloney-Gepfert

Lynchburg Journal of Medical Science

ABSTRACT

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is ranked highest among mental illnesses in the United States (US) and significantly contributes to the mental health care crisis. Patients experience resistance to pharmacologic interventions, side effects, co-morbidities, and mental health provider shortages. Subsequently, 33 % of Serious Mental Illnesses (SMIs) are being redirected to Primary Care Providers (PCPs). Concurrently, prescriber mental health is in crisis. Growing workloads for physicians and Advanced Practice Providers (APPs) have increased provider burnout syndrome (BOS). Major Depressive Disorder and BOS are positively affected by exercise, Cognitive Restructuring (CR), and Behavioral Activation (BA). Sports medicine and psychology research shows …

Stingers—A Review Of Current Understanding And Management, Teleale Gebeyehu, James Harrop, Stavros Matsoukas, Alexander Vaccaro

Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers

Abstract: A stinger is the transient sensory and motor loss of one upper extremity caused by a stretch or compression injury to the brachial plexus or the exiting cervical nerve roots. Athletes from contact sports like American football, rugby, wrestling, and horseback riding are most affected. Given today’s competitive athletic culture and recent advancements in sports medicine, understanding the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of stingers is crucial. Thus, this narrative review highlights current knowledge of pathology, clinical features, diagnostic modalities, radiologic measurements, management, rehabilitation, and return-to-play protocols. Recent and prominent English publications on adult athletes revealed that the brachial …

Spasticity And Pain And The Improvement Of Muscle Strength In Athletes With Partial Spinal Cord Injury, Dariusz Tadeusz Skalski, Kinga Łosińska, Magdalena Prończuk, Alicja Markiel, Jarosław Markowski, Jan Pilch, Joanna Motowidło, Petr Stastny, Adam Maszczyk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Spasticity and chronic pain are common secondary complications following spinal cord injury (SCI), significantly impacting functional recovery and quality of life. Robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) using the Lokomat has been proposed as an effective rehabilitation method to improve motor function and reduce these symptoms. However, the impact of training frequency on rehabilitation outcomes remains unclear, particularly in athletes and physically active individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Lokomat training on spasticity reduction, pain alleviation, and improvements in gait function and lower limb muscle strength in athletes and physically active individuals with partial SCI. A total of 45 …

Evaluating Medical Usage And Injury Prevalence At The 2024 College World Series, Roarick Schollmeyer, Jd Gregerson, Benjamin Stevens, Katie Weaver, Joseph Lippert

EMET Projects

Large-scale events such as the College World Series (CWS) pose unique challenges for medical services due to high crowd density, prolonged event durations, and variable environmental conditions. This study aimed to assess the medical usage rate (MUR) and injury prevalence at the 2024 CWS to inform future event planning and emergency medical preparedness. A retrospective analysis was conducted using patient encounter data collected between June 14 and June 24, 2024. Data sources included Union Medical event services, which documented on-site treatments and dispositions, and Omaha Fire Department EMS records detailing prehospital care. The MUR was calculated as the number of …

Assessment Of The Effect Of Classic Sports Massage On The Reduction Of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness In The Rectus Abdominis, Dariusz Boguszewski, Cezary Kaaroud, Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of classic massage on the reduction of post-exercise pain in the rectus abdominis muscle. Twenty-eight people between 20 and 43 years of age (mean age 27.4) were qualified for the study. There were nine women and six men in Group 1 (experimental) and six women and seven men in Group 2 (control). All participants of the study qualified after in the initial interview they performed sit-ups, according to the guidelines of the International Physical Fitness Test. Group 1 was subjected to the convergence of classical sports massage (3 treatments). The …

Assessment Of The Reliability And Validity Of Simple And Complex Reaction Speed Tests In Mixed Martial Arts Athletes Using The Blazepod System, Jacek Polechoński, Jan Pilch, Alan Langer, Magdalena Prończuk, Jarosław Markowski, Adam Maszczyk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

The main aim of the research was to evaluate the reliability and validity of measurements of simple and complex reaction speed using the BlazePod system in MMA athletes. Additionally, these motor skills for the right and left hands of the studied athletes were compared. The study involved 34 male professional MMA practitioners (training experience 7.0±4.0 years, age 26.5±5.3 years, body mass 76.9±9.8 kg, height 178.5±5.7 cm). The evaluation of reaction speed utilized the BlazePod^TM system and classic computer tests. The time from the activation of a light stimulus to the hand striking a glowing target in front of the …

The Supporting Role Of Physical Exercise In The Prevention And Treatment Of Neurodegenerative And Mental Diseases, Celestyna Grzywniak

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

The aim of the article is to draw attention to the possibility of using physical exercises in treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, dementia as well as mental disorders, particularly depression. This article emphasizes the significance of physical exercise in stimulating the nervous system, including the glial cells, as well as their role in the production of proteins called myokines and myostatins belonging to cytokines. It briefly characterizes the most common neurotrophins in the human body including the BDNF and their role in stabilizing and treating neurodegenerative and mental diseases. It presents the secretory functions of skeletal …

Influence Of Marching Band Experience On Eating Disorder Risk And Perceived Stress In Collegiate Marching Artists, Kalor Greve, Jaclyn B. Caccese, Matthew P. Brancaleone

Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association

Introduction: Collegiate marching artists face severe and prevalent stressors that may contribute to poor mental health and unhealthy habits. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sex and years of participation in collegiate marching band on the relationship between eating disorder risk and perceived stress levels. Methods: Marching artists from an NCAA Division I university completed the Eating Disorder Questionnaire-6 (EDEQ-6) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) to obtain disordered eating behaviors and perceived stress levels, respectively. Spearman rank correlations were used to determine the relationship between PSS-10 scores and global and subscale EDEQ-6 scores, …

Barriers To The Implementation Of The Amsterdam 2022 Statement In The Secondary School Setting, Luis Torres, Jennifer L. Baldari, Fredrick A. Gardin, August M. Price

Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association

Introduction: Athletic trainers are reasonably expected to evolve their concussion management protocols to better align themselves with the recommendations found in the Amsterdam 2022 Statement. Secondary school athletic trainers may lack the time, training, or resources to actualize these recommendations within their protocols. The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers associated with the implementation of the Amsterdam 2022 Statement recommendations in the secondary school setting. Methods: 89 secondary school ATs (44 males, 45 females) in the NATA District 1 and District 2 regions were provided with an electronic survey using Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT), consisting of 6 …

Identifying Factors Associated With Sleep Disorders And Treatment Avoidance Among Collegiate Student-Athletes, Allie Ziniti, Andrew W. Froehle, Brian A. Edwards

Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association

Introduction: Mental health concerns among collegiate students-athletes are exacerbated by poor sleep, and this population experiences elevated risk for irregular sleep patterns and associated sleep disorders. Interventions aimed at early identification of student-athletes experiencing sleep disorders and guiding them to treatment can contribute to improved mental health in this group. The present study’s objective was to clarify risk-factors associated with increased likelihood of sleep disorders and treatment avoidance in student-athletes. Methods: Data were self-reported survey responses related to sleep disorders, from US college/university varsity athletes (n=51,882) completing the 2011-2019 National College Health Assessments (NCHA). Outcomes: The primary outcomes that we …

Access To Outreach Athletic Trainers Improves Orthopedic Specialty Appointment Adherence, Katie Sniffen, Katie Smith, Michael Rozier, Katherine Stamatakis, Paula Buchanan, Leslie Hinyard

Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association

Background: Adolescent sports participation carries an inherent risk of musculoskeletal injury, with an estimated 2 million injuries occurring annually among high school athletes. Navigating the healthcare system to receive appropriate care can be challenging, potentially leading to delayed treatment and poorer outcomes. Athletic trainers (ATs) may play a crucial role in facilitating timely access to specialized care. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between referral pathways (outreach athletic trainers (OATs), non-outreach athletic trainers (ATs), urgent care (UC), and emergency department (ED)) and appointment adherence while controlling for predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Methods: Using electronic medical …

Retention Of Cpr Knowledge And Skills Among Ncaa Division Iii Athletic Coaches: A Prospective Cohort Study, Allison Hanstine, Jaclyn Tate, Chyrsten Gessel

Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association

Objective/Context: It is crucial for athletic coaches to be proficient in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge and skill performance for the health and safety of their athletes. This research aimed to assess CPR knowledge and CPR skill retention five months post-training among athletic coaches. In addition, the study assessed whether the number of years certified in CPR had an association with CPR skill performance scores five months post-training. Design and Setting: As a part of a master’s thesis, this prospective cohort study was performed over a five-month period to align with the research timeline. Participants: The study was conducted among 19 …

A Pilot Study: Effects Of 5-Week Hamstring Training On Functional Movement Screen Scores., Julie Landrigan, Colin Tomes

Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association

Introduction. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) can be used by clinicians to assess movement and asymmetries in their clients. Understanding FMS composite and subtest scores can be a useful way for clinicians to monitor risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to identify if eccentric hamstring stretching and Nordic hamstring curls could improve movement, FMS scores, and active straight leg raise range of motion. Methods. Participants consisted of a convenience sample of high-school athletes. All subjects participated in the intervention, performing the FMS screen pre- and post-Nordic curls and stretching. Results. This pilot study suggests that the …

Normative Performance Test Metrics In Professional Female Club Soccer, Andy Seraphin, Christi Edson, Cory Price, Barrett Jones, Amanda Jagielo, Justin Mullner

Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association

Objective: To establish normative ranges in common performance tests for professional women’s club soccer. Setting:1^st division professional women’s soccer club in the United States

Participants: Twenty-eight healthy professional women’s soccer players (Age: 27.8 ± 5.1 years; Body Mass: 66.2 ± 6.7 kg). Main Outcome Measures: Countermovement Jump, Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull, and Nordic Hamstring Curl tests were performed to obtain lower body compound strength, power, and eccentric hamstring strength. Paired-samples t tests were used to determine between-limbs differences for each outcome measure. Results: Jump height had a mean of 28.9 ± 4.2 cm. Peak vertical force (IMTP) had a …

Relationship Between E-Sports And Physical Activity Participation: Validation Of The E-Sports Addiction Scale (Esas), Olivér Szabella, Lili Kassay, Attila Szabo

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: E-sports are becoming increasingly popular. Considering the addictive potential of video games, e-sports might be more addictive than traditional sports. This study assessed the addiction risk in regular e-sports players and its relationship with other physical exercise habits. Method: A sample of 116 (93.1% males; mean age = 23.91±4.47) e-sports players answered questions online on play and exercise habits and completed the E-sports Addiction Scale (ESAS) derived from the revised Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI-R). Results: The ESAS showed excellent model fit, allowing researchers to assess the risk of e-sports addiction in future studies. The risk rate of e-sports addiction …

Reliability And Criterion Validity Of The Turkish Version Of The Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire, Kubra Ayse Dasdemir, Sinem Suner-Keklik, Gamze Cobanoglu, Nevin A. Guzel

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: This study aims to determine reliability and criterion validity of the Turkish version of the Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire (RPAQ). Materials and methods: The study included 146 individuals aged 18–45 years. Translation and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire was performed with regard to an appropriate procedure. Test–retest reliability was analyzed in terms of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). For assessment of validity of the questionnaire, the criterion validity method was used. Criterion validity was evaluated using a pedometer, which is an objective measurement tool. The correlation between the total number of steps recorded during a week and RPAQ scores was …

Return To Sport After Anterior Shoulder Stabilization Of Ncaa Football And Nfl Athletes – A Systematic Review, Yolanda V. Gutierrez, Mohammad Khalil, Aasim Ahmad, Aamir Ahmad

Research Symposium

Background: Anterior shoulder instability is an injury prevalent in contact and non-contact athletes and can result in limited movement, increased recurrence of dislocation, and decreased quality of sports activity. Notable sports that present with frequent anterior shoulder instability include wrestling, hockey, basketball, baseball, and most commonly, football. Athletes may undergo surgical management of anterior shoulder instability via arthroscopic repair, remplissage, Laterjet, or glenoid bone grafting procedures. This review aims to evaluate the return-to-sport rates among elite football athletes in the NCAA and NFL following surgical stabilization, assess post-surgical performance, and analyze the recurrence of instability or complications.

Methods: This systematic …