Ophthalmology Commons^™

Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy Associated With Covid-19 Infection, James A. David, George D. Fivgas

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

Purpose: To report a case of bilateral acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) associated with a COVID-19 infection. Observations: A 22-year-old female was referred for evaluation of bilateral scotomas concurrent with a mildly symptomatic COVID-19 infection. Exam showed normal visual acuity, bilateral reddish-brown petaloid retinal lesions which were hyporeflective on near infrared (NIR) optical coherence tomography (OCT), and had associated hypoperfusion of the deep vascular plexus on OCT-angiography (OCT-A) consistent with bilateral AMN. At follow-up, scotomas and retinal findings on near infrared imaging and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography had only slightly improved. Conclusions: COVID-19 has been documented to be the etiology of …

Narrative Review-Drug Delivery In Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Rachel Israilevich, Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh, Mirataollah Salabati, David Xu

Wills Eye Hospital Papers

This narrative review highlights routes of ocular drug delivery for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in industrialized countries and accounts for 8.7% of blindness worldwide. Advanced AMD can be classified into two subtypes: late-stage dry AMD [known as geographic atrophy (GA)] and neovascular AMD (nAMD). GA is often bilateral and results from progressive and irreversible loss of photoreceptors and areas of the retinal pigment epithelium. Wet AMD is characterized by angiogenesis from the choroid to the normally avascular regions underneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or retina, a process known as choroidal neovascularization …

Understanding Blue Light Retinal Damages And The Methods Of Prevention, Amelia Lee

Senior Honors Theses

Light emitting diode (LED) lights that comprise television screens, phone displays, laptops, and tablets have been studied by scientists in order to understand the implications of blue light radiation and the effects that it has on the human body—especially the retina of the eye. The retina is comprised of highly metabolic cells, and when those cells are placed under oxidative stress, death occurs causing ocular disease. Additionally, excess blue light exposure causes shifts in biological rhythms that govern patterns of alertness and sleep. Recently scientists began studying the methods of blue light prevention. Some studies show that blue light radiation …

Microbial Profile Of Lacrimal System Dacryolith In Midwest Patient Population, Peter Kally, Olivia Cheng, Thai Do, Dianne Schachter, Francesca Nesi-Eloff

Conference Presentation Abstracts

Introduction: Dacryoliths of the lacrimal excretory system are found in patients undergoing surgical treatment of primary canaliculitis and nasolacrimal duct obstruction.1,2 Dacryoliths of the canalicular pathway are classically attributed to Actinomyces species, yet a growing body of literature throughout Asia and the Middle East supports a shift towards Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species being the most common cultured organism.1–4 The Midwest microbial profile in 2009 was reported to maintain Actinomyces as the most common organism.1 The objective of this paper is to update the American Midwest demographic and microbial profile of lacrimal system dacryoliths to direct tailored regional approaches to treatment. …

Bilateral Nummular Infiltrates: An Uncommon Presentation Of Candida Keratitis, Deena Dahshan, Charles D Francis, Maya S. Bitar

Ophthalmology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Optic Disc Pit Maculopathy Leading To Vision Loss In A Pediatric Patient, Allyson Hall

Posters

This case will review optic disc pit maculopathy in children and treatments available. An emphasis in vision rehabilitation will be discussed as any visual insult during this development period can lead to long-term visual consequences.

Super-Resolution Microscopy Reveals Photoreceptor-Specific Subciliary Location And Function Of Ciliopathy-Associated Protein Cep290, Valencia L Potter, Abigail R Moye, Michael A Robichaux, Theodore G Wensel

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Mutations in the cilium-associated protein CEP290 cause retinal degeneration as part of multiorgan ciliopathies or as retina-specific diseases. The precise location and the functional roles of CEP290 within cilia and, specifically, the connecting cilia (CC) of photoreceptors, remain unclear. We used super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy to localize CEP290 in the CC and in the primary cilia of cultured cells with subdiffraction resolution and to determine effects of CEP290 deficiency in 3 mutant models. Radially, CEP290 localizes in close proximity to the microtubule doublets in the region between the doublets and the ciliary membrane. Longitudinally, it is distributed throughout …

Integrating Telemedicine Services In Ophthalmology: Evaluating Patient Interest And Perceived Benefits, Eric Shiuey, Yehuda Fox, Adam Kurnick, Rony Rachmiel, Shimon Kurtz, Michael Waisbourd

Department of Medicine Faculty Papers

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess patient interest and willingness to pay (WTP) for teleophthalmology services, whose benefits include improved healthcare access and potential cost savings.

Patients and methods: Cross-sectional study of 215 patients attending a single tertiary center to assess their interest in teleophthalmology. Comparisons between those interested and those not interested were conducted; logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of price on interest.

Results: Two thirds (66.5%) of patients were interested in teleophthalmology instead of in-person clinic visits. Those interested were significantly younger than uninterested patients (48.8±22.7 vs 62.4±18.3 years) and were more …

Klebsiella Pneumoniae Cryptogenic Liver Abscess And Endophthalmitis – A Case Report And Review Of Literature, Mihai Leonard Grecescu, Monica Grecescu, Andreea Smarandache Maria, Cristian Mihai Branescu, Anca Anghelache, Anca Silvia Dumitriu, Stana Paunica, Andreea Cristina Costea

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as the predominant pathogenic agent of liver abscess in Asia, and the incidence is increasing worldwide. Hypervirulent strains are associated with septic metastatic dissemination in the eyes, lungs, and central nervous system, causing severe morbidity. We present the case of a 54year old man, with no previous comorbidities, admitted in emergency for the blind red painful eye. Further investigation documented septic endophthalmitis with transscleral extension and orbital cellulitis. Thoraco-abdominal computed tomography evidenced a hepatic abscess as the locus of the primary infection. Intravenous antibiotherapy with cefuroxime, followed by meropenem and vancomycin were efficient for managing the …

Cell-Based Therapies For Retinal Diseases: A Review Of Clinical Trials And Direct To Consumer "Cell Therapy" Clinics, John Hinkle, Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh, Ajay E. Kuriyan

Wills Eye Hospital Papers

Background: The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is implicated in the pathophysiology of many retinal degenerative diseases. This cell layer is also an ideal target for cell-based therapies. Several early phase clinical trials evaluating cell therapy approaches for diseases involving the RPE, such as age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt's macular dystrophy have been published. However, there have also been numerous reports of complications from unproven "cell therapy" treatments marketed by "cell therapy" clinics. This review aims to outline the particular approaches in the different published clinical trials for cell-based therapies for retinal diseases. Additionally, the controversies surrounding experimental treatments offered outside …

Local Renin-Angiotensin System Activation And Myofibroblast Formation In Graft Versus Host Disease–Associated Conjunctival Fibrosis, Kiumars Shamloo, Judy Weng, Christopher Ross, Jenni Lee, Saleh Alfuraih, Jennifer Totonchy, Ajay Sharma

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Purpose: The present study was designed to investigate the role of myofibroblast transdifferentiation and the conjunctival renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)–associated conjunctival fibrosis.

Methods: A mouse model of major histocompatibility-matched allogeneic transplantation was used to induce GVHD, with male B10.D2 mice as donors and female BALB/c mice as recipients. Male BALB/c to female BALB/c syngeneic transplantation was used as control. Y chromosome staining in the spleen cells obtained from female recipient mice was used to confirm engraftment. The phenol red thread test and fluorescein staining were used to quantify tears and corneal keratopathy. …

Conditional Analysis On New Tumor Formation With Solitary Unilateral Retinoblastoma In 482 Consecutive Patients, Carol L Shields, Philip W Dockery, Megan Ruben, Madalyne A Sunday, Martin Calotti, Antonio Yaghy

Wills Eye Hospital Papers

PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to understand dynamic risk (conditional analysis based on patient age) for new tumor development in patients with solitary unilateral retinoblastoma.

METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis.

RESULTS: Of 482 patients with solitary unilateral retinoblastoma, 55 new tumors developed in 20 patients (4%). Comparison (new tumor vs. no new tumor development) revealed those with new tumor demonstrated younger mean age at presentation (10 vs. 36 months,

CONCLUSION: Children (≤24 months) with solitary unilateral retinoblastoma showed decreasing risk for new tumors up to 24 months of life. Later onset of new tumor was more likely …

Real-Time Mobile Teleophthalmology For The Detection Of Eye Disease In Minorities And Low Socioeconomics At-Risk Populations, Lama A. Al-Aswad, Cansu Yuksel Elgin, Vipul Patel, Deborah Popplewell, Kalashree Gopal, Dan Gong, Zach Thomas, Devon Joiner, Cha-Kai Chu, Gladys E. Maestre

School of Medicine Publications

Purpose: To examine the benefits and feasibility of a mobile, real-time, community-based, teleophthalmology program for detecting eye diseases in the New York metro area.

Design: Single site, nonrandomized, cross-sectional, teleophthalmologic study.

Methods: Participants underwent a comprehensive evaluation in a Wi-Fi-equipped teleophthalmology mobile unit. The evaluation consisted of a basic anamnesis with a questionnaire form, brief systemic evaluations and an ophthalmologic evaluation that included visual field, intraocular pressure, pachymetry, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, posterior segment optical coherence tomography, and nonmydriatic fundus photography. The results were evaluated in real-time and follow-up calls were scheduled to complete a secondary questionnaire form. Risk …

Assessing The Accuracy, Quality, And Readability Of Patient Accessible Online Resources Regarding Ocular Gene Therapy And Voretigene Neparvovec., Swetha Davuluri, Nicolas A. Yannuzzi, Amy Kloosterboer, Ajay E. Kuriyan, Jayanth Sridhar

Wills Eye Hospital Papers

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy, quality, and readability of online information regarding the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ocular gene therapy voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna, Spark Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA).

Methods: Ten online resources about voretigene neparvovec were assessed in this cross-sectional study. A novel 25-question assessment was created to evaluate the information most relevant to patients. Each article was assessed by independent graders using the assessment and the DISCERN instrument. An online readability tool, Readable, was used to assess readability. Accountability was evaluated using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks.

Results: The average questionnaire score for …

Optical Coherence Tomography Based Indices In Predicting Functional Outcome Of Macular Hole Surgery: A Retrospective Chart Review, Haroon Tayyab, Rehman Siddiqui, Sana Jahangir, Shiraz Hashmi

Section of Ophthalmology

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the utility of novel macular hole indices of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and predicting the functional outcome of surgery.
Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of 28 eyes who underwent surgery for idiopathic Full Thickness Macular Hole (FTMH) at The Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi from January 2016 to March 2020. Data of preoperative OCTs were recovered from data server of OCT machine. Measurements of the pre-operative OCTs were calculated using caliper function of OCT software by two independent technicians. Parameters included Macular Hole Index (MHI), Traction Hole Index …

Spontaneous Closure Of Full Thickness Macular Hole In The Presence Of An Epiretinal Membrane In A Vitrectomised Eye: A Case Report, Rehman Siddiqui, Muhammad Umar Fawad, Nida Ahsan

Section of Ophthalmology

We report the case of a spontaneous closure of full thickness macular hole (FTMH) in the presence of an epiretinal membrane (ERM) in a previously vitrectomised eye. The patient had undergone vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and developed an ERM two weeks after the surgery, which converted into a FTMH after one week. Eight months after the vitrectomy, spontaneous closure of FTMH was observed with an improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from 20/200 to 20/40. The patient was followed up for four years, and the FTMH remained closed. Spontaneous closure of FTMH is possible even in the presence of …

Istent Versus Istent Inject Implantation Combined With Phacoemulsification In Open Angle Glaucoma., Wesam Shamseldin Shalaby, Sophia S. Lam, Amirmohsen Arbabi, Jonathan S. Myers, Marlene R. Moster, Natasha N. Kolomeyer, Reza Razeghinejad, Aakriti Garg Shukla, Tarek R. Hussein, Tarek M. Eid, Said M. Shalaby, Daniel Lee

Wills Eye Hospital Papers

Purpose: To compare the outcomes of iStent vs. iStent inject implantation combined with phacoemulsification.

Methods: This single center retrospective comparative case series included subjects with open angle glaucoma who underwent iStent or iStent inject implantation combined with phacoemulsification with ≥1 year follow-up. The main outcome measures were in-group and between-group changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) and medication number, proportion of eyes that achieved IOP ≤15 mmHg, and surgical success defined as 20% IOP reduction from baseline at 6/12 months. Univariate/multivariate regression analyses were done to identify predictors of surgical failure.

Results: One hundred ninety-seven eyes of 148 patients were included …

Multiprong Control Of Glioblastoma Multiforme Invasiveness: Blockade Of Pro-Inflammatory Signaling, Anti-Angiogenesis, And Homeostasis Restoration, Nicolas G. Bazan, Madigan M. Reid, Valerie A.Cruz Flores, Juan E. Gallo, William Lewis, Ludmila Belayev

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most invasive type of glial tumor with poor overall survival, despite advances in surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation. One of the main challenges in treating GBM is related to the tumor’s location, complex and heterogeneous biology, and high invasiveness. To meet the demand for oxygen and nutrients, growing tumors induce new blood vessels growth. Antibodies directed against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes angiogenesis, have been developed to limit tumor growth. Bevacizumab (Avastin), an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, is the first approved angiogenesis inhibitor with therapeutic promise. However, it has limited efficacy, likely due to …

Microrna‐146a‐5p, Neurotropic Viral Infection And Prion Disease (Prd), Aileen I. Pogue, Walter J. Lukiw

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

The human brain and central nervous system (CNS) harbor a select sub‐group of potentially pathogenic microRNAs (miRNAs), including a well‐characterized NF‐kB‐sensitive Homo sapiens microRNA hsa‐miRNA‐146a‐5p (miRNA‐146a). miRNA‐146a is significantly over-expressed in progressive and often lethal viral‐ and prion‐mediated and related neurological syndromes associated with progressive inflammatory neurodegeneration. These include ~18 different viral‐induced encephalopathies for which data are available, at least ~10 known prion diseases (PrD) of animals and humans, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other sporadic and progressive age‐related neurological disorders. Despite the apparent lack of nucleic acids in prions, both DNA‐ and RNA‐containing viruses along with prions significantly induce miRNA‐146a …

Cross-Sectional Analysis Of Baseline Visual Parameters In Subjects Recruited Into The Rescue And Reverse Nd4-Lhon Gene Therapy Studies, Mark Moster, Robert C Sergott, Nancy J Newman, Patrick Yu-Wai-Man, Valerio Carelli, Molly Scannell Bryan, Gerard Smits, Valérie Biousse, Catherine Vignal-Clermont, Thomas Klopstock, Alfredo A Sadun, Adam A. Debusk, Michele Carbonelli, Rabih Hage, Siegfried Priglinger, Rustum Karanjia, Laure Blouin, Magali Taiel, Barrett Katz, José Alain Sahel

Wills Eye Hospital Papers

OBJECTIVE: This report presents a cross-sectional analysis of the baseline characteristics of subjects with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy enrolled in the gene therapy trials RESCUE and REVERSE, to illustrate the evolution of visual parameters over the first year after vision loss.

METHODS: RESCUE and REVERSE were 2 phase III clinical trials designed to assess the efficacy of rAAV2/2-ND4 gene therapy in ND4-LHON subjects. At enrollment, subjects had vision loss for ≤6 months in RESCUE, and between 6 and 12 months in REVERSE. Functional visual parameters (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA], contrast sensitivity [CS], and Humphrey Visual Field [HVF]) and structural parameters …

Long-Term Follow-Up After Unilateral Intravitreal Gene Therapy For Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: The Restore Study, Valérie Biousse, Nancy J Newman, Patrick Yu-Wai-Man, Valerio Carelli, Mark Moster, Catherine Vignal-Clermont, Thomas Klopstock, Alfredo A Sadun, Robert C Sergott, Rabih Hage, Simona Esposti, Chiara La Morgia, Claudia Priglinger, Rustum Karanja, Laure Blouin, Magali Taiel, José-Alain Sahel

Wills Eye Hospital Papers

BACKGROUND: RESCUE and REVERSE were 2 Phase 3 clinical trials that assessed the efficacy and safety of intravitreal gene therapy with lenadogene nolparvovec (rAAV2/2-ND4) for the treatment of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). RESTORE is the long-term follow-up study of subjects treated in the RESCUE and REVERSE trials.

METHODS: In RESCUE and REVERSE, 76 subjects with LHON because of the m.11778 G>A mutation in the mitochondrial gene ND4 received a single unilateral intravitreal injection of lenadogene nolparvovec. After 96 weeks, 61 subjects were enrolled in the long-term follow-up study RESTORE. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed over a …

Structure And Dynamics Of Photoreceptor Sensory Cilia, Theodore G Wensel, Valencia L Potter, Abigail Moye, Zhixian Zhang, Michael A Robichaux

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The rod and cone photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina have highly specialized structures that enable them to carry out their function of light detection over a broad range of illumination intensities with optimized spatial and temporal resolution. Most prominent are their unusually large sensory cilia, consisting of outer segments packed with photosensitive disc membranes, a connecting cilium with many features reminiscent of the primary cilium transition zone, and a pair of centrioles forming a basal body which serves as the platform upon which the ciliary axoneme is assembled. These structures form a highway through which an enormous flux of …

Frequency Of Retinopathy Of Prematurity (Rop) In Infants Screened For Rop: Two Years Follow-Up Results Of A Single Center In Turkey, Adem Ugurlu

BioMedicine

Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants referred to our clinic for screening ROP.

Material and Method: The data of 729 infants who were referred to the ROP outpatient clinic of the Ophthalmology Unit of Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Turkey between April 2018 and March 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. The gestational age and weight of the infants, stay in the neonatal intensive care unit, duration of oxygen therapy, and detailed ophthalmologic examination findings were recorded in the study.

Findings and Results: Of the 729 babies screened for ROP,122 …

Use Of Intravitreal Methotrexate Infusion In Complicated Retinal Detachment For Prevention Of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy In A Pilot Study, Sana Jahangir, Tehmina Jahangir, Muhammad H. Ali, Qasim Lateef, Uzma Hamza, Haroon Tayyab

Section of Ophthalmology

Objective: The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of per-operative intravitreal methotrexate (MTX) infusion during vitrectomy in patients of retinal detachment (RD) with advanced grade proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR).
Methods: In this prospective interventional case series, we included patients with Grade C PVR, recurrent RD, and open globe trauma. All patients underwent standard single surgeon operated 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with 80mg of MTX in 1000mL of irrigation fluid. All patients were followed up after four months to assess the final status of retinal attachment and visual acuity. Ethical review board permission was sought …

Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implants For Refractory Macular Edema In Eyes With Noninfectious Uveitis., Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang, Sunir Garg, Hsi-Fu Chen, Wei-Chi Wu, Linda Yi-Hsing Chen, Hung-Da Chou, Laura Liu, Kuan-Jen Chen, Yih-Shiou Hwang

Wills Eye Hospital Papers

Macular edema (ME) is a common cause of visual loss among eyes with uveitis, and its management can be challenging. Steroids are an effective treatment for ME, and intravitreal dexamethasone (DEX) implants provide sustained steroid release. The purpose of this study is to evaluate intravitreal DEX implant on refractory ME in eyes with noninfectious uveitis. A retrospective study including 52 eyes of 37 patients with refractory uveitic ME was conducted from January 2011 through August 2017 at Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. Patients' demographic characteristics were collected. In addition, clinical information, including corrected visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure …

The Transitional Year Internship: Five Classes Of Former Interns Reflect On Their First Clinical Year, Hana L. Haver, Kush K. Patel, Robert Chow

Advances in Clinical Medical Research and Healthcare Delivery

Objective:

The clinical internship (postgraduate year-1), which precedes many advanced residency training programs, are traditionally fulfilled by a transitional year (TY) or preliminary year of training in medicine or surgery. TY programs can take place in a variety of settings, ranging from community hospitals to large academic medical centers. In the present study, we sought to evaluate if resident physicians who completed a community hospital-based TY internship felt prepared for their subsequent specialty residency training.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was adapted and distributed to resident physicians who completed their TY internship at a university-affiliated community hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, between …

Transitional Vocational Program For Persons With Low Vision And Other Visual Impairments, Andria Lubben, Karen Park, Susan Macdermott, Becki Cohill

Summer 2021 Virtual OTD Capstone Symposium

Background: Low Vision is a life-altering visual disability (CDC, 2015). OTs work with individuals with low vision and work in the workplace and education, however, there is no research on OTs working with individuals with low vision in work or post educational settings (Butler, 2016). Vocational and educational needs are often not being met for individuals with low vision (Barbieri et al., 2019).

Problem: OTs have a limited role in adolescent transition to the workplace and higher education in individuals with low vision and other visual impairments.

Purpose: To understand transitional programs that support vocational and educational development of individuals …

A Pilot Exploration Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Analysis Of Capillary Vascular Density And Foveal Avascular Zone For The Diagnosis Of Uveal Melanoma, Jason Chien, Alicia Valverde-Megías, Gwo Farn Chien, Carol L Shields

Wills Eye Hospital Papers

No abstract provided.

Outcomes Of Intravenous Chemotherapy (Chemoreduction) For Retinoblastoma Based On Patient Age In 964 Eyes Of 554 Patients., Zeynep Bas, Lauren A. Dalvin, Sameeksha Tadepalli, Raksha Rao, Amish Shah, Ann M. Leahey, Carol L. Shields

Wills Eye Hospital Papers

PURPOSE: To evaluate retinoblastoma control after intravenous chemotherapy (chemoreduction) by patient age at presentation.

DESIGN: Retrospective case series.

METHODS: This study included 964 eyes of 554 patients treated with chemoreduction at Ocular Oncology Service at Wills Eye Hospital. Patients received 6 monthly cycles of standard chemoreduction. Additional therapies for tumor control were performed as needed.

RESULTS: Of 964 eyes, a comparison by age group (24 months) revealed more advanced age group with higher frequency of group E tumor (15% vs. 25% vs. 32% vs. 39%, P < 0.001). By treatment outcomes, complete tumor control was achieved with chemoreduction alone more often in less advanced age group (46% vs. 30% vs. 17% vs. 8%, P < 0.001). Additional treatment after chemoreduction was needed more often in more advanced age group with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT; 9% vs. 16% vs. 20% vs. 15%, P = 0.006) or enucleation (12% vs. 18% vs. 26% vs. 37%, P < 0.001). Over time (1994-1998 vs. 1999-2003 vs. 2004-2008 vs. 2009-2013 vs. 2014-2019), the paradigm for additional required treatment after chemoreduction shifted toward less EBRT (27% vs. 24% vs. 14% vs. 7% vs. 2%, P < 0.001) and more intra-arterial (0% vs. 0% vs. 1% vs. 25% vs. 48%, P < 0.001) and intravitreal (0% vs. 0% vs. 3% vs. 10% vs. 20%, P < 0.001) chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS: Chemoreduction is a safe and effective treatment method for patients with retinoblastoma, demonstrating …

Neurovascular Regulation In Diabetic Retinopathy And Emerging Therapies, Liyang Ji, Hong Tian, Keith A Webster, Wei Li

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss in working adults in developed countries. The disease traditionally classified as a microvascular complication of diabetes is now widely recognized as a neurovascular disorder resulting from disruption of the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU). The NVU comprising retinal neurons, glia and vascular cells coordinately regulates blood flow, vascular density and permeability to maintain homeostasis. Disturbance of the NVU during DR can lead to vision-threatening clinical manifestations. A limited number of signaling pathways have been identified for intercellular communication within the NVU, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the master switch for …