Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

The Effect Of Temperature On Refining, Richard Granger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The results of this work indicate that elevated beating temperature drastically increases beating time and produces detrimental effects on the physical characteristics of the formed sheet as evaluated by wet web strength, tear and tensile.

It is thus indicative of the value of cold temperature refining.

The Pulping Of Hardwood Sawdust By The Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Process For Use In Corrugating Medium, James O. Mcclelland

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The need for using less expensive raw materials is ever increasing. Here the use of hardwood sawdust as one of these raw materials was investigated for use in Semichemical Corrugating Medium. It was found that 20 to 30% sawdust could be used in the furnish without a significant loss in sheet strength. It was also found that sawdust could be pulped either separately or combined with hardwood chips giving the same product quality. This was accomplished by either a regular neutral sulfite semichemical cook or by a vapor phase cook. The conventional disk refiner was found to do the best …

The Evaluation Of The Banana Tree As A Source Of Papermaking Fiber, Ivan T. Mascarenhas

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This investigation is conducted under found broad categories - effect of various cooking methods, blending with softwood, CEHD bleaching and fiber microscopy.

It is found that the leaves are unpulpable but the stalks and stems give fibers comparable to hardwoods.

Banana pulps are uneconomical to bleach due to high Kappa numbers and acid pretreatment requirement.

The individual fibers are long, slender and stiff similar to bamboo and rice fibers. Peculiar hairlike structure are dominant.

Banana pulp can be substituted for hardwood pulp in the manufacture of bags and wrapping paper and especially advantageous for liner board due to its high …

Fiber Orientation As A Means To Control Formation On The Ultra-Former Through Changes In The Spouting Jet To Wire Speed Ratio And Stock Consistency In The Headbox, Gerald R. Haw

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The Ultra-Former is a new type of multi-ply board machine. It uses a cylinder mold without a vat and has a stock delivery system that uses a headbox similar to that found on a fourdrinier machine. The board made on the Ultra-Former has several improved qualities over the board made on the conventional type board machines. Of these several improved qualities formation is one of the most important.

Formation is important because it affects the physical properties of the finished product. One of the major physical properties affected is the tensile strength of the sheet. The tensile strength is reduced …

The Effects Of Starch On Pickup, As Influenced By Solids, Temperature, Viscosity And Depth Of Penetration On Sheet Properties, James W. Ramp

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This reporting is a review of the current issue of knowledge in the area of size press variables. It delves into the sheet properties affected by the application of surface size.

A pilot plant study was conducted which evaluated the affect of Penford Gum 280. This starch was applied to the 46 pound 50% hardwood, 50% softwood, 15% clay filled sheet being formed on the 30 inch wide pilot papermachine at Western Michigan University. Starch application was made at various temperature and solids concentrations to obtain different amounts of pickup and variables deaths of penetration.

The results of this study …

The Use Of Activated Carbon For Removal Of Dyestuffs From Secondary Paper Mill Effluent, Duane L. Zomer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Adsorption of colored materials, dyestuff from simulated paper mill effluents by activated carbon columns appears to be a very effective method of removing color from waste effluents. Laboratory investigations have indicated that materials commonly encountered in paper mill effluents tend to slow the adsorption of color molecules. This phenomenon is overcome by allowing more time for adsorption. This lends itself to a diffusion-limited type adsorption mechanism with multi-layering adsorption on the carbon surface.

Using carbon of not less than 45 mesh, carbon adsorption columns appear to become feasible for large volume color removal. There appeared to be no significant head …

The Use Of Activated Carbon For Removal Of Dyestuffs From Secondary Paper Mill Effluent, Duane L. Zomer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Adsorption of colored materials, dyestuff from simulated paper mill effluents by activated carbon columns appears to be a very effective method of removing color from waste effluents. Laboratory investigations have indicated that materials commonly encountered in paper mill effluents tend to slow the adsorption of color molecules. This phenomenon is overcome by allowing more time for adsorption. This lends itself to a diffusion-limited type adsorption mechanism with multi-layering adsorption on the carbon surface.

Using carbon of not less than 45 mesh, carbon adsorption columns appear to become feasible for large volume color removal. There appeared to be no significant head …

Forest Fuel Accumulation -- A Growing Problem, Marvin Dodge

The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography

Discusses the problem caused by accumulation of forest fuels in the wild-land forests of the western USA under the policy of total fire protection pursued there for many years, and emphasizes the need to find economical and practical ways of reducing fuel hazards in these forests, especially by means of prescribed burning under conditions in which low-intensity fires can be achieved.

Variance Analysis Of Basis Weight Variation On The Pilot Machine, Timothy A. Armstrong

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of the variations of the pilot machine of the Department of Paper Science and Engineering at Western Michigan University by variance analysis conducted on basis weight profiles obtained from the Industrial Nucleonics scanning basis weight gauge. The profiles obtained from the basis weight gauge were subjected to a computer program which computed the cross-direction, machine-direction, and random component variations and determined F-ratios. The F-ratio shows the significance of the component variation. Cross-direction variation was found to decrease with speed. Machine-direction variation showed no significant trend and the random variation decreased …

Addition Of Ba (Oh)2 To A Closed White Water System As A Means Of Controlling Acidity And Sulfate Ion Build Up, Charles R. Tobey

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In an effort to reduce the intake of fresh water into a mill a greater quantity of white water must be recycled to meet the demands of production. Unless some action is taken, continued reuse of the water produces a badly deteriorated paper-making system.

It is believed that the buildup of free acid and sulfate ions from the addition of paper-maker's alum causes the degradation. A bench trial using a Noble and Wood hand-sheet maker capable of recirculating white water was used to duplicate such a deteriorated system and then to restore it with the introduction of Ba(OH)₂. …

The Comparison Of A Primary And Secondary Amine As Collectors In Froth Flotation Techniques For Primary Clarification Of Paper Mill Effluent, Gerard M. Marshall

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The following investigation deals with primary clarification by use of froth flotation techniques. A primary amine was compared to a secondary amine in their collection properties at three pH values. pH variation was found to have an effect on the water content in the foam and the amount of solids collected. A higher pH showed less water content in the foam resulting in higher solids content.

The study indicated that sedimentation had better percent solids coupled with it being a less expansive operation enables it to continue while more efficient methods in flotation are sought out.

"The Application Of Zeta Potential For The Effective Retention Of Titanium Dioxide In Chemically Modified Systems", John W. Clapp

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was done to determine how to obtain maximum effective filler retention in a fiber and titanium dioxide system. Retention of fillers in a fibrous system is greatly influenced through the use of high molecular weight polymers. It was found that by using cationic and anionic polymers in the same system, a synergistic effect results which yields a higher effective retention than if either polymers were used along. Furthermore, by precisely controlling the amounts of each polymer so as to obtain the isoelectric point in zeta potential; the peak effective retention is reached.

The Effect Of Filler Distribution On Sheet Optical Properties, David T. Rasley

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It is becoming increasingly important to the paper industry to be able to produce paper with high brightness and opacity. Good formation is also highly important. For these reasons, the industry is investigating the way the fines, fiber, and filler are distributed using the different types of paper machines.

Through this thesis work, it will be investigated how the filler distribution affects the optical properties of a sheet and what filler distribution will give maximum scattering power, brightness and opacity. From this it may be possible to suggest what paper machine variables will give filler distributions with improved optical properties.

A Study Of The Influence Of Reworked Fibers On Dimensional Stability And Physical Characteristics Of Paper, Martin L. Smith Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Secondary or re-pulped fibers, refined to the same degree in terms of freeness, exhibit different physical and optical characteristics than the same fiber in the virgin state. Paper which contains various ·per cent of secondary fibers have better opacity, less sensitivity to moisture and humidity, in the sense of hygro-expansivity, reduction of tendency to curl with addition of moisture to one side of the sheet, and less tensile elongation. The advantages listed above are offset to some extent by a loss in tensile strength, fold endurance and porosity.

The Effectiveness Of Some Enzyme-Containing Detergents Of The Deinking Of Newsprint, Peter T. Aylward

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

With an ever increasing use of wood by the paper industry and pollution of our waterways, it is only natural that we turn to recycling of our products.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the possible use of enzymes detergents as a means of deinking newsprint. It was decided to deink several issues of newspaper by varying the concentration of enzyme detergent over a wide interval of temperature. The pH of the systems was monitored so as not to denature the enzyme. This method yielded pulp with a brightness three or four points over that of the untreated …

Performance Evaluation Of The Moistron And Inframike Moisture Gauges On The Pilot Paper Machine, David L. Forsman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The following work pertains to the correlation of the Industrial Nucleonics Moistron moisture meter and the General Electric Inframike. The readings from these two devices were compared to each other and to moisture on an oven dry basis. The moisture readings were taken on a furnish of a 50-50 hardwood, softwood mixture which had various additives added by means of metering pumps. The basis weights of the furnishes were varied for each of the additives.

The readings on the Moistron were not taken from the machine chart but rather from a calibration tape placed below said chart. The General Electric …

High Temperature, High Pressure Oxidation Of Primary Sludges, Dale R. St. Peter

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The problem of disposal of high ash papermill sludges has yet to be resolved. High temperature, high pressure wet air oxidation may have the potential to fill this gap in our technology.

A sample of high ash primary sludge was obtained, thickened, wet air oxidized, purified, and evaluated for brightness and abrasiveness. The product was grossly discolored with iron oxide. However, removal of the oxide yielded a high brightness product with low abrasiveness. This product appeared to be well suited for use as a filler material.

In order for this process to be acceptable as a method for obtaining a …

The Effect Of Sample Length, Fiber Length And Rate Of Loading On Tensile And T.E.A., Rajendra Patel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of fiber length, sample length and rate of loading on tensile and TEA. The most important aspect of this study was the elimination or controlling of variables which appeared in all related studies to date. With this in mind, an experimental procedure was drawn up which would eliminate or control these variables. The original pulp was taken without any cutting, formed into handsheets, and pressed. The handsheets were then cut in order to reduce the fiber length while the handsheets were wet. Cutting the fibers was done with a paper …

An Investigation Of The Relative Water Holding Capabilities Of Various Synthetic Adhesives, Kenneth J. Long

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

During the investigation of the water holding capacity of various latexes, the Hercules Size Tester, appeared to be the most consistent and convenient instrument for determining this characteristic. The latexes used in this investigation were those recommended by suppliers as excelling in this capacity.

It was hoped that a correlation could be found between water retention time and ease of obtaining gloss through supercalendering. However, no such correlation was found. In a routine control situation, through backlogging of data on a unchanging coating system, a correlation would be more likely to appear.

The Effects Of Selected Pilot Paper Machine Variables On Web Shrinkage, John Hughes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of certain machine variables on shrinkage and also to determine a shrinkage and strength profile across the width of the sheet. Machine conditions varied were the draws and the amount of pressure on the presses. Cross direction shrinkage was measured by using felt marking pens to mark three sections across the web. Machine direction shrinkage was determined by using a cogged wheel to punch a series of small holes into the sheet which could then be measured at the reel. Press loading was shown to have no effect on cross …

The Effect Of Clay Particle Size On The Optical Properties Of Filled Handsheets, Arkesh Pandit

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this experiment two coating clays and two filler clays were used as fillers to find the effect of particle size on optical properties on filled handsheets.

Klondyke and Nokarb were used as a filler clays to improve the optical properties. Coating clays, H. T. predispersed and Ultra-white-90 were less effective than filler clays. Scattering co-efficient can be improved with coating clays. The reason may be the smaller the particle size better scattering co-efficient. This experiment suggests alum is not necessary in order to improve the opacity and brightness of filler clays. Retention of Klyondyke and Nokarb increased without alum, …

"The Effects Of Steam Stripping Contaminated Kraft Condensates", Joseph A. Buckholz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effects of steam stripping contaminated Kraft condensates were evaluated in relation to the removal of odorous sulfur-containing compounds. The investigation was carried out in a packed distillation column. The mill streams investigated were multiple effect evaporator condensates, waste heat evaporator condensates, and concentrator condensates.

Measured volumes of distillate were removed and analyzed for chemical oxygen demand by oxidation, and for component make-up by gas chromatography.

This study indicates that the use of steam stripping not only reduces the amount of sulfur-containing compounds, but reduces mill water requirements and the BOD load placed on effluent treatment facilities.

The Effect Of Chemical Cross-Linking Agents On Starch And Starch-Latex Adhesive Mixtures In Coating Color Formulations, Steven F. Rehrauer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Various representative coatings were prepared, run, and resulting papers evaluated with great emphasis placed on keeping conditions constant throughout all experimental work. The study was limited to two types of starches; regular and cationic, and two types of insolubilizers; melamine formaldehyde and glyoxal. The effect of adding some latex to the adhesive mixture, with respect to water resistance, was also explored.

Data received substantiated the superiority of glyoxal over melamine formaldehyde in producing wet-rub resistance in starch base coatings. Calculated results also proved the merit of using a cationic starch, in conjunction with the insolubilizing additives, rather than a regular …

Planting And Care Of Trees In The Wheatbelt, F Batini

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

THE climate of South Western Australia includes a long summer drought which subjects trees to considerable moisture stress.

Shade trees and shelter belts can be established successfully in the wheatbelt without hand watering, provided a suitable site and variety of tree is selected and a little time is spent in site preparation and care of the young tree.

This article, which is adapted from a Forests Department publication "Catalogue of Trees for growing under Western Australian conditions", sets out the best varieties of trees and establishment methods.

The Effects Of Ph On Cationic Agents To Increase The Efficiency Of Tio2 In Paper, Stanley L. Oakleaf

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effect of pH on the efficiency of the cationic agents, Kymene 557 (Epichlorohydrin) and Tydex (Polyethylenimine), was studied, and the efficiencies of the two cationic agents were compared.

The pH at which cationic agents are most effective, considering percent retention of titanium dioxide, is pH 5.7 at the time of titanium dioxide slurry addition. The pH for optimum opacity in a sheet is pH 6.0.

A pH that is controlled by alum, rather than independently of alum, produces higher titanium dioxide retentions and opacities. Maximum efficiency is not controlled by pH alone. An alum loading of about 3.5% should …

A Comparison Of Fiber Orientation On Fourdrinier And Verti-Forma Paper Machines Using The Instron Tensile Tester, Paul J. Kiffe

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Many of the fundamental sheet properties are inter-related with the fiber orientation of the sheet. Until recently, this sheet was made of a Fourdrinier machine and the relationships were thoroughly studied. The advent of the Verti-Forma has opened up a new field of study. The objective of this thesis was to compare the fiber orientation in the two-wire Verti-Forma with the conventional Fourdrinier using the Instron tensile tester.

Test samples were acquired from the pilot Fourdrinier at Western Michigan University, a Fourdrinier at Allied Paper Company, and the Verti-Forms also at Allied. Full and split sheet halves were tested for …

The Application Of Stress-Strain Analysis In Routine Control, Richard L. Memmer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Many of the empirical strength tests used for determining end use performance of a paper sheet do not give a true indication of actual sheet properties and performance. The empirical tests of burst, tear, and folding endurance were made on eighteen paper samples of different grades of papers. The fundamental tests of tensile strength, elongation, and tensile energy absorption were also made on the same samples using a stress-strain tester. The fundamental tests were used in showing deficiencies and discrepancies in the empirical test values.

The discrepancies found indicated a need for increased fundamental testing to be use in predicting …

Turbidity Reductions By Enzymatic Hydrolysis, John Nowak

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Turbidity has long been a problem to the paper industry. In the past, it has been mainly associated with secondary fiber mills, among others. However, with the recent increase in the price of virgin pulp, other mills are seriously considering secondary fiber as a substitute for virgin pulp. Therefore, turbidity may become a problem to a larger number of mills in the future. Turbidity arises when starch and a filler are sheared together in a system. It has been noted in the literature that hypochlorite-oxidized starch produces the greatest turbidity phenomenon.

This project assumed that the size of the starch …

The Effects Of Zeta Potential And Flocculant Molecular Chain Length On The Flocculation Of Fines, Kai F. Chiu

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The factors controlling floc formation and cohesion are discussed in terms of fiber entanglement, electrokinetic potential and fiber-polymer bridging. The methods of measurement of zeta potential and degree of flocculation are also considered. In addition, an experiment is designed to relate zeta potential, molecular weight of synthetic polymers and the degree of flocculation of fines.

It is found that fiber length is the most predominant factor controlling flocculation. The bridging effect of polymer comes next. The higher the molecular weight, the greater the degree of flocculation. The electrokinetic potential effect is only influential if simple electrolytes are used as flocculant …

An Investigation Of Offset Printability In Folding Boxboard Using A Letterpress Printing Test, Roger D. Clemens

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The primary reason for this investigation was to determine if a simple letterpress test could be used to predict the print quality of folding boxboard printed by the offset method.

The experimental plan was to compare the objective ranking of print quality in the laboratory prints with the subjective ranking of print quality in the commercial prints. If the rankings correlated favorably, there would be reason to suspect that this type of test might be applicable in predicting the millroom print quality of folding boxboard.

It was found that the hoped-for correlation did not exist in this particular case primarily …