Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

The Effect Of Various Initial Electrokinetic Potentials On The Retention Of Titanium Dioxide, Jeff L. Gutowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to find out if maximum TiO₂ retention will always occur in an electrokinetic range of +3 mV, as theorized, regardless of initial electrokinetic values. The systems investigated, included the addition of 5% TiO₂ slurries at various positive and negative electrokinetic values to pulp slurries, also at various charges. Even though all 13 systems investigated by handsheet analysis were all run at the same final electrokinetic values of ±4 mV, wide variations in their % retention of TiO₂ were found. The scattering coefficient of TiO₂ and the conductivity and % light …

An Examination Of Paper Manufacture Quality Control Methods And How They Effect Consumer Complaints, Ian R. Paisley

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Information gathered by means of a consumer survey indicates that the majority of problems affecting roll runnability are caused by employee work habits and supervision, rather than machinery, during the manufacture of a roll of paper.

A second survey, in the form of a three-part questionnaire, was sent to mills in the United States and Canada, producing newsprint, fine paper, groundwood printing and specialty papers. The survey obtained information about testing and supervision procedures plus the formal training of those responsible for quality control. The conclusion indicate that the lack of professional training may contribute to potential customer complaints.

Hemicellulose Retention In Pulping, Denise R. Trainer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In order to study the fate of hemicelluloses in sulfite pulping, a full survey of the reactions involved and the techniques which have been successful in promoting the retention of the hemicelluloses was carried out. Experimentation then followed with wood analysis, pulping and analysis of the three pulps produced. From the results it can be seen that either a determination of the pentosans or of hemicelluloses will illuminate the relative amount of hemicelluloses in a set of samples. However, the hemicellulose value is more reliable for sulfite pulp. The total yield of a pulp is greatly increased by starting the …

Pulping Of Rubber Wood For Pulp And Paper, George Paulose

Masters Theses

No abstract provided.

A Study Of Hydrotropic Pulping, Tat-Hong Poon

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Aspen wood chips and hardwood thermomechanical pulp were cooked with Sodium Xylen Sulfonate solution in various cooking temperature, time length, chemical content and liquor to wood radio.

The process had a very high yield but the products produced a poor strength. Brightness was increased slightly by the treatment. Kappa Number was decreased at the beginning of the cook but increased again as the cook proceeded.

Based on this experimental data, hydrotropic pulp produced from wood chips and thermomechanical pulp was inferior to ordinary chemical pulp (Kraft or Sulfate) both in terms of physical and optical characteristics.

The Effects Of Fiber Furnish On Physical Properties Of Paper, Dennis Havard

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This experiment was designed to determine the effects of fiber furnish on the physical properties of paper. To do this various pulps and combinations of these pulps were formed into handsheets and their physical properties determined. The tests performed on the handsheets were tear, fold, tensile, stretch and tensile energy absorption.

The findings of this report indicates possibilities of a linear relationship between percent of pulp in a sheet and the fold and tensile. Stretch values increase by various degrees as more of the higher stretch fiber is added. The TEA follows the stretch values very closely.

The Potential For Application Of The Fluidized Bed In High Rate Waste Treatment, Bradley M. Mcclary

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A feasibility study of fluidized bed high rate - biological waste treatment was performed. Goals of the , investigation were to demonstrate possible advantages of higher treatment rates and compaction of effective reactor volume, and to compare this, system to conventional high rate treatment, in particular, activated sludge.

This system was found to be capable of achieving high rates of Boo 5 removal, producing a, consistent low concentration effluent. Such treatment could be realized in one-fifth the reactor volume required for conventional activated sludge, operating at an equivalent organic loading rate. Less sludge wasting occurred in this system operation than …

The Application Of Linear Programming In The Design Of Least Cost Furnishes For Paper Making Systems, George M. Iverson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Linear programming is a mathematical technique used to optimize complex physical processes. Due to rising pulp costs, the need to minimize the costs of raw materials in paper furnishes is acute. This paper studies the potential of linear programming as a tool to design furnishes meeting designated paper specifications while minimizing raw material costs. The flexibility of linear programming is discussed and the applicability of linear models describing multi-component furnishes with their effect on paper properties is investigated. Some paper properties were found to fit well with the linear model. Some of these were opacity, smoothness, tensile, mullen, and tear. …

Ozonation Of Secondary Effluent For Color Removal, Michael Patton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various ozone concentrations when applied to secondary kraft effluent in regards to color removal. The influence of effluent temperature upon the color removal capabilities of ozone was also investigated to determine the optimal ozone reaction temperature or the temperature which would result in the greatest color reduction at a given ozone concentration.

The study was conducted by injecting ozone at three different concentrations of 20, 30 and 40 mg/liter into a temperature controlled column of secondary kraft effluent obtained from S.D. Warren Company in Muskegon, Michigan. The temperature was …

Effects Of Surface Sizing Agents On Bod Of Recycled Papers, Lynn Berry

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Surface sizing agents can be major contributors to a mill's BOD loading. A 2% solids application of polyvinyl alcohol will give little or no BOD as compared to a high BOD resulting from a 8% solids application of anionic and cationic starch. The use of polyvinyl alcohol will give equivalent or better strength properties along with better sizing and high wax picks with only about one-half to three-quarters of a pound pick up per 3300 ft². High sizing values were achieved with the starches but at higher pick up levels. Polyvinyl alcohol could be best used in combination …

"The Evaluation Of Bacterial Cellulose From Acetobacter Xylinum As A Potential Papermaking Material", Thomas R. Arnson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Bacterial cellulose was biosynthesized by Acetobacter xylinum on an enriched growth medium of glucose, yeast extract and KH₂PO₄. The bacterial cellulose fibers were found to be about one-fourth the size of an average softwood fiber.

Pulp and paper total mill effluents and alfalfa extract were exchanged for the glucose and the yeast extract in the growth medium to see if they could substitute for these materials. Kraft and NSSC total mill effluents were found to substitute for the glucose. The alfalfa extract was found to be a better and cheaper material than the yeast extract. Acetobacter …

No-Sulfur Semi-Chemical Pulping With Na2Co3 And Naoh, James P. Hanson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Na₂CO₃/NaOH cooking liquors were evaluated as possible pulping agents for the production of semichemical pulp for use in corrugating medium. Optimum ratios of Na₂CO₃/NaOH were found to be 2/1 to 4/1. Pulp produced with ratios within these figures were equal to tensile and concora and higher in yield when compared to NSSC pulp made at the same temperature, time and Na₂O/chip ratio. By increasing either the time or the Na₂O, higher tensile and concora tests were obtained but with a slight sacrifice in yield. Na₂CO_{3 …}

Linear Programming As A Technique For Least Cost Furnish Analysis, James B. Keeler

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was a limited laboratory scale investigation of whether or not linear programming was a viable technique for determining the least cost furnish blends. It is original in that it used actual laboratory developed data for input to determine the linear programming model, and the results were actually produced in the laboratory to see if constraints were met. The materials used were a bleached hardwood, a bleached softwood, tab cards, clay and TiO₂. It was found that requirements of linearity and averaging inherent in the linear programming caused results which were not as accurate as needed. However, …

Investigation Of The Static Mixer For Improved Heat Transfer To Black Liquors, Bruce J. Redmond

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this experiment was to determine an improved method by which evaporation of kraft black liquors to the 50 to 65% total solids level could be sufficiently performed in multiple effect evaporators. This would eliminate the need of the highly malordorous direct contact evaporators which are presently used. Heat transfer characteristics of the Kenics Static Mixer were examined to determine if its application in multiple effect evaporator tubes would possibly reduce viscous liquor film layers which now hinder heat transfer. A single pass heat exchange unit that allowed removal of the inner tube and its replacement by a …

Use Of Brazilian Clays For Coating Formulations, Rubens Pellegrini

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Foreword

The massive effort of the Brazilian Government to develop a stronger and more competitive industry has boosted the production of pulp and paper up to six times its level of 1969.

The increasing demand for coated papers has forced the industry to look for new domestic sources of clay and to try to use the internally available product. Besides the undesirable situation of dependency upon a source many thousands of miles way, the difference in cost is the most appealing factor of all.

Today the three largest pulp and paper producers in Brazil have their own mines to assure …

The Effect Of Filler Type And Level On Inframike And Moistron Moisture Measurement And Accuray Basis Weight Measurement, Robert G. Tomich

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The following report is a study on the effects of filler type and level on the Inframike, Moistron and Accuray Basis Weight. Specifically, the effects of clay talc and Ti0₂ were investigated at 5%, 10·%, and 15% addition levels.

The Inframike was affected linearly by all three filters. The Moistron was not affected by talc and clay, but it was affected in a non-uniform manner by Ti0₂. The Accuray was not affected by clay and it was affected linearly by talc and Ti0₂.

The Effect Of Three Different Surface Sizes On Coated Sheet Properties, Roy W. Kemppainen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature search showed that although much work has been done on the mechanism of coating migration (1, 3, 5) and the influence of base sheet properties on migration (2, 8). No reports were found on the influence of different surface sizes on coating migration. The functions of a surface size in coating base stock is threefold. First, it is to resist excessive water penetration so that the sheet will retain sufficient strength for the coating operation. Second, the smoothness which it imparts is beneficial to further printing processes, especially in the case of offset. The third function of a …

The Effects Of Molecular Weight, Agitation And Zeta Potential Of Retention Aids On Filler Retention, Trieu Nguyen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

When it comes to filler retention, the most frequently studied parameters are: Molecular weight of the retention aid, degree of agitation, and zeta potential.

Alum, as an electrolyte, and various polymers of the same chemical structure, but different molecular weights were evaluated for their performances in retaining TiO₂. Different degrees of agitation were introduced to the stock to investigate the effect of turbulence on retention, and, finally, zeta potential was varied to observe its effect.

Higher molecular weight polymer was found to produce better retention. On the other hand, agitation reduced it. Retention seemed to be favorable with …

The Effects Of Speed Of Web On The Coat Weight Variation In Blade Coating, Pak Kee Lee

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Numerous works have been done on the investigation of coat weight variations by various researchers. The mechanism of the variation, in a given base stock, is explained by the two models - the hydrodynamic pressure which is a strong function of the web speed, and the visco-elastic or normal force. For a given coating color, viscosity is a function of the web speed which causes the shearing action to take place. Increasing the speed will cause an increase in hydrodynamic pressure as well as visco-elasticity, which tend to lift up the blade and thus a higher coat weight will be …

Effects Produced By Varying Types Of Drying On Starch Coated Paper Properties And Binder Migration, Mark J. Schaefer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The major concern of this report is binder migration and the factors which play a major role contributing to its presence. The major factors studied were coatings using varied drying methods, adhesive levels, % solids and types of starches.

Results obtained show that to obtain minimal migration coatings should be dried evenly throughout using infrared sources of heat.

Coating with different adhesive levels will vary optical and strength properties. Binder migration is more evident when using lower adhesive levels.

Coating at different % solids did not have any real significant effect in this study due to a very short span …

Machine Variables In Basis Weight Control, Barry L. Hess

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of machine variables as they affect the scan average basis weight readings obtained from the Industrial Nucleonics basis weight gauge on the fourdrinier paper machine of the Department of Paper Science and Engineering at Western Michigan University. The variables used in this study were machine speed, machine chest and tray white water consistencies, tray white water flow, flow to the headbox, stock valve position and head on the stock valve. Each of the above variables was sampled every ten minutes.

There were definite correlations between basis weight variation and machine …

Effects Of Controlled Overdrying On Some Physical Characteristics Of Paper Related To Printing Press Performance, Kenneth C. Pearson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of certain drying variables on some physical strength properties when these variables were controlled to bring about overdrying conditions. The variables under study were length of time and degree of temperature in relation to amount of drying produced. The results were then related to dimensional stability, tensile, stretch and mullen in an attempt to establish a relationship of overdrying to these physical characteristics.

The dimensional stability was run on the Neenah Multiple Specimen Expansimeter with tensile, stretch and mullen all run according to respective Tappi Standards.

From the study it …

How The Paper Industry And Its Associated Industries View Metrication And Standardization, David H. Evaul

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis is to indicate the reactions of the paper industry and its associated industries to metrication, standardization, and their effects on the industry. In this thesis a history of the metric system is given. The metric system, as it relates to the paper industry and its associated industries, is discussed. To get direct views on how the paper manufacturers, paper merchants, and printers felt about metrication and standardization a survey was made. From this survey, the questionnaires returned indicated that the majority of the paper manufacturers, paper merchants, and printers were mildly in favor of metrication …

Recovery Of Fillers From Paper Mill High Ash Sludge By Froth Flotation, Prakasha Chandra Misra

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this project was to recover filler materials (most of which are clay) from the paper mill primary clarifier high and sludge utilizing froth flotation.

Initial attempts to determine the dosage of a water soluble cationic surfactant EHDA-Br did not prove successful. It was discarded, an a partially water soluble cationic surfactant was taken up next. With a dosage of 0.75% (based on suspended solids) and an air flow rate of 1.5 - 1.75 1/min. it was possible to increase the ash content over 68% (minimum 66.5%, maximum 69.5%) in the foam fraction after single stage flotation, compared …

Investigation Of The Printing Evaluation Of Gloss Ink Holdout Of Finished Papers, John W. Harwood

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Gloss ink holdout is a description of an end result of a process involving many variables. The variables are the receptivity or absorbancy of the sheet for ink, the rate of penetration of the ink into the sheet, and the amount and type of ink used.

This experiment kept the amount and type of ink constant and looked at the absorbancy of the sheet and the penetration of the ink into the sheet.

The IGT Printability Tester was used to apply the ink, an infrared heat lamp to dry the sample, and the Hunter lab Glossmeter to measure the gloss. …

The Effects Of Relative Humidity And Temperature On The Strength Properties Of Corrugated Board, James E. Mcfarland

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was the determination of the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the strength properties of corrugated board.

A testing laboratory was set up in a controlled humidity room. Both temperatures and humidities were varied to form testing levels. The temperatures ranged from 32°F to 92°F. The humidity varied from 25% to 75%. Extreme conditions in either direction were not used so as to avoid damage to the room and testing equipment. Three tests were performed on the exposed board. They were H & D flat crush test, G.E. puncture test, and the mullen test. …

The Effect Of Ph On Retention Aids: A Study Of Retention, Optical Efficiency And Filler Distribution, David H. Soule

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This paper was designed to develop insights on the retaining, optical efficiency and filler distribution properties of retention aids at various pH levels. Three leading retention aids; Cato 15, Natron 86 and Nalco 623 were studied in the normal papermaking pH range 3.5 to 6.5 to determine the effect of pH.

The results indicated pH played an important role in producing conditions of optimum retention and optical efficiency. pH also contributed to the distribution of the filler in the handsheets. The results further indicated, when using retention aids, optimum retention of titanium dioxide does not always yield the highest scattering …

A Study Of The Blocking Of Polyvinylidene Chloride In A Rewound Roll, Lowell L. Knapp

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The blocking tendency of polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) coated paper, front to back, in a rewound roll against a clay-coated surface was investigated. Pressure, temperature, contact time, relative humidity, and thickness of the PVDC layer or layers were all found to be important in the blocking of PVDC coated paper. Autohesion was considered to be the most probable mechanism of blocking. Autohesion involves the interweaving of the polymer molecules of both coated surfaces when they are in contact and under pressure at high temperatures. One way of eliminating blocking is by completely drying (crystallizing) the PVDC film and thereby reducing the …

Effects Of Some Commercial Enzymes In The Deinking Of Newsprint, James O. Prickett

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The trend of industry, in general, today is one of recycling. This is brought about as a means of conserving our dwindling natural resources and to help abate the pollution problem.

The design of this paper is to see if enzymes can be used successfully and economically in the deinking process of newsprint. Varying concentrations of enzymes, both an amylase and a protease, and a biodegradable detergent were used in a handsheet study. Temperature and pH were controlled so as to not denature the enzymes. It was found that the brightness increase was only minimal with a protease and brightness …

Total Free Pulping Of Aspen Chips By The Nssc Process For Use In Corrugating Medium, John C. Krc

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The recent trend of industry toward materials cost savings and environmental control encourages research in the area of total-tree utilization. One possible way to utilize the whole tree is by harvesting with the Metro Chip Harvester. The development of the Metro Chip Harvester prompted this work which primarily was concerned with comparison of various blends of standard Aspen chips and Metro Harvester Aspen chips. One possible use for Metro Harvester chips in the production of corrugating medium.

The results of this work indicate that there is a possibility that 25% Metro Harvester chips can be used in a corrugating medium …