Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

A Study Of The Feasibility Of Using A Pulping Aid With Polysulfide Kraft Cooks, Terrence R. Mccarty

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this paper was to determine the feasibility of using a pulping aid with a polysulfide kraft cook. Since any change in an operation such as pulping must yield a product such that the quality is better or not appreciably reduced and at the same time must be economically acceptible, the feasibility was based on these factors. Tests were made on a standard kraft cook, a polysulfide cook, a cook using the pulping aid alone and a cook using the pulping aid with the polysulfides. From the work conducted, there were no significant changes in the physical and …

Use Of The Vandercook Proof Press To Predict Rotogravure Print Quality, Patrick Phee

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this thesis is to investigate a new idea in predicting printability for rotogravure printing. Present proof presses in the gravure industry are clumsy, expensive, and in most cases, impractical for regular use.

In order to understand the relationship between ink, paper, and plate, it is necessary to consider many variables such as smoothness, ink receptivity, porosity, moisture content, formation, surface strength, and opacity.

The laboratory work performed and presented in this paper shows that a Vandercook proof press may be used to predict printability in the gravure process.

The Effect Of Viscosity On Binder Migration, Richard J. Devries

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Binder migration has caused many problems in practical applications. There are many variables involved in this field including the base stock, percent solids, the type of pigment and adhesive, and the coat weight.

Bind migration seems to be a function of three almost simultaneously occurring events. These are, migration due to capillary action, pressure, and redistribution during drying.

The procedures used to determine migration in this study included an embedding technique, an infrared technique, and a technique using the IPC brightness meter. The first two techniques failed and only limited information was obtained using the other technique. The most important …

Fire Weather : A Guide For Application Of Meteorological Information To Forest Fire Control Operations, Mark J. Schroeder, Charles C. Buck

The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography

Weather is never static. It is always dynamic. Its interpretation is an art. The art of applying complex information about weather to the equally complex task of wildland fire control cannot be acquired easily-especially not by the mere reading of a book. The environment is in control in wildland firefighting. Free-burning fires are literally nourished by weather elements, atmospheric components, and atmospheric motion. Outguessing mother nature in order to win control is an extremely difficult task. We need to soothe her with understanding. We have attempted to present information in such a way that your daily and seasonal awareness of …

Strength Properties Of Secondary Fibers Repulped Under Various Conditions, David J. Deyoung

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The inability of fibers to swell to their original extent is probably the largest single factor contributing to strength losses of repulped fibers. This lack of swelling lessens the number and strength of fiber to fiber bonds in the sheet formed. It is this fact which leads to the decreased mullen, tensile and stretch of the sheet, and the increased tearing resistance. This paper is a study of the effects of temperature, pH and surfactants on the strength properties of secondary fibers. It was shown that a surfactant is very detrimental to strength properties. While not affecting some strength properties, …

Influence Of Magnitude Of Printing Ink And Printing Pressure On Printing Quality, C. Lee Brandyberry

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the influence of the magnitude of printing ink and printing pressure on the printing quality of various grades of paper with the ultimate objective of obtaining a standard press setting at which a wide range of papers may be run to determine printing quality. The procedure consisted of printing at various impressions with two different amounts of ink on each grade of paper, measuring the printed samples for ink coverage and printing fidelity to calculate printing quality, and finally, comparing these results to the inherent paper properties. The conclusions drawn show that …

Deinking And Bleaching Of Waste Paper In One Stage, Suleiman Yusuf Dadabhoy

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The scope of this project was to explore the possibility of deinking and bleaching of wastepaper in one stage.

All the experiments were run under the same conditions and using the same equipment.

From the results obtained, it is concluded that it is possible to deink and bleach in one stage. It was found that deinking and bleaching of groundwood paper at the same time, shows more improvement than paper with less groundwood in it.

When paper is deinked and bleached at the same time, the consumption of chemicals is little more, but on the other hand, one could make …

Pressurized Oxygen-Hot Alkali Pulping System, Robert A. Dinehart

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study concerns the area of pulping, using an oxygen-hot caustic-magnesium carbonate system. The literature study includes the use of a similar system by French scientists in the bleaching of pulps. The few who have worked in the pulping field using oxygen are also cited, but apparently no one has investigated an oxygen-hot caustic-magnesium carbonate pulping system.

In this study, red pine chips have been treated under varying conditions of oxygen pressure and magnesium carbonate concentrations and tested for brightness, yield, permangenate number, mullen and tensile strength. It was found that the oxygen-caustic pulping system had no advantages over the …

The Influence Of Coating Adhesives On The Stiffness Of Paper, Chinu S. Dalal

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The main purpose of this project was to study the effect coating adhesive has on the stiffness of paper. This work enables one to compare data on what influence adhesive with and without supercalendering has on the stiffness and caliper of the paper. The project was performed with six formulations with a different adhesive or adhesive combination in each. The adhesives were six types, casein, protein, starch, casein + latex, protein + latex and starch + latex.

It has been found in general that stiffness of all the paper samples increased when coating adhesive was applied on the surface. The …

The Use Of The Streaming Current Detector For Determining Dye Adsorption Characteristics Of Papermaking Fibers, Thomas Meersman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to study the dye adsorption characteristics of cellulose by means of the Streaming Current Detector. The influence of electrolytes on dye adsorption, and the electrokinetic phenomena of two-sided dyeing were areas of particular concentration.

Contrary to general belief, it was found the addition of sodium chloride was not necessarily beneficial to dye adsorption and in some cases it could actually be detrimental. The Streaming Current Detector was found to be a useful tool for predicting this effect.

The higher charge of fines was found to be an important factor in the increased dye adsorption …

The Schulze-Hardy Law And The Hofmeister Series Of Ions In Coagulations Of Starch-Titanium Dioxide White Water, Thomas R. O'Hara

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In recent years the problem of pollution has gained more importance in the pulp and paper industries due to the pressures applied by the State and Federal Governments. One of the areas in which the industry has been weak is the coagulation of starch-titanium white water. The problem is largely due to the stabilizing power of the modified starches used in the industry today. These starches peptize the pigment which is present in the white water and form a highly stable colloidal system.

The coagulating rules set down in the Schulze-Hardy Law and the Hofmeister Series state that the higher …

The Effects Of Stress During Drying Upon Physical Characteristics, Keith R. Stanley

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of stress during drying upon the strength of the paper.

This study consisted of two machine runs on a pilot paper machine. The machine was operated with minimum tension in all draws to provide a standard condition. For experimental conditions, tension was applied at various draws and increased until the sheet broke. Samples were taken from the standard condition sets and from-all experimental sets for evaluation purposes. The samples were evaluated for machine and cross-machine direction elongation, machine and cross-machine direction tensile, mullen, and machine and cross-machine direction tensile energy …

The Effects Of Ph On Alkaline Sizing Of Bleached Hardwood Pulps With Aquapel, David K. Dekam

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effects of pH on alkaline sizing of two bleached hardwood pulps, kraft and sulfite, was investigated. The pulps were refined in a Noble and Wood cycle beater and handsheets were made with a Noble and Wood handsheet making system. The handsheets were internally sized with 0.15 percent Aquapel using 0.05 percent Kymene 557 as a retention aid. Upon varying the pH of sizing of bleached hardwood sulfite pulp the Hercules Ink Photometer measurements of 258, 636, and 563 seconds were observed at pH's of 7.0, 8.5, and 9.5 respectively. The sizing increased with pH up to a certain pH …

The Effect Of Machine Draw Tensions On Sheet Properties, James C. Wyrick

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A machine run was made on 75% softwood, 25% hardwood bleached kraft. All variables were kept constant except for the draw between dryer sections. This was varied between -0.2 fpm and 2.0 fpm at approximately 90 fpm wire. speed. Samples were taken at eighteen points between -0.2 fpm and 2.0 fpm and tested for moisture content, basis weight, tensile, elongation and tensile energy absorption. Moisture content was found to vary from 59.5% to 63.2% dryness while the basis weight varied from 39.2 to 41.1 lb. (25x38-500) ream. The basis weight showed no effect on percent dryness. Both the percent elongation …

Effect On Starch On Pigment Particle Packing And Its Effect On The Sheet Properties, Michael L. Armstrong

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The starch-clay suspension is the basis for the coating industry. This study shows that cationic and anionic starch at levels of addition below 10 parts per hundred can disperse the clay to obtain maximum particle packing or minimum void volume. The particle packing effect showed a relatively small effect on the sheet properties. But due to the large variation in coat weight and the physical effects of the adhesive only very general trends could be realized on these sheet properties.

The Effect Of Infra-Red Radiation On The Curing Rate Of An Alkylketene Dimer Sizing Agent, Roland A. Johnson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The contents of this thesis examine the principles behind and the effects of the application of infra-red radiation on a sheet sized with an alkylketene dimer. Handsheets were formed by the Noble and Wood procedure from bleached softwood kraft pulp beaten to a Canadian standard freeness of 390. They were sized with the dimer to a 0.2% concentration on the weight of the oven dry fiber combined with a cationic retention agent to a 0.05% concentration. It was found that infra-red radiation improved the sizing effects of the dimer.

Characterization Of Fiber Fines By Drainage Resistance Analysis, Edward J. Grys

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis begins by developing a literature background for a variety of pulp characterization methods and relating them to present-day techniques.

Two methods are evaluated and compared with the Canadian Standard Freeness (C.S.F.) test. They are the Centrifugal Water Retention (C.W.R.) method and the constant rate filtration resistance method using the Pulmac Permeability instrument. A standard pulp was used and the fines content was varied from 0% to 25% at 5% intervals. Handsheets were made and the pulp characterization values were related to sheet strength values.

In general, the data indicated that the specific surface area, from the constant filtration …

The Effect Of Ph On Alkaline Sizing Of Kraft And Sulfite Softwoods, Stephen M. Courtney

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Alkaline sizing has many inherrent advantages over conventional sizing with rosin and alum. The presence of alum alone in the papermaking system can be a detrimental factor to some characteristics of the process and the final sheet. By sizing under alkaline conditions not only is alum eliminated from the system but also a superior grade of sizing is achieved.

For the sizing of softwoods with Aquapel, an alkyl ketene dimer, it was found desirable to size in the pH range 8.0 to 8.3 and Canadian Standard Freeness 500 to 530. The kraft softwood was found slightly more susceptible to alkaline …

The Effect Of Moisture On Ply-Bond Strength Of Paperboard, Danny L. Breen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect on the ply-bond strength of the moisture content of the plies of a multi-ply sheet at the time of joining.

Two-ply sheets were formed with the plies at various moisture contents at joining. The resulting ply-bonds were evaluated by three methods, viz. Instron peel, Mullen ply-bond, and z-direction tensile. Each method showed the same trend of ply-bond strength dependence on moisture and within the range of experimental error the average values of the three techniques correlated well.

This study showed that the moisture content of the plies at joining is extremely …

Influence Of Sheet Extensibility On Tearing Strength, Thomas C. Axel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This paper investigates the possibility that there is a relationship between the tearing properties and elongation properties of a sheet of paper. A lack of specific information in the literature and the advent of the in-plane tear method contributed to the need for work to be done in this area. Pulp was prepared according to TAPPI Standards and handsheets formed on a Noble And Wood sheet mold. After wet pressing, sheets were stretched with a hand made device to varying degrees, and dried in an oven in the stretched position. An Instron machine was used to determine the percent elongation, …

The Effects Of Cationically Charged Titanium Dioxide On Particle Dispersion In The Sheet Of Paper, Neil A. Hartman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Comercial bleached soft wood sulfite pulp was used. The pulp was refined in a Standard Valley Beater to a Canadian Standard freeness of 428. This pulp was preserved and used to make all of the handsheets, on a Noble and Wood handsheet mold.

The Titanium dioxide added to the handsheets was prepared in three different ways: simple dispersion, dispersion of the Titanium dioxide along with cationic substances, and addition of the dispersed Titanium dioxide and the cationic substance to the pulp without previous co-dispersion. The optical properties of the sheets were measured and the Titanium dioxide in the sheets was …

A Study Of The Relationship Between The Sugar Content Of Enzyme Converted Starch And Pick Values Of A Coated Sheet, David A. Mrochek

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this experiment was to convert starch by the use of enzyme. The conversion was carried out in a way to produce variations in the reducing sugar contents of the cooked starch. These starches were then applied as the adhesive in a coating mixture. Draw downs were made using the variety of coatings and then the sheets were tested for surface strength. The IGT Pick Tested was used. It was hoped that a definite relationship between sugar contents and pick values could be obtained. This, however, was not the case and the experiment would have to be considered …

A Study Of The Effect Of Fiber Length Distribution On The Tear Strength Of A Synthetic Fiber Sheet, Kit Funderburk

Masters Theses

No abstract provided.

The Dispersion Of Titanium Dioxide In Paper, Michael James Gallagher

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It has been recognized in the past that certain means of dispersing titanium dioxide in paper yielded better results. An optimum dispersion is one that results in the best optical efficiency of the pigment in the sheet.

In an attempt to pinpoint the optimum conditions the following facts were revealed. Increased mechanical action on the stock slightly increases the brightness and opacity. Pigment addition to higher consistency stock increases brightness and opacity considerably. The alum agglomerated impurities of soft water slightly increase opacity and decrease brightness in unpigmented papers; do not appreciably change the optical properties of pigmented sheets. Untreated …

The Effect Of The Sequence Of Dilution Upon The Potential Brightness Of Coated Board, Michael G. Lindquist

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study has been to determine the influence of the sequence of dilution upon the potential brightness of coated board. The sequence of diluting a coating slurry was varied and its effect upon the brightness of doubly coated board was noted. Besides the measurement of brightness, the coat weight and scattering coefficients were determined. The brightness was determined on the standard I.P.C. Brightness meter. The coat weight was determined from a modification of Tappi Standard T-627m58 while the scattering coefficient was determined from a table of brightness and scattering power.

The results indicated that diluting a coating …

The Effect Of Shear On Aqueous Alkaline Protein Solutions, Ronald E. Hostetler

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effect of shear on aqueous alkaline protein solutions of casein and a medium viscosity soybean was studied. A Haake Rotovisco viscometer and an Eppenboch agitator were used as shear sources. The light scattering technique was employed to note the changes in molecular weight.

The protein solution was sheared at 20% solids, and clarified by centrifugation and filtration. The solutions were investigated with the light scattering photometer, at pH 10.3, 13% ammonium hydroxide (based on weight of protein), 23°C and between 0.2 and 2.0% concentration.

Results showed that denaturization, causing aggregation, resulted from pressure filtration during clarification of …

The Effect Of A Weight Agent On The Process Of Waste Activated Sludge, Ciro A. Mazzola

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effect of clay as a weighted agent on waste activated sludges generated from the activated sludge process was measured with respect to the gravity thickening rate. In addition, final thickened sludge consistency, centrifuge and pressurized cake dryness, and filterability were measured.

The Effect Of Molecular Weight On The Retrogradation Of Amylose, Darryl O'Daye

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effect of molecular weight on the rate of retrogradation of amylose was studied by monitoring turbidity (corrected for molecular shape) with a light scattering photometer. The results obtained showed that by acid modification of the amylose fraction of starch, the chain length of amylose molecules were reduced. The rate of retrogradation increased with decreasing molecular weight until a maximum was reached at 1 1/2 hours of hydrolysis. The rate of retrogradation then decreased with further decreasing molecular weight until retrogradation began to lessen.

The Pulping Of Wood With A N-Butyl Alcohol-Water System, John D. Sinkey

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Aspen chips were cooked in liquor composed of equal volumes of n-butyl alcohol and water, at reflux and at 150 and 185 degrees Centigrade, in order to investigate the potential use of this organic liquid as a pulping agent. Of particular interest were the effects of adding certain substances to the liquor, the effects of time and temperature, and the effects of liquor pH, as controlled by various reagents. Pulping action increased and yields decreased with increasing digestion time and temperature. No apparent advantage in pulping was demonstrated when polysulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or sodium xylene sulfonate was added to the …

Profile Studies On Pigmented Coatings Under Different Drying Conditions, Andrew M. Lukas

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Experimental procedures were conducted to observe the latex migration tendencies under various drying conditions, by physical and optical analysis. Gloss, calendered and uncalendered and smoothness may be increased by heat drying the coated side of the sheet while brightness tends to decrease. Magnification of 1200 X and 17000 X were used to optimetrically observe the latex particle distribution in the sheet.