Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

The Effects Of Temperature On Hot Melt Removal, Thomas J. Westerback

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This experiment attempted to reveal the role temperature plays on the removal of hot melt adhesive from corrugated medium.

Three repulping trials were conducted· on stock containing a previous applied EVA base hotmelt. The trials were conducted at the following temperatures: 160°F, 100°F and 40°F. The stock was then screened and centrifical cleaned at varying temperatures.

Handsheets were made before and after each stage, and visually inspected for hot melt content. Trial 2A gave a final sheet with virtually no hot melt content.

Further lab work was conducted. At 160 ° the hot melt was found to tear into pieces. …

Zeta Potential And Its Affects On The Washing Stages Of Newsprint Deinking, Stephen J. Shelton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The use of zeta potential as a parameter in the washing stages of newsprint deinking is discussed. Previous research provided the temperature, time, and consistencies used in the hydropulper and washing stages. The research carried out tried to determine whether or not zeta potential can be used as a way of increasing the effectiveness of the washing stages. The research carried out tried to determine whether or not zeta potential can be used as a way of increasing the effectiveness of the washing stages. By varying the zeta potential with chemical additives it was found that very little correlation could …

A Study Of The Water Retention Of Latex Bound Pigmented Coating Colors, Patrick T. Gibney

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three types of commercially used hydrocolloid; CMC 7M, CMC 7L, HEC 250M and KELGIN MV on water retention and on coated paper properties. It was found that the concentration of hydrocolloid was an important factor in water retention values. Carboxyl groups were theorized to be another factor in water retention. Hydrocolloids were found to lower opacity, brightness and gloss over the blank coating. Increasing hydrocolloid levels decreased the openness of the coating. When increasing the amount of hydrocolloid the IGT pick decreased. KELGIN MV gave the highest water retention …

The Kenics Static Mixer As A Consistency Sensor, Bruce P. Marling

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Ever since the inception of paper machines in the industry, the problem of consistency has troubled production efforts. Present sensors are sensitive to flow rate, temperature, additives and freeness as well as consistency. In spite of claims made by various manufacturers, there is still not an instrument on the market guaranteed to maintain calibration for identical uses from mill to mill. From the open type to closed type, sampling or continuous measurement type, each has its problems. A Kenics Static Mixer was evaluated in the Western Michigan University pilot plant for possible use as a consistency sensor. Research on the …

The Effect Of Secondary Fiber Furnish On The Tensile Energy Absorption Capacity Of Paper Under Repeated Extension Cycles, James Patton

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this study was to determine what effect does recycling paper have on the tensile energy absorption (TEA) of that paper. The TEA of the sheet was split into two components, the elastic and the plastic. The sum of the two components gives the composite TEA.

The TEA's were measured at three different numbers of extension-cycles. It was found that a greater number of extension cycles resulted in greater TEA's for both elastic and plastic regions.

It was discovered that elastic TEA does not decrease with the first or second degree of recycling. Plastic TEA suffers its greatest …

Surfactants As An Aid In The Kraft Pulping Of Hardwood, Bradley A. Veld

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Surfactants were used in the pulping of Kraft hardwood chips in an attempt to decrease cooking time while attaining ·the same Kappa Number. It was found that surfactants could not be used to decrease cooking time, but anthraquinone and nonylphenol could be used to increase both yield and bond strength.Dimethylamides and quaternary ammonium salt surfactants were found to be detrimental to the pulping of hardwood resulting in hard uncooked chips

An Evaluation Of The Asphalt Dispersion Units Effects At The Mead Corporation’S Otsego Paperboard Mill, Mark O. Harrison

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

An evaluation is presented as to the process effects of the asphalt dispersion unit at the Mead Corporation's Otsego Paperboard Mill. The parameters investigated were: steam consumption, refining load, production rate, temperature of process, machine cleanliness and sheet properties such as appearance, caliper, moisture, stiffness, and mullen plybonds. The procedures used are presented and the results are included as daily averages in tables and graphs. The asphalt dispersion units effects were determined by comparison of data taken when the unit was operating as opposed to when the unit was shutdown and by passed.

It was found that there was a …

Temperature Dependence Of The Retention Of Organic Fines Using A Cationic Retention Aid, Danny R. Mcrae

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Stock of 50:50 bleached Kraft softwood and hardwood run through the Valley beater at 350 CSF with high fines content (25-30% fines from softwood and hardwood fractions run through a Wiley mill) was prepared and tested for fines fractionation, fines retention, and system surface charge at 10, 25, 40, and 55°C using a Dow Chemical cationic polymer of 1,000,000 molecular weight: SEPARAN CP-7. The Britt Dynamic Drainage Jar was used for fines fractionation and retention data and Halabisky's Colloid Titration Technique for surface charge data. Cationic polymer loadings were taken at 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 pounds of polymer per ton …

The Effects Of Deinking Offset Printed Newsprint With Acetone And Perchloroethylene, Steven D. Schultz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The possibility of deinking newsprint with organic solvents, acetone and perchlorethylene, were examined by varying solvent mixtures, temperature of extractions, number of extractions, and consistency of extractions. Promising results were obtained in finding optimum conditions for the variables above. Yields obtained were over 94%. Solvents were recovered by distillation.

The Effects Of Molecular Weight Of Cationic Retention Aids And Turbulence On The Retention Of Organic Fines, Dirk Swinehart

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The retention of organic fines is of major importance to the paper industry. Fines have been found to increase Mullen and tensile strengths. Increased retention, though my adversely affect drainage. Fines also adversely affect the environment when not retained in the sheet. They increase the turbidity of receiving waters and otherwise affect the bottom fauna because of settling. In receiving waters, they are a BOD problem as well as a source of color.

The dynamic drainage jar was used to test the retention of fines involving only colloidal forces. Three degrees of turbulence were used, 500 rpm, 1000 rpm, and …

Measuring The Water Retention Of Coating Colors, Randy Musgrave

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The water holding properties of coating colors are important for both finished sheet properties and proper runnability on the coater. A test cell was constructed which is capable of measuring water retention of coating slips and predicting water hold out of base papers. The study showed that enzyme conversion time of starch was inversely related to viscosity and water retention. Also the level of sizing was determined to have the greatest influence on water hold out of base stocks.

How Lignin, Hemicellulose, And Cellulose Affect The Properties Of Oxygen Versus Kraft Pulps, Jeff C. Pobanz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A batch of chips was subjected to an oxygen pulping and a kraft pulping system. The resulting pulp was tested in its unbleached condition. It was then bleached, tested again. Handsheets were tested using the Pulmac zero span tensile tester and other standard physical tests. The pulps were tested using the Pulmac permeability tester. This procedure gave the opportunity to look at how the differences between the individual fibers and their components affect the differences in the strength between oxygen and kraft pulp handsheets.

The oxygen pulp was severely degraded than was the kraft pulp. This led to shorter, weaker …

The Techniques Of Thin Layer Chromatography And The Study Of Carbohydrates Using Thin Layer Chromatography, Dennis J. Hippchen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Refined Kraft pulp is found to contain D (+), Mannose, D (+) Xylose, and Glucose; and not to contain Galactose. Silia gel plates and Kieselguhr plates were used for the separation. Sodium hydroxide was the carrier solvent and the plates conditioned for thirty minutes.

The Kamag Vario-KS-Chamber is found to be a good effective laboratory tool. There are many areas where this technique can be used.

A detailed historical background is given for a basic background in thin layer chromatography, along with a complete experimental procedure of the use of the Vario-KS-Chamber.

The Effects Of Temperature On Retention, Michael D. Holt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to study the effects of temperature and concentration of retention aids on retention. This had been a debatable issue between northern and southern paper mills because of their temperature differences.

The retention studies were performed with the dynamic drainage jar and the pilot paper machine at Western Michigan University with good agreement in both cases.

It was found that increasing temperature when using different retention aids had a considerable effect on first-pass retention. The effect of temperature on retention was found to depend on the ionic charge of the retention aid. The cationic polymer …

The Effects Of Variable Double Disk Refining Action On Sheet And Fiber Properties, Gary Flohr

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this project was to evaluate several operating variables of the newly installed Western Michigan University Jones DD 3000 refiner. The operating variables were refiner load in amperes, throughput rate in gallons per minute, and disk speed in revolutions per minute.

On the fiber level, Canadian Standard Freeness was most dependent upon the load and somewhat less dependent upon the tonnage rate and speed. The tonnages used were 4.8, 9.6, and 14.4 T/D. At 9.6 T/D, the refiner used the least HPD/T per 100 ml C.S.F. drop throughout the 300-500 ml C.S.F. range. At 4.8 and 9.6 T/D, …

Comparative Study Of Flotation And Sidehill Washing Stages In Deinking Coated Magazine Stock, Joseph M. Korepta

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This is a study comparing the effectiveness of removing ink particles, consumption of water, and the retention of coating and/or filler pigments in deinked pulp between the flotation washing method and the counter-current sidehill washing method. Coated magazine waste paper was deinked using 5.3% Sodium Hydroxide at 190°F. The washing stage of both methods was carried out at a .9% consistency and a temperature of 30°C. The results of the study indicate that the flotation method of washing deinked pulp removed the majority of ink particles but did not remove the coating and filler pigments. The …

The Effect Of Various Concentrations Of Alkali With The Adsorption Of Calcium Ions Onto Oleic Acid, Thomas J. Mcapline

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to find an optimum condition for the formation of the precipitated calcium soaps. The system investigated included the range of alkali addition of 0 to 1.2 pounds per one hundred gallons (#/100 gal.). A direct relationship between the adsorption with an increasing alkali concentration to a maximum of 145 parts per million calcium ion adsorbed to 833.5 ppm oleic acid when .225 (#/100 gal.) is applied. It shows that any higher concentration of an alkali will level out the maximum calcium adsorption to approximately 140 ppm.

It was also found that the alkali demand …

The Effects Of Ph On Alkali-Swellable Latex Binder Coating Systems, Larry N. Justen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

In recent years there has been a growing demand for the use of synthetic latexes as sole binders in coating formulations. This had been brought about by the shortage of supply and changing prices of natural binders like casein and protein. Synthetic latex binders require no cooking; this increased energy saving over starch becomes more important as fuel prices rise. Synthetic latex systems are easy to handle and they can be combined easily to fit different requirements.

Most synthetic latex systems need a thickener and water retention aid to achieve the right viscosity and flow properties. The new alkali-swellable …

Effect Of Recycling Cooking Liquor And Eliminating The Washing Stage During Chemical Deinking, Thomas H. Ollila

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this investigation was two-fold--first to determine what effects recycling the cooking liquor in varying percentages had upon the final pulp quality, and second to find out what effect eliminating the washing stage had upon the final pulp. The results are not as definite as would have been desired due to variation in the data. Generally, the results showed recycling the cooking liquor left more fines in the pulp resulting in higher tensile, burst, and fold strength. Eliminating the washing stage left more ink particles, pigments, and fines in the pulp which resulted in higher yields, better opacity, …

Comparison Of Urea Formaldehyde, Melamine Formaldehyde, Glyoxal And Latex In Improving The Water Resistance Of The Starch Coatings, Tran Trong Kim

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Several coatings colors were prepared and applied. The coated sheets were tested with great emphasis on keeping the conditions constant throughout the course of the experimental work. The study utilized several types of insolubilizers: urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, glyoxal and latex. Two types of starches were also used: regular and cationic.

Results showed the importance of drying on wet rub development of both urea and malamine formaldehyde as compared to latex and glyoxal. Results also proved the superiority of using insolubilizer additions with cationic starch rather than regular starch.

Glyoxal and latex were superior choices to urea and malamine formaldehyde, …

The Cork Oak, S R J Newton

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

The oak or Querus genus embraces about 450 species which are generally restricted to the cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Commercial cork is the over-abundant suberous tissue or bark from two rather unique members of the Querus genus, namely Q. suber and Q. occidentalis.

A lthough Western Australia has a most suitable climate for growing cork trees the potential of a local cork growing industry is severely limited.

Drying Rates, Infrared Drying, And Binder Migration, Alan Larson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Proper distribution of adhesive in pigmented coatings is necessary to obtain good printability. This ___ undertaker to study the effect of varying drying rates on adhesive distribution. Using a standard substrate, coating was dried under four separate drying rates on a pilot coater equipped with an air knife coater and three sections of hot air driers. After grinding to carious derths, a spectrophotometric method was used to analyze migration behavior. The fastest rate, utilizing an infrared heater temporarily placed directly after the air knife, showed extremely uniform adhesive distribution. This was due in part to the reflective foil placed opposite …

Dow Saran Microspheres A Low Weight – High Bulk Filler, William R. Hajek

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Dow Saran Microspheres as a light weight high bulk filler has been plagued with certain problems, due to the distribution and retention of the microspheres within the sheet. These problems concern dusting and build-up of the microsphere polymer on the dryer cans and during the printing operations on the finished base sheet.

Single and dual retention aid systems were studied and analyzed as a possible solution to the poor distribution and retention of the spheres within the sheet.

Based on this experimental data, the dual retention aid system proved far superior in improving sphere distribution as well as sphere retention. …

Two-Stage Peroxide-Hydrosulphite Bleaching Of Groundwood Pulp, Richard Daniel Hyatt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The conditions and chemicals for the use of hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydrosulphite and zinc hydrosulphite for the bleaching of groundwood pulp are discussed. Previous research provided guidelines for establishing optimum conditions for temperature, time, pH, consistency and type of buffer. The research carried out determined optimum conditions for a two-stage peroxide-hydrosulphite sequence. The use of an HCl extraction prior to bleaching was found to be as effective as EDTA for the removal of heavy metals. The combination of peroxide-hydrosulphite gave a brightness rise of 26 G. E. points while hydrogen peroxide alone gave 22.2 points and hydrosulphite alone gave 8.7 …

An Operation Research Approach To The Economic Optimization Of Kraft Pulping, Robert E. Packwood

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The first attempt to apply operations research to the kraft industry came in 1959 by C.W. Carroll at the Institute of Paper Chemistry. Carroll developed a pulping rate expression and incorporated engineering balances to complete his mathematical model. Carroll then developed an optimization technique to optimize kraft mill economic performance.

This work develops the mathematical model utilizing a different pulping rate expression and further develops certain areas (e.g. recovery boiler, lime kiln, and washer models) utilizing regression equations obtained from literature and material and energy balances in an approach much like that of Boyle and Tobias.

An attempt was made …

The Attainment Of Ultrahigh-Solid Coating Colors, Robert C. Ziolkowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Ultrahigh-solid coating colors were mixed containing (#1) clay, three different ground calcium carbonates of varying particle size, and a styrene-butadiene latex as a sole binder. The resulting colors demonstrated proper coating rheology and were applied to a base paper by means of a blade coater. The coated paper was then evaluated for the physical properties produced.

An effective control of binder migration and water retention without the aid of a hydrocolloid was indicated by tests made on the coated paper. The paper coated with the ultrahigh-solid coating colors also depicted desirable finished properties of brightness, opacity, pick strength, ink receptivity, …

Fibrous Filler As An Extender For Titanium Dioxide – Methods Of Filler Addition, James G. Shaner

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The paper industry today faces higher costs in such fillers as titanium dioxide. The need for extenders to add to the pulp slurries with titanium dioxide is ever increasing. The extender must not lower the strength properties of the paper to any large extent and must yield nearly the same optical properties as titanium dioxide. Fibrous filler has proven to be a filler which meets these requirements. There exists, however, several different methods for the addition of the fillers to the pulp stock. Each of these methods give different results in the final sheet of paper. It was found from …

Alginate Additives And Coating Migration Control, Peter B. Bradshaw

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this study the feasibility of using alginate compounds in latex coating slurries to control migration so as to improve the coating properties of the latex is discussed. In the past, starch and casein have been used in an attempt to alleviate streaking, blade build-up and premature drying, but they have not performed in an entirely satisfactory way, particularly with higher concentrations of solids. Considerable evidence is presented to indicate that the use of alginate additives will enhance both the coating ability and the coating properties of latex, even when high concentrations of solids are present.

In addition, a new …

A Study Of The Refiners At The Pilot Plant Of Western Michigan University, Thomas P. Lewis

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The following report is an analysis of Paper Science and Engineering at Western Michigan University. This project was made as an indication of how the refiners at the tire pilot plan performed. This could also be used as ground work for further study of the refiners. For example, the new double disk refiner which was not in operation at the time when these tests were made could be compared to the other refiners in the pilot plant. It could also be the basis for refiner analysis with mixed hard and soft wood pulps.

This project was made to determine which …

The Modern Paper Machine Headbox, Richard N. Alger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The headbox and associated equipment, such as the slice and intlet header, are the most important items on a paper machine since what this equipment does or does not do at the wet end determines the quality of paper the machine will produce. The purpose of this project is to examine the historical background and the development of this equipment and ultimately design a new headbox for the fourdrinier pilot machine at Western Michigan University's Department of Paper Science and Engineering. The present headbox does not allow sufficient head to be developed due to the low speed of the …