Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

An Investigation Of The Relationships Between Water Retention Additives And The Water Retention Mechanism, Thomas P. Mckeel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to examine how CMC, HEC and Kelgin QL function in their control of water retention. It is proposed that their performance can be related to the presence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the hydrocolloid molecule. It was also proposed to study the effect of pigment selection on water retention. Water retention values (WRV) were measured on a modified S. D. Warren conductivity tester. It was concluded that the proposed theory represents a valid explanation of the water retention mechanism involving these additives. Differences in WRV of the additives was attributed to structural differences …

The Effects Of Steam Dispersion On Water Retention In The Coating System, Jeffrey J. Lettenberger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to observe the relationship that steam dispersion has upon water holding characteristics of a starch/clay system. It is proposed that the amount of dispersion during and after depolymerization of starch will have a direct relationship with water retention. The water retention values were measured on a modified Warren tester. It was found that excess steam dispersion of the starch increased the water retention values of the coatings. However, water retention values were found to be very sensitive to %solids of the starch/clay slurry, that is, as %solids decreased, water retention of the coatings decreased. …

Anaerobic Degradation Of Pulp And Paper Industry Landfill Leachate In Soil, Susie K. Leclear

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this project is to determine if organics in pulp and paper industry leachates can undergo anaerobic degradation in soil. If the leachate does degrade, it could reduce the potential for groundwater pollution. Attenuation, the decrease in the concentration of contaminants, can be affected by different soil parameters like biological activity, particle size and pore spaces. Also, temperature can affect the rate of degradation.

Not only does this study want to show the presence of degradation, but also the effects of adsorption with different soils.

The results of pH, ORP, and COD tests show that degradation occurred at …

The Effects Of Electron Beam Radiation On Paper, Paul R. Proxmire

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objectives of this investigation were as follows:

1. To see the general effects of electron beam radiation on paper.

2. To see the effect of varying lignin content of paper as it pertains to electron beam radiation.

3. To see the effects of possible protecting compounds.

It was clearly shown by this investigation that electron beam radiation has detrimental effects on paper. Decreases in brightness, tensile, tear, burst, and fold were observed along with an increase in yellowness. It was also shown that the greatest percentage of damage occurred during low dosage (

The investigation also showed that as …

The Separation Of Low Density Polyethylene Laminates From Paper, Angela M. Selchan

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Low density polyethylene is a very popular plastic which is commonly found in laminations which are extruded onto paper and paperboard. It is often used on products used for food packaging because of its inert and protective properties. With the aid of a corona discharge, polyethylene becomes ink receptive and forms a strong bond with the substrate; however, this bond is not a major problem when polyethylene laminated paper is recycled. The problems with recyclingcan be contributed to the heat sensitivity of the polyethylene. At high temperatures the polymer stretches and forms tangled conglomerations which trap fibers. Therefore the key …

Pulp Consistency Correlation To Pressure Drop Across A Static Mixer As A Possible Means Of Consistency Measurement, Kevin J. Mcmunn

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this project was to determine if pressure drop in a static mixer can be related to pulp consistency in the 2-4% range. If this relationship can be found, it would be possible to use the static mixer as a consistency sensor. Consistency measurement is one of the most difficult variables to measure and control in the pulp and paper mill. Any sensor which would improve reliability and accuracy of consistency measurement would be worthwhile.

The results of this project indicate that the use of pressure drop across a static mixer is not a practical method of consistency …

The Influence Of Fillers On Alkaline Sizing, Thomas K. Shannon

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this study was to determine whether filler surface area or filler type has the greater effect on alkaline sizing efficiency. At a given surface area and sizing addition level, ground CaCO₃ consistently gave higher sizing efficiency than clay. As the filler surface area increases the sizing efficiency decreases. At higher filler loadings there is a dramatic decrease in sizing response.

This report shows the following conclusions: CaCO₃ gives higher sizing response than clay at a given surface area, both an increase in surface area and filler loading decreases sizing efficiency.

Many mills are going to …

An Analysis Of The Fractionating Capabilities Of The Black Clawson Selectifier Pressure Screen, Jim Tinsler

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was to analyze the fiber fractionation capabilities of the Black Clawson Selectifier Pressure Screen. Due to problems associated with the equipment, the actual analysis was not performed, However, it was found that for a setup such as the secondary fiber pilot plant, it is not possible to secure the piping system good enough to permit the use of sonic flowmeters. These meters are intended to be used on piping systems that are free from heavy vibrations.

The Effect Of Surface Pretreatment On Binder Penetration In Coated Board, William A. Hillberg

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study was performed to determine the effects of surface size pretreatments on binder penetration into coated board. Sixteen point board was sized with water, oxidized starch, polyvinyl alcohol and a 20:1 mixture of the two utilizing the blade coater. This treated board was then coated with a latex-clay coating on the air knife coater.

Testing of the board samples showed that the coated board pretreated with the oxidized starch had the best surface strength and ink hold-out characteristics. This was followed by the mixture and finally by the polyvinyl alcohol. The coated board with no surface size had the …

Interaction Of Specific Contaminants In Pulp And Paper Effluents/ Leachates With The Soil, Steven G. Ziolkowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis deals with the interaction of specific contaminants in pulp and paper effluents and how they leach into the soil. The mill included in my study applies its effluent to special irrigation fields on a daily basis. The mill produces some specialty paper which involves the use of heavy metals in its paper-making process and as a result some of the metals are applied on the irrigation field. By taking soil samples from the irrigation fields and analyzing them for heavy metals, I hope to come up with some conclusions for the behavior of vertical migration of heavy metals …

Developing A Computer Model And Its Application In Evaluating Forward Cleaner Sequences, Diane M. Krumwiede

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objection of this work was to establish a useable format for developing an idea into a working model and to verify that format by example.

The format is outlined as follows:

Establish a need

Set Objectives/Criteria

Synthesis

Analysis

Selection

Decision/Action

Communication

The example used to verify the format was a comparison of various forward cleaner sequences to determine if an improvement could be made over the current cascade system. After completion of the model format, it was determined that an alpha/alpha cleaning system would prove more cost effective than a cascade system if it was run at feed consistencies …

Selective Recovery Of Corrugated Clippings, Timothy J. Rourke

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Selective recovery of waste corrugated into the kraft and NSSC fractions is gaining in popularity. This selective reuse of fibers enables the papermaker to use more recycled fiber in the linerboard portion of corrugated boxes. It is well documented that 100% recycled paper can be used in the medium while the highest percentage of secondary fibers in the linerboard is 30%. Greater than 30% recycled fiber in the linerboard results in poor runnability. Since reuse of secondary fibers in the medium is already at a maximum, this paper will place more emphasis on the reuse in the linerboard.

The Use Of Electrocoagulation As A Flocculating Aide For Deinking, James L. Schram

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effects of electrocoagulation as a flocculating aide for deinking was evaluated using a "homemade" electrode unit. The unit was inserted into a laboratory-size Voith-Morden forced-air flotation cell. The process of electrocoagulation involves two steps:

1. Reducing the zeta potential of the system to 0.0 mV by pH adjustment.

2. The passing of current through the stock suspension which causes the electrolysis of the water, and thus hydrogen and oxygen gas bubbles are produced. These gas bubbles collect ink particles to form solid-gas composites which can be removed more easily using flotation.

The process was evaluated on the forced-air flotation …

A Study Of The Effects Of Nip Width On Plybond Separation Of Board During Gravure Printing, Anne L. Liebeknecht

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

W. Hildenbrand, W. Brecht and H.-J. Knittweis did work in Germany in the late 1960's concerning the relationship between roll hardness, pressure and plybond degradation of paper board in a gravure printing process. They showed that softer rubber covered rolls caused a decrease in plybond strength. Increased pressure at the nip also caused a similar decrease. This study attempted to quantify these decreases, but was unable to produce acceptable data. Poor samples and inconsistencies in the BRDA plybond test machine are the probable causes of the high variation in the data.

The Effects Of Freeze-Drying On The Strength Characteristics Of Naturally Aged Book Papers, Steven D. Sarokin

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Libraries occasionally have water main breaks, fires and floods. These disasters cause considerable water damage to thousands of books. Books that are left wet on the shelves will grow mold. Books that are quickly frozen and eventually freeze-dried can be restored to the shelf in good condition. Several libraries have used freeze-drying for this purpose and have had great success.

Freeze-drying is a process used to remove frozen liquid from a substance. The moist material is frozen and put in a vacuum. A high vacuum with some heat introduced will cause the frozen liquid to sublime. A dry-porous structure is …

The Influence Of Fines On An Alkyl Ketene Dimer Synthetic Sizing Agent, Andrea S. Coyle

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It is the purpose of this thesis to attempt to evaluate the influence of fines on a alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) synthetic sizing agent and to study the role of fines on sizing.

It was found that the addition of fines lowered the degree of sizing in the sheet. Since there was more surface area available when fines were increased, more sizing agent was necessary in order to obtain the same level of sizing with a Hercules or Cobb Size Test. Since the amount of sizing agent was held constant, sizing decreased as a result of the addition of fines. …

Coagulation And Flocculation Of Flexographic Ink Washwaters By Various Organic And Inorganic Polymers, Jack R. Bray

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A review of flocculation is presented. Included is a discussion concerning the factors controlling pigment and heavy metal removal via flocculation treatment. Also included is a brief background on the regulatory status concerning the heavy metals contained in flexographic inks. A detailed experimental procedure involving the use of jar tests and several industrial polymers is included along with the analyses performed.

It is found that flocculation treatment of flexographic washwaters produces excellent results with respect to clarity and heavy metals removal. In most cases flocculation at an optimum concentration followed by simple gravitational settling resulted in heavy metals removal well …

The Effect Of Hlb Factor On Surfactants Used In Flotation Deinking, Thomas H. Berger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study is to determine the role of surfactants in flotation deinking through the use of their HLB factors. As an aside a comparison of surfactant and a product called Serfax NP-10 was made along with a study looking at the effect of surfactants and Serfax on a closed water system. It was found that an HLB of 13.5 worked best for flotation deinking and this points to the conclusion that the surfactant is working as a detergent. The Serfax product seemed to work as well as the best surfactant without any detrimental results in the closed …

The Effect Of Oxygen Treatment Of Thermomechanical Pulp On Strength And Hydrosulfite Bleachability, Robert L. Deamico

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The literature review for this thesis was done on the expectation of acquiring an ozone generator for experimental work. This expectation was never realized. Consequently, a low consistency oxygen treatment under mild alkaline conditions and room temperature was done instead. The two major considerations were to determine the effect of this treatment on strength properties and development, and on hydrosulfite bleachability. It was found that the brightness of the pulp was reduced on alkaline oxygen treatment, but pretreatment increased the bursting strength development caused by hydrosulfite bleaching, at the same freeness level. A substantial reduction in freeness level was experienced …

Improving The Performance Of The Finckh Screen, Michael J. Ryan Iv

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

As dewatering of the stock occurs around the screen basket of a Finckh pressurized, inward flow pulp screen, from 0 to 360 degrees, stock mass flow through the outer screen annulus decreases. Some sections of the screen basket hence handle more stock than other sections.

Stock velocity is dependent on mass flow through an area. Stock velocity is critical to fiber orientation, which is in turn critical to screening.

A volute, much like a tapered manifold header, would decrease the area available for stock flow. This will maintain stock velocity around the full circumference of the screen basket.

A volute …

Increasing The Operating Consistency Of The Finckh Pressurized Screen, Jose Serrano

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to increase the operating consistency of The FINCKH pressurized screen. The main objective was to obtain good, efficient pulp cleaning at consistencies greater than 0.8%, and to observe the fractionating ability of the screen.

Cleaning efficiencies based on the removal of shives present in Groundwood were obtained in the order of 45%. Control runs were made at 0.7% consistency.

Installation of a linoleum volute - shaped element on the feed side of the screening zone, increased the velocity of the stock at low consistency (0.7%) without affecting the cleaning efficiency. At high consistency (1.26%) …

The Effect Of High Frequency Sinusoidal Strains On The Strength Properties Of Paper, Robert Mcqueary

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various high frequency sinusoidal strains on the strength properties of a paper cone in a loud speaker. The stresses developed during sound propagation were approximated by applying viscoelastic theories to the paper cone's mode of response. This analysis indicated the stresses developed would be indirectly proportional to the square of the frequency in Hertz. Also relevent is the Boltzmann superposition principle which states that if a second strain is applied before the first strain is dissipated, the resultant strains are additive.

Sets of speakers were operated continuously for 120 …

The Role Of Cationic Polymers In Water Removal On A Paper Machine, Paul T. Miller

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Cationic polymers have often been termed as both retention and/or drainage aids. A distinction was made between these two terms. Essentially drainage aids should be viewed as dewatering aids and retention aids should be viewed as those polymers that give superior retention. These effects may be interrelated, therefore the dominant characteristic should be used to classify these polymers. There have been many claimed benefits associated with the use of these cationic polymers in stock furnishes. The author felt that claimed dewatering benefits were mostly a matter of conjecture and contradictions existed. Therefore a pilot. paper machine study was designed to …

The Effects Of Cationic Valence On Wash Deinking Of Newsprint, Lawrence E. Mcenroe

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The effects of cationic valence were tested against final pulp brightness in the wash deinking process on newsprint. The electrolytes used were AlCl₃,CaCl₂ and NaCl. The concentrations were varied from 8.32 x 10^-4 M to 100 times that amount on all three electrolytes. The effects were studied on the wash water and the cooking liquor seperately, using deionized water as a control run. It was found that there was a noticeable loss of brightness even at the lowest level of electrolyte addition in both the wash water trials and the cooking liquor trials. The effect was …

Flotation As A Method Of Separating Shot Particles From Mineral Wool Fibers, Thomas C. Harrison

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this thesis is to determine whether flotation will succeed as a method of separating shot from mineral wool fibers. The methods of manufacturing mineral wool are explored in detail. Also the three types of mineral wool (dark wool, white wool and ceramic fiber) are examined for properties. Various current and possible methods of separation are explored and discussed. The fibers were floated in a Voith flotation cell, and the floated fibers, as well as some of the virgin fibers, were classified in a Clark classifier. This was done in order to attempt to determine the effect of …

Use Of Heat Pumps In Vapor Absorption Systems, Charles A. Bartocci

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this study is to compare the performance of a gas fired dryer and a dryer that utilizes a heat pump for it's source of heat. Since a heat pump was unavailable for testing, ideal models were used to simulate heat pump behavior. Two temperatures and three different humidities were tested. To simulate the different humidity conditions the solvent coater-dryer was used with a water spray device in one of the heating zones. Using a psychometric chart and wet bulb dry bulb measurements the relative humidity was determined. From the data two curves were generated. Using those curves, …

The Interrelationship Of Fiber Length To Titanium Dioxide Pigment Retention, Robert A. Hansen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature review is presented that reviews the various considerations of retention in papermaking. The definition of retention and the three methods of retention,(sieving,entrapment, and coflocculation), are reviewed. Coagulation and flocculation are respectively discussed. Zeta potential and the various methods with which it is measured are reviewed, as well as various factors that influence zeta potential. The role of fines in the retention of wet end additives in the papermaking process is also discussed.

An experiment is designed to evaluate the effect of fiber length on titanium dioxide pigment retention. The experiment involves the determination of an optimum level of …

Curl: As Affected By Filler Distribution, Larry L. Lince

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study was to study the curl response of paper as affected by filler distribution, i.e. top-side, wire-side, or middle of the sheet, and to determine whether or not filler distribution plays a part in curl formation. Plybonded sheets were prepared which contained 17-20% ash. The filler content was positioned in various locations within the sheet. The sheets were subjected to relative humidities of 20-80%, and the curl response was measured. The maximum curl was produced when the filler was farthest away from the dryer surface. Minimum curl. was produced when the filler was closest to the …

Effectiveness Of Combination Solvent And Aqueous Deinking Of Waxed And Printed Papers, James A. Lanter

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Investigation of badly contaminated paper as a source of secondary fiber is an area of growing interest to the paper industry. A process that can remove contaminates from high gloss, printed, waxed, and/ or polycoated specialty paper is the experimental part of this thesis.

A brief overview of major factors involved in secondary fiber recycling will be discussed, such as economic factors, new demands, and pressures placed on the recycling industry. (1, 2, 3)

Different methods of contaminate removal and deinking techniques are discussed with a listing of advantages and disadvantages of each. (The methods include principles involved in absorbing …

Deinking Of Paper Using A Water Solvent Emulsion System, Archie Cameron Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study examines the use of a solvent and water emulsion to deink waste paper. Solvents looked at in detail included napthalene and paradichlorobenzene. Various grades of waste paper were tested for deinkability including, coated and heavily printed magazine cover stock, plastic coated SES board, beer case stock with hotmelts, uncoated and unfilled stock printed with a neutral black ink, old corrigating medium filled with hotmelts and stickies, and finally, board printed with UV-cured inks. Most of these samples deinked very well.

Brightness and appearance were the basis for measuring deinkability. Yield was also tabulated for selected experiments. As a …