Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

The Effects Of Fillers On The Deinkability Of Printed Paper, Jerry L. Martin

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This report covers the effect of fillers on the deinkability of a printed sheet of paper. Paper was produced with varying amounts of titanium dioxide and clay retained as fillers. This paper was then cut into 8½ X 11 inch sheets. The top half of each sheet was printed and cut away from the bottom unprinted half. Both of these portions were repulped by identical methods and brightness measurements were made from this recycled pulp. Differences in these brightnesses were ploted against percent ash in the sheet. It was found that at low levels of addition the filler increases the …

Application Of A Kraft Mill Mathematical Model Of A Pdp-11, Deborah A. Larsen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The need to estimate the effects of a design or operating change in kraft pulping and recovery processes has resulted in the development of a working mathematical model. This model is a series of equations which evaluate significant chemical flows and losses, cooking rates and process economics. Through careful application to a PDP-11 computer system, this model is available for economic evaluation of process changes to improve pulp quality. The information necessary to start up, run and understand the data is covered along with discussion of the history of the development of mathematical modelling.

The Addition Of Nacmc As An Anti-Redeposition Agent In The Floatation De-Inking Of Newsprint, Ronald R. Van Biervliet

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study was performed to determine the effectiveness of NaCMC, as an anti-redeposition agent on newsprint, in a flotation deinking system. NaCMC performs the function of preventing soils from redepositing in many commercial laundry detergents. The study used six different surfactants; five were nonionic, and one was anionic. The effect of NaCMC was studied at three different levels of addition~ 0.05%, 1.0%, and 5.0%. One set of handsheets was produced with peroxide for comparison purposes. The effect of pH at 9.0, 10.0, and 11.0 with NaCMC was also studied. The data indicates that NaCMC does act as a redeposition agent …

The Aging Of Recycled Fibers, Martha M. Dubbeld

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this thesis is to study the aging of recycled paper, focusing on strength and optical properties. To observe the changes in these properties, the following experimental procedure was used. 100% softwood fibers were pulped, made into handsheets, tested, artificially aged, again tested, repulped and bleached before being made into handsheets once again. Because of cross-linking due to heating, the aging strength losses were masked.

A Study Of Fiber-To-Fiber Flocculation In Pulp Suspensions, Pamela Peay

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Fiber to fiber flocculation in pulp suspensions was studied and the influencing factors were discussed. The existence of a microfloc was proposed explain the behavior of flocculation versus time and degree of agitation. An experimental procedure to quantitatively describe the flocculation and its relationship to time and degree of agitation was not found. Polaroid photography, SLR photography, and a photocell and light source were the attempted methods.

A Study Of The Water Quality In A Closed Deinking Operation, John A. Fortunato

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In studying the effects of deinking newspapers using recycled water, I found that the suspended solids hampered the efficiency of the operation and lowered the quality of the paper being produced. Biological activity in the water also plays an important role in the water quality of the system, and thereby the paper quality. Several of the water quality tests performed showed that the contaminants in the water will reach a plateau (equilibrium) region where no significant change is noticed. This implies that a closed system should be able to tolerate a moderate build up of some contaminants and still operate …

The Effect Of Silane Modified Kaolin On Rheological Properties, James Kuhagen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It is well known that increased latex usage in pigmented coatings will enhance strength properties. However, the increase will result in lower optical properties. A modified pigment could be advantageous in the binding of adhesive, where as at present a film formation and secondary forces are major influences in the colloidal system.

Preliminary results indicate silane coupling agents were compatible in the rheological systems studied. In addition, care should be exercised in the selection of an adhesive for a specified situation.

These positive results form a sound basis for further investigation of organofunctional silanes as coupling agents in a coating …

Variables Influencing The Filtration Of Water Through Paper, Daniel J. Geddes

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

When water is filtered through paper under constant pressure, the flow rate decreases with time, even if distilled water is used as the permeating fluid. On the basis of previous literature,·possible causes of this effect were thought to be fiber swelling, the presence of microscopic bubbles in the water, electrical forces, or structures formed by water molecules and ionic impurities.

Experimentation showed that there is a blocking agent present in the distilled water which causes the decrease in flow rate. These particulate agents are denser than water, and have a greater affinity for cellulose than for glass. The particulates have …

A Study Of Starches At The Size Press, Robert M. Mcdonald

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature research is presented concerning the five different starches which were used. Also covered were size presses and how they affect paper properties. BOD was also covered, and how starch has a tremendous effect on it. The literature research indicates there are few quantitative results in this area.

The objective of the experimental work was to compare five different starches, applied at the size press, for physical and optical properties, and also BOD. The starches used were an ethylated, an oxidized, a cationic, a thermal-chemical and a thermal-chemical cationic. These five starches were applied at three solids levels and …

Student Information Management, Randy Rohrbach

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This project is the design and implementation of a special database for the Paper Science Department. The data-base allows for sorting and searching of student information based on 1). name, 2.) age, 3.) number of credits, 4.) sex, and 5.) home state. The program was implemented in Pascal and therefore can be modified at a later date if additional features are described.

The Removal Of Hot Melt Adhesives From Recycled Paper Stock By The Froth Flotation Method, Dennis G. Nivison

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this report is to explore the area of flotation as a means of removing hot adhesive from recycled paper stock. The major area of research resolved around choosing a surfactant capable of good performance in enhancing the flotation of adhesive and minimizing fiber loss. This surfactant was chosen by using a combination of zeta - potential studies and a flotation study in which 3 surfactants were screened. The highest performance was given by Rohm and Haas Triton N-100 followed respectively by X-114 and X-165. Even though all the surfactants had approximately the same high level of adhesive …

The Effect Of Stock Temperature On Centrifugal Cleaner Efficiency, Randall J. Stoykovich

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

As of age, the requirements of paper and pulp quality have multiplied. Optimizing the efficiency of the stock preparation system is a primary concern. The centrifugal cleaner represents an almost universal aspect of pulp cleaning. In an attempt to maximize contaminant content of the rejects with as little fibrous material as possible, the temperature was varied in a closed loop system which incorporated a Bolton-Emerson Albia 300SC centrifugal cleaner so as to determine an optimum range for operation .

Silane Treated Kaolins For Paper Coating, Jeffrey M. Brock

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Silanes have been used as coupling agents between inorganic reinforcements (such as clay) and polymer composites such as rubber and plastic for the past few years. The rubber industry uses silane-treated kaolin as reinforcements for SBR tires.

It is possible that silane-treated kaolin may provide desirable crosslinking properties in coatings used in the paper industry. This would provide strength to the coating and possibly maintain optical properties upon supercalendering. This study shows this may be possible from increased pick resistance with silane-treated kaolin coatings and a protein binder. These same coatings also yielded less ink absorption with silane-treated kaolins. Latex …

The Replupability Of Secondary Fibers Containing Latex-Based Pressure – Sensitive Adhesives, William K. Forester

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It is the purpose of this thesis to investigate possible means of rendering latex-based pressure sensitive adhesives innocuous in currently operating secondary fiber systems.

It has been found that certain solvents will effectively attack and disperse latex-based pressure sensitive adhesives when used in solutions of 0.5 to 1.0 percent depending on the end product.

This involves presoaking the contaminated stock prior to defibering for varying amounts of time depending on the amount of contamination, the type of adhesive present, the temperature and pH parameters currently in use in each specific system.

It is also evident that contaminant build-up on equipment …

The Use Of Hydrophobic Plastics As Ink Collectors During Deinking Of News Waste, Brian L. Pahl

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The following study reports the performance of polyethylene and polystyrene in two different forms as ink collectors during deinking. Following a brief case history of conventional deinking and a detailed discussion of deinking with plastic as an ink collector, many variables affecting this process are analyzed. Although the results were somewhat eratic, some generalizations can be made. The polystyrene in the porous form provided maximum ink removal. This can be attributed to its ability to retain adsorbed ink particles. Regardless of the system used, ink removal increased with additional collector surface area. Nevertheless, some re-dispersion of ink particles was evident …

The Effects Of Pigment And Adhesive On Strength Development In Coated Paper, Henry G. Brink

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The application of a coating is expected to increase basepaper strength by a mechanism of adhesive penetration and enhancement of interfiber bonding similar to the strength improvements seen with size press treatments. It was felt, therefore, that the amount of strength improvement could be used as a measure of binder migration into the sheet. Pigmented and nonpigmented coatings were applied to a basepaper with a keegan coater. The pigment used was a predispersed clay, and the adhesive was a low viscosity polyvinyl alcohol. Both types of coatings produced statistically significant strength increases (up to 15% increase in tensile strength) over …

Plybonding And The Belbond Multi-Ply Former, Mary Jane Hart

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was used to evaluate the improved plybond strength of the paperboard produced by the BelBond Multi-ply former. Samples of the headbox and plies after the couch were tested for Canadian Standard Freeness and related to fines content. An increase in CSF after forming shows a fine loss and loss of fiber specific surface area. The plybond increase is attributed to consistency of stock during joining the plies, the twin wire function, and dewatering in both directions of the web. Further fiber balance studies and moisture content analysis upon joining of the plies would be recommended.

The Chemical Buildup In A Closed Water System Using Recycled Fiber Furnish, Stephen R. Tremont

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In recirculating whitewater in a closed water system, the solids will increase leading to operational problems such as corrosion, scale, reduced drainage rates, reduced wire life, increased temperatures, felt plugging, foam, and dirt. In dealing with these problems, whitewater samples from a conventional seven vat cylinder board machine were tested for chemical composition. The machine operates on a closed water loop and produces approximately 250 tons per day recycled boxboard. Tested anions included chloride, silica, phosphates, nitrates, sulfate, sulfide and tannin-lignin. Cations analyzed included calcium, barium, iron, aluminum and copper. Tests were conducted over an eighteen day machine running period …

A Study Of The Relative Effectivness Of Four Insolubilizing Agents In Starch-Latex And Protein-Latex Coatings, Steven D. Bennett

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The process of offset lithography requires several unique characteristics in paper. One of these is an ability in the sheet surface to accept water without deteriorating. Offset coatings commonly use starch and protein in their binder systems. These adhesives are inherently water sensitive. The characteristic of water resistance in coated grades can be obtained through the use of crosslinking agents. Among the more commonly used are unreaformaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, and glyoxal. A more recent development involves the use of ammonium zirconium carbonate.

Through the years many studies have examined the effects of various insolubilizing agents in starch coatings. Most of these …

A Study Of Fiber Orientation In Machine Made Papers, Phillip W. Forsyth

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to study fiber orientation in paper made on the pilot plant paper machine at Western Michigan University. The variables used in the study were fiber length and draw tensions. The shrinkage of the web was one dependent variable that was measured.

It was found that, on this paper machine, fiber orientation is independent of fiber length. Also, large draw tensions will increase the degree of orientation in the direction of the draw. And finally, increased draw tensions will result in an increase of MD elongation and CD shrinkage.

It is recommended here that further …

An Investigation Of The Effects Of Pressure, Packing And Nip Area On The Results Of The Igt Pick Test, Barbara S. Wilson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this thesis was to determine whether the pick scatter found in the IGT pick test was a result of the different packings or the different pressures used in the paper industry. The results showed that these two factors are not the significant ones which cause the inconsistency so often found in industry. There are other factors, such as contact angle and sector velocity, which may play a far more important role in the forces prevailing in this test. It is recommended that further study be made on these factors, but also standardization of the packing is required …

The Effect Of Hydrocolloids In Control Of Water Retention In Coating Systems, Gordon C. Bentley Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to observe how three hydrocolloids (Kelgin Q series, Procoat 150, and Dow 650) function in their control of water retention in clay systems. The water retention values were measured on a modified Warren tester. It was found that the three hydrocolloids are viscosity modifiers. However, their control of water retention is not due to their effect on viscosity, but rather, to their good water holding capabilities. Therefore, viscosity is not the primary parameter in control of water retention when using these hydrocolloids.

The Optimum Process For Recycling One Time Carbon Snap Out Forms, Douglas E. Bender

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of my thesis was to determine the optimal process for recycling one-time carbon snap out forms. The emphasis of my project was placed on attempting to remove the ink present in these forms. In so doing, it was felt that the recovered ink-free fiber might be useful in an industrial application.

Through experimentation in the laboratory it was found that flotation deinking did an adequate job removing ink. Furthermore, other methods considered such as solvent deinking and cyclone cleaners did not do an acceptable job removing ink. It can be concluded that flotation deinking will do an acceptable …

An Evaluation Of Ultra-Fine Ground Calcium Carbonates And A Precipitated Calcium Carbonate For Properties In Coated Paper, Gordon A. Erickson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis is a study of four ultra-fine ground calcium carbonates and one precipitated calcium carbonate. These five carbonates were evaluated at five levels of carbonate in a coating formulation based on the weight of pigment. The evaluation of the performance of the five carbonates is concluded from brightness, opacity, Brookfield viscosity, K & N Index, gloss, and gloss development. As the level of carbonate increased, so did the brightness of the coated sheet for all of the carbonates. All carbonates at all five levels of addition show the same relevant opacity. Differences in viscosity for the carbonates are essentially …

The Effects Of Wet-Pressing Upon The Strength Properties Of Recycled Corrugated Shipping Containers, Ted E. Dornbos

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Tests verified the increases of strength characteristics with increasing solids content of the sheet. The rate of water removal from the sheet into the felt, involving hydraulic pressure, directly influences the compressibility of the felts and the sheet and appears to greatly determine the extent of crushing effects, which have the potential of occurring at any particular solids content region irregardless of loading.

Mention of water content interacting with the press load is suggested as an important parameter of efficient wet-pressing. Hence interest in profiles incorporating multiple wet-pressings utilizing one or two felts to increase the percent solids has an …

Silylation Of Carbohydrate Syrups, Mark Gorwitz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Carbohydrates are usually difficult to analyze in solutions. Gas chromatography provides a suitable means for analysis. However most carbohydrate compounds are not volatile enough for use by this method.

Suitable deriviatives are the aldol acetates and the silylated carbohydrates. Aldol acetates are difficult to prepare and require long time periods for their formation. Silylation is the most suitable means for preparing volatile deriviatives. However most silyl compounds are water sensitive.

This paper discusses silylating agents, their reaction mechanisms and a solution to the problem of water sensitivity.

Fiber Fractionation: The Use Of Fines To Improve Retention, Paul Glogowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The fractionation of pulp is not a new idea. As early as 1946, Hill and Coghill developed an apparatus to fractionate pulp into several portions (V.). At present, fractionation is being used in the secondary fiber industry. Long fibers are separated from short fibers and fines to produce linerboard and corrugating medium. The fines fraction has always been of interest to the paper making industry. Fines account for almost all of the BOD in paper mill effluent. This fraction is also important in formation of the sheet and in the sheet strength. Using the fines fraction of pulp for the …

The Separate Refining Of A Fractionated Recycled Pulp, Dana K. Marks

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This is a study of the effects of fractionation on total refining energy and final sheet strength. A selectifier screen was used to fractionate an.input recycled pulp into long and short fiber lengths. Each of the three pulps were refined in a PFI mill then the long and short fiber groups were recombined in the same proportion as they split and formed into handsheets. The handsheets made via fractionation were found to be no stronger, per unit energy into the refiners, than the handsheets of the unfractionated input fibers. Two interesting points, one, that each pulp consumed different energy amounts …

A Study Of Froth Flotation For Deinking Of Uv-Cured Inks, Prasit Pornpaitoonsakul

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Deinkability of UV-cured inks becomes increasingly important as more printers turn to this faster and easier printing method. Unfortunately, according to Ortner, Wood and Gartermann all known deinking process and formulations failed to deink these printing inks. Therefore it was the objective of this study to determine the feasibility of deinking paper printed with this new solventless ink. A critical review of the literature on flotation deinking was made. Zeta potential of the UV-cured ink was measured. The results were used to explain the effect of the kind and quantity of chemicals used in the flotation operation were investigated. It …

The Effect Of Sizing And Wet-Strength Agents On The Ease Of Ink Removal In Reclaiming Of Ink Printed Waste Paper, Ebere Onwuneme

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The new call for conservation of resources inherent in ecological movement has put a spotlight on the recycling of materials. Not the least of these materials are paper and paperboard on which some 58 million tons were used in the United States in the year 1969. About 40 million tons of this was discarded which resulted in a severe trash removal problem. Paper accounts for 35% of the total solid waste collected and disposed of in most municipalities.