Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

Press Section White Water Reuse, James Michael Tacey

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In today's economy, more and more papermills are becoming increasingly concerned with white water reuse. White water is most frequently used for fan pump dilution, and consistency regulation. This white water usually comes strictly from the tray boxes of the paper machine. It was suggested that the white water from the press section could be reused. It was suggested to me by Dan Kaiser, of Ronningen-Petter, that this could be accomplished by using their Cyclospray filter. The testing run showed that the unit is very effective in removing the fibrous contaminants from the press section water. I found the unit …

The Separation Of Cotton And Polyester In Rags, Susan M. Gardineer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to discover if there was a way to remove or destroy the polyester from rags and leave the cotton in a form which is beneficial to the paper industry. An attempt was made to break up the rags, remove the polyester and evaluate the remaining cotton. The tests were attempted on a fibrous combination of cotton and polyester.

The general trend found that the chemical treatments to the rags from the textile mills gave additional problems and should be investigated.

The Effect Of Increasing Calcium Ion Concentration On Alkyl Ketene Dimer Sizing Efficiency, Lance M. Merrell

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis is a study of the relationship between calcium ions and the effectiveness of an alkaline sizing agent. Relationships between the increasing calcium ion concentration of a pure system and the sheet sizing based on the Hercule Size Tester are developed. It was determined that low addition levels of calcium ions increased the level of sizing developed and excessive calcium contents caused sizing response to deteriorate. Proposed mechanisms for this determination involve the compression or the fiber's electrical double layer at low concentrations of calcium, and an adsorption competition between the size and calcium where high concentrations of calcium …

The Effects Of Electron Beam Radiation On Cellulose, Thomas L. Clements

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This experiment was designed to show the effects of time and storage conditions on electron beam irradiated paper. The thirty four pound James River Waterleaf samples were irradiated at levels of 0/2/5/ and 10 Megarads. The samples were kept in a conditioned room, an evacuated, desiccated jar, and Nitrogen purged jar. The samples were tested for viscosity, as well as wet and dry zero span tensile over a period of time. Burst and tensile were also run at one point in time.

Time following irradiation and storage conditions showed no significant effect on either zero span tensile or viscosity tests. …

Permeability Of Silicone Release Coatings, Jeffrey G. Carlsen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The permeability of silicone release coatings is a function of the silicone polymer, catalyst, coat weight, and film former. Experimental results showed that increasing the amount of silicone and the coat weight of the release coating will decrease the coatings permeability. No difference in permeability was noted by changing silicone polymer or catalyst amount. Using a low molecular weight CMC (as a film former) has no effect on the permeability of the release coating. A high molecular weight CMC reduced the permeability probably due to interference of diffusion dye molecules through the film conses by the high molecular weight CMC …

The Use Of Ultrasonic Frequencies As A Mechanism For Refining, Martin E. Munce

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was to explore the use of ultrasonic frequencies as a mechanism for refining. Through cooperation with the Intex Corporation, an ultrasonic cleaning apparatus, that was easily adaptable to.use as a refiner, was borrowed. The experimental procedure indicated that ultrasonic refining coupled with mechanical ·refining produced a sheet with improved tear, tensil, fold and opacity characteristics. The burst, however, was slightly lower. An interesting phenomenon that occurred was the plateauing effect that is observed, most distinctly on the graphs of burst and tensil vs. freeness. this plateau seems to be a phenomenon where the maximum value …

Impact Of Aluminum Chemistry And Order Of Addition On Anionic Polyacrylamide Dry Strength Resins, Sally A. Mckeel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Greater improvements in dry strength values can be obtained by maintaining the system's pH at the pH of precipitation formation, pHp. By using the pHp as the system's pH, more aluminum can be adsorbed onto the fibers. With more aluminum adsorbed onto the fibers, there are more possible interaction sites for the polyacrylamide to be fixed between the fibers; and thereby give a higher dry strength response.

An optimum level of polyacrylamide, .5% based on dry fiber,· was used in achieving maximum dry strength effectiveness. When the order of addition of the rosin, aluminum species, and polyacrylamide system was varied, …

The Effectiveness Of Potassium Permanganate In Oxidizing Hydrogen Sulfide And In Aiding Mechanical Dewatering Of Pulp And Paper Industry Sludges, Russell Rathfon

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Odorous compounds have long been a significant problem faced by mills treating their own wastewater. This problem can be compounded when mechanical dewatering equipment is used to process primary and secondary sludges.

Plainwell Paper Company, a competitive producer of fine printing and technical specialty papers, is no exception to this rule. Along with the start-up of their new waste water treatment facility, which includes an Arus-Andritz sludge dewatering machine, came an irritating and potentially harmful odor problem. It was determined that the major cause of the odor was hydrogen sulfide.

Separation Of Southern Pine Pulp Into Its Springwood And Summerwood Components By Centrifugal Means: Savings In Refining And Other Possible Economic Justifications, Bernard J. Berger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study of Southern Pine pulp separation into its springwood and summerwood fiber components was undertaken. Separation was accomplished through the use of two Bird Triclean centrifugal cleaner devices. Separation occurred mainly because of different apparent pulp densities in the two fiber fractions. Springwood collapsed during pulping, creating a flattened fiber, forty-five to sixty-five microns in length and ten to twelve microns in width. The thicker walled summerwood fibers, on the other hand, maintained their twenty-five to thirty-five micron diameter tubular shape. The greater surface area present in springwood fibers allowed a greater hydraulic force to be exerted to this …

The Effect Of Substrate Porosity And Method Of Drying On Coating Gloss, Gary P. Fugitt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis involved the study of the effects on gloss, smoothness, sizing, and ink holdout of average pore size and drying method for styrene butadiene, polyvinyl acetate, and acrylic bound pigmented coatings. Average pore size was varied by using four different substrates. A mylar film with 0 micron average size and Millipore filter papers with .22, .45, and .80 micron average pore size were used. The three drying methods used were back drying on a hot plate, air drying, and blow drying with hot air.

It was found that the styrene butadiene coating gave the best gloss development, the smoothest …

The Effects Of Low Temperature Cooking On The Deinking Of Groundwood, George De Vries

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

An experiment was designed to lower the temperature of the cooking stage in the deinking of groundwood. The cook chemicals consisted of sodium meta-silicate, sodium carbonate, hydrogen peroxide and surfactants. The pulp was cooked over a temperature of 50°F-130°F. The pulp was washed on a laboratory sidehill screen and brightness pads were made. The object of the experiment was to reduce the cook temperature and use additional surfactant to maintain the brightness. Maximum brightness values were found a 0.1% surfactant and 110°F, and 0.3% surfactant and 90°F. A cost analysis revealed that a system can operate at slightly elevated temperatures …

Disco Users Manual, Thomas B. Pettinghill

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this thesis was to prepare an introductory user's manual for the use of DYSCO on WMU's DEC-10 computer. DYSCO is a process simulation program obtained from the Institute of Paper Chemistry. A variety of imaginary process systems were simulated with the DYSCO program so difficulties and problems could be found and dealt with. The manual gives examples and explanations so the program may be used with little difficulty.

This paper, however, provides only an introduction for the use of DYSCO, some of the more complicated routines such as RECIPE, CONTROL, and VALUE should be studied at greater …

The Variability Of Extinction Coefficient With Respect To Wood Species, James F. Siller

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The variability of extinction coefficient with respect to wood species is an important aspect to ultra-violet determination of lignin both in cooking liquor and in the wood itself. The precision with which the abundance of a solution can be measured, and therefore the lignin concentration is dependent upon the extinction coefficient.

The objective of this investigation was to analyze various woods for variability and possibly determine overall extinction coefficient averages for woods or groups of woods (hardwood/softwood) that will be more representative than currently used extinction coefficients.

The results contained within indicate that the extinction coefficients for lignin samples in …

The Influence Of The Water Retention Value (Wrv) On Percent Moisture Through The Press Section, Michael J. Stoltz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A pilot plant paper machine trial was ran using 100% softwood stocks refined in a Jordan and double-disk refiner and then blended to give a gradual change in stock quality at a set freeness. Two freeness levels were used. WRV's and press section moistures were taken for each stock ran and evaluated. It was concluded that the WRV of a stock does vary with different refining techniques at a set freeness and in certain cases the WRV related to percent solids out of the press section. However, the sensitivity of the test to varying stock qualities varied widely. Problems arose …

Belt Filter Press Optimization With The Use Of Drainage Measurement, Jeffrey E. Farnsworth

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this project is to determine if paper machine freeness meters can be applied to belt filter presses, so as to control the dosage rate of the polymer addition. Currently polymer dosage rates are set for the high demand loads and therefore, more polymer is used than is needed at the low demand loads. With the cost and use of chemical polymers increasing, the application of a control means to regulate polymer dose as required, should provide substantial savings in conditioning costs.

This study wants to show that a specific resistance tester is sensitive enough to pick up …

Internal Filters : Prospects For Uv-Acclimation In Higher Plants, Martyn M. Caldwell, Ronald Robberecht, Stephan D. Flint

Green Canyon Environmental Research Area, Logan Utah

Wavelength-selective absorption of solar radiation within plant leaves allows penetration of visible radiation to the chloroplats, while removing much of the damaging ultraviolet-B radiation. Flavonoids are important in this wavelength-selective absorption. Induction of flavonoid synthesis by solar radiation, and specifically by UV-B radiation, is discussed as this relates to the potential acclimation of plants to enhanced solar UV-B radiation that would result from stratospheric ozone reduction.

The Study Of A Laboratory Screw Press Washer As A Means Of Deinking Offset Newsprint At High Consistencies, Kim A. Anderson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis is to study a laboratory horizontal screw press washer as an effective, yet economical, means of deinking offset newsprint wastes at high consistencies. The theoretical advantages of utilizing a high consistency deinking process include minimal water consumption, reduced and more concentrated filtrate volumes, low effluent solids and fiber loss, and minimal space requirements. The disadvantages include a relatively high unit power consumption, high capital cost, sometimes an inefficient amount of fillers and fines removed, and ink particles may get trapped at consistencies greater than 18%. Results proved many of these theoretical advantages and disadvantages. Also, …

The Effects Of Increasing Solids Concentration In Air Knife Coatings For Boxboard, Merri G. Onofrio

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to determine whether high solids concentrations may be applied to air knife coatings for boxboard. Considerations were the effects of high solids on coat weight controllability and final sheet properties.

The study was conducted on a pilot air knife coater using coatings at 56-62% solids and containing .2 to .6 parts per hundred CMC as water retention aid. Finished sheet properties evaluated included brightness, gloss, smoothness, IGT pick strength, K & N ink absorption and glueability.

It was determined that solids levels up to 58% could be efficiently run providing machine speed did not …

The Feasibility Of Applying Solar Industrial Process Heat To Paper Machine Dryer Sections, Curtis J. Rollo

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Fossil fuel deficiencies and escalating costs are presented. The application of solar industrial process heat (SIPH) to the paper industry is examined with focus on cylinder dryer sections located at the dry end of a paper machine in a non-integrated mill. Drying theory, as it relates to SIPH, is discussed in detail. Very high steam temperatures are deemed unnecessary for good dryer efficiency. Factors favoring application are listed, as are those U.S. installations similar to the type investigated. A fabric drying facility, using SIPH, is described with respect to the paper drying facility, using SIPH, is described with respect to …

The Effects Of Wet End Chemical Additives On Recycled Filler Furnish, Jeff Oman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Improvements in desired characteristics can be seen from wet and chemical additives and will be accompanied by some degree of negative results in other desired characteristics. Lab work is useful in identifying qualitatively the specific areas where negative and positive effects will be seen. The negative results must then be weighted against the positive gains.

The Britt Jar is a powerful tool for predicting pilot machine behavior and should be used with hand sheet data. Pilot machine data is included as verification of Lab findings.

A Study Of The Flow Of Pulp Slurries Through A Motionless Mixer, Brian F. Berger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A study was conducted to determine the behavior of pulp flows through a motionless mixer. Specifically, the effects of stock consistency, pulp type, and number of mixing elements on the pressure drop across a motionless mixer were examined. An attempt was made to develop correlations between pressure drop across the motionless mixer due to pulp flows and the consistency of the pulp slurries. From the data generated by this study, it was determined that using the value of pressure drop across the motionless mixer to determine pulp consistency is not very feasible. However, the empirical data generated should be useful …

The Effect Of Pressdrying On Bogus Medium, Judith Lynn Reames

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Pressdrying is simultaneous pressing and drying. It employs a steam heated roll in some type of extended nip.

This study was made to determine the effects of pressdrying on 100% bogus medium. Pressure during pressdrying and nip residence time were constant. Freeness and solids content before drying were varied. Pressdried sheets were compared to sheets dried under no pressure but produced under otherwise similar conditions.

At any given freeness level, the pressdried sheets were higher in density and ring crush, and lower in tensile and caliper. Variance of solids content before drying showed no trend for tensile. Based on significance …

Evaluation Of Helianthus Turberosus As An Alternative Fiber Source, Bruce E. Hammond

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Depithing of Helianthus Tuberosus was performed for one and five minutes in a Morden Slush Maker at 115°C and 7% consistency. The pith and fines were removed, leaving the woody chips. The chips were pulped using sodium hydroxide in a bomb digestor at a five to one liquor to wood ratio using 20% active alkali for one hour at 170°C. The resulting chips were fiberized and handsheets were made according to Noble and Wood procedures. The handsheets were tested and reported.

The resulting fibers show little promise for use in papers requiring high tensile or tear.

A Comparison Of Insolubilizers For Naoh Cut Protein Coatings, Jon Rock

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Soy protein is commonly dispersed with NH₄OH, which is a volatile alkali driven off during the drying process. This creates a potential health hazard. Sodium hydroxide, which does not vaporize, can be used to disperse the protein. However, when using it, it is difficult to develop water resistance. This project is designed to find an additive that when used in conjunction with NaOH dispersed proteins will produce a water resistant coating.

Four insolubilizing agents: melamine formaldehyde, ammonium zirconium carbonate, glyoxal, and sunrez 700FF, were tested with 2.5-3.5 and 5% NaOH dispersed proteins, while a 15% NH₄OH …

The Reprocessing Of Aged Newsprint, Debra L. Miersma

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was to determine the most efficient strength of bleach to whiten aged, unprinted news keeping strength loss to a minimum. The paper was aged in natural sunlight on a clothesline at four levels of exposure: No aging, 3 days, 12 days and 24 days. Bleaching sequence used was a two-stage hydrogen peroxide/sodium hydrosulfite. One percent, 2%,and 3% peroxide levels were used. The hydrosulfite was kept at constant 1%. All percentages were based on oven dry fiber.

Results showed an increase in yellowing of the paper with greater sun exposure; one percent peroxide effected a brightness …

Variables Affecting Impregnation During Kraft Pulping, William J. Corriveau

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The purpose of this report was twofold. First, a pulping aid was evaluated for its effects on pulp properties. Then, the pulping aid was used in conjunction with a reduction in the times to temperature for several cooks, to see if the pulping aid could be used to reduce the total cooking time for kraft cooks.

To gain some background as to how the pulping aid might affect the cook, variables affecting impregnation are presented and discussed.

The Effects Of Preprinted Supplements On A Flotation Deinking Operation, Monty L. Adams

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Objective: The objective of this thesis was to see the effects of heavy offset inked supplements on a newsprint flotation deinking operation.

Coated and uncoated supplements were studied separately and in combination to see what quantities could be allowed to enter into a flotation deinking process without seriously reducing the quality of the resulting paper.

Goal: The goal of this thesis was to obtain a final product comparable in quality to the material in which these supplements were printed on.

This study should result in the ultimate reuse of a seldom used fiber source and eliminate the added expense of …

The Effect Of Dryer Fabric Tension On The Moisture Removal In Paper, Scott D. Adams

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The efficiency of the dryer sections is becoming increasingly important as energy prices soar. In an attempt to evaluate one of the possible variables which influence the efficiency of the dryer sections, this study of dryer fabric tension was made.

Previous studies have shown that increased tension improves the heat transfer from the cylinder to the sheet by dissipating the insulating layer of air which separates the two. The tension necessary for this to occur was labeled the optimum tension. Tensions above the optimum gave no added benefits.

To test this hypothesis, three sets of trials were made on the …

Press Water Reclamation Using A New High Solids Filter, Jonathan C. Kerr

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Press section water cannot be reused on a fine papermachine due solely to the fact that fibrous contaminants, specifically felt fibers that are removed by the felt cleaning system, cause an inordinate amount of trailing blade coater scratches and other defects in the final product. In this study, the feasability was examined of using a Ronnigen-Petter CycloSpray high solids filter to remove felt and cellulose fibers from press water.

By maintaining a constant fiber content of 0.4 lbs./1000 gallons and increasing the filler loading from 20 lbs./1000 gallons to 40 lbs./1000 gallons, the effect of increasing filler loading on fiber …

The Effect Of Temperature, Moisture Content And Latex Particle Size On Latex Coating Gloss, Edmund J. Miller

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis involved the study of the effects on gloss of moisture, temperature, and particle size of styrene butadiene bound pigmented coatings. Variables investigated were substrate absorbancy, latex particle size, moisture content and calendar stack temperature. Substrate absorbancy was varied by comparing an unsized 70 g/m 2 paper base sheet to a polymer drafting film (mylar). Latex particle size was varied by method of emulsion manufacture so that each was uniform and monodispersed. Moisture content was varied by allowing the sheets to come to equilibrium in a room where the humidity was changed. The temperature of the calendar stack was …