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Full-Text Articles in Agriculture

An Early Islamic Site And A Late Islamic Cemetery In Arab Kefar Sava (Hebrew, Pp. 83*–96*; English Summary, Pp. 139–140), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

An Early Islamic Site And A Late Islamic Cemetery In Arab Kefar Sava (Hebrew, Pp. 83*–96*; English Summary, Pp. 139–140), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

In a trial excavation at Kefar Sava two strata were exposed, including part of a kiln, probably the firing chamber of a pottery kiln dating to the eighth–eleventh centuries CE, and 24 pit graves from the Late Islamic period. All the graves were used for single, primary burials. Two burial groups were identified: one group of tombs was oriented east–west, while another group was oriented northeast–southwest. The deviation of the tombs’ axes was probably the result of an attempt to match the position of the sunrise during the various seasons. Burial gifts included glass vessels, pieces of cloth and coins.

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Or ‘Aqiva: Remains Of A Farming Complex And Irrigation System From The End Of The Byzantine–Beginning Of The Early Islamic Periods In The Agricultural Hinterlandof Caesarea (Hebrew, Pp. 49*–60*; English Summary, Pp. 133–134), Uzi Ad Jan 2025

Or ‘Aqiva: Remains Of A Farming Complex And Irrigation System From The End Of The Byzantine–Beginning Of The Early Islamic Periods In The Agricultural Hinterlandof Caesarea (Hebrew, Pp. 49*–60*; English Summary, Pp. 133–134), Uzi Ad

'Atiqot

Salvage excavations in the northern industrial zone of Or ‘Aqiva unearthed a complex belonging to the agricultural hinterland of Caesarea during the late Byzantine–Early Islamic periods. The complex included a building, a well, a water channel, a large round plaza and walls that delimited paths in the cultivated area. The finds included pottery, glass vessels and coins, mainly dating to the late Byzantine–Early Islamic periods. The architectural finds and the impressive size of the round plaza imply that the complex was built under state initiative. The irrigation system exposed here is the fist evidence of agricultural activity in a region …

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Tombs, Quarries And Agricultural Installations At Fardisya (East) (Hebrew, Pp. 61*–74*; English Summary, Pp. 135–137), Boaz Zissu, Haim Moyal, Amir Ganor Jan 2025

Tombs, Quarries And Agricultural Installations At Fardisya (East) (Hebrew, Pp. 61*–74*; English Summary, Pp. 135–137), Boaz Zissu, Haim Moyal, Amir Ganor

'Atiqot

At Fardisya, in western Samaria, two concentrations of rock-hewn installations were recovered, including winepresses, tombs, quarries, a limekiln, game boards and cupmarks. The finds in Winepress 1 and in double-arcosolia Tomb 7 date to the Late Roman–Byzantine periods.

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Two Horn-Shaped Glass Vessels From The Ancient Cemetery At Migdal Ha-‘Emeq (Pp. 123–126), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Two Horn-Shaped Glass Vessels From The Ancient Cemetery At Migdal Ha-‘Emeq (Pp. 123–126), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

Two horn-shaped vessels, recovered from the Migdal Ha-‘Emeq caves, represent a rare type that was here-to-far known only from collections around the world. Both horns are mold-blown, decorated with ribbing, dating from the fourth to the early fifth centuries CE. As these horns were found in situ, they were dated both on the basis of their typology and archaeological context. It is suggested that the horn-shaped vessels were locally produced in a glass workshop situated in the Lower Galilee.

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The Coins From Tel ‘Afar (Pp. 119–122), Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From Tel ‘Afar (Pp. 119–122), Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

A total of 55 coins were found in the excavations of Tel ‘Afar, only 14 were identifiable. The coin assemblage is quite homogeneous, dating from the end of the fourth to the end of the sixth centuries CE, including four North African minimi.

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The Ancient Cemetery At Migdal Ha‘Emeq (El-Mujeidil) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–47*; English Summary, Pp. 131–132), Ayelet Tatcher, Zvi Gal Jan 2025

The Ancient Cemetery At Migdal Ha‘Emeq (El-Mujeidil) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–47*; English Summary, Pp. 131–132), Ayelet Tatcher, Zvi Gal

'Atiqot

Sixteen tombs were excavated in the northern part of the city of Migdal Ha-‘Emeq in the Galilee. These rock-hewn tombs belong to a large cemetery, which was used during the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic periods; a secondary use of the tombs was made during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods. Tow tomb groups were documented: the early tombs comprised loculi (kokhim) and were sealed by a roll stone; the later tombs comprised arcosolia with burial troughs and their opening was frequently sealed by a roll stone. The finds within the tombs—a limestone ossuary, an oil lamp decorated with a …

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Tel ‘Afar: A Byzantine Site South Of Caesarea (Pp. 95–118), Martin Peilstöcker Jan 2025

Tel ‘Afar: A Byzantine Site South Of Caesarea (Pp. 95–118), Martin Peilstöcker

'Atiqot

Salvage excavations at Tel ‘Afar, about six kilometers south of Caesarea, unearthed remains dating to the Byzantine period. A massive building was exposed, with square towers at its corners, buttresses on each side and two vaulted openings. The finds from the building and around it clearly date to the Byzantine period, but provide no clue to its use or function. Numerous roof tiles, marble fragments and many tessarae were found in all the excavated areas – they might belong to the building revealed during Porath’s excavations at the site, which he identified as a villa belonging to a wealthy citizen …

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Byzantine-Period Coins From The Sea At Dor (Pp. 81–94), Danny Syon, Ehud Galili Jan 2025

Byzantine-Period Coins From The Sea At Dor (Pp. 81–94), Danny Syon, Ehud Galili

'Atiqot

Underwater rescue surveys, carried out in the southern anchorage at Dor, revealed a Byzantine-period assemblage, which was probably part of a ship’s cargo. The numismatic finds include 28 bronze coins and a silver coin, as well as a hoard of 53 bronze coins. The coins represent almost all the Byzantine rulers that ruled the Empire, from Anastasius I to Constans II, including seventh-century Arab imitations. The mints represented are of the expected variety, e.g., Constantinopole, Antioch and Nicomedia. The coins may be divided into two parcels, one containing the early coins and the other, the later ones. One of the …

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Excavations At Or ‘Aqiva (North) (With Contributions By Moshe Sade And Dror Segal And Israel Carmi) (Pp. 51–73), Eli Yannai Jan 2025

Excavations At Or ‘Aqiva (North) (With Contributions By Moshe Sade And Dror Segal And Israel Carmi) (Pp. 51–73), Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

The site is located on the sand dunes north of Naḥal Hadera, two kilometers northeast of Caesarea. Excavations revealed building remains from the Hellenistic period, consisting of limestone foundations with a mud-brick superstructure. Hundreds of potsherds from this period were found, representing a large variety of domestic vessels, as well as metal objects, a hoard of coins and faunal remains. After the Hellenistic settlement was abandoned, a limekiln of the Roman period was constructed in the area. The pottery from the kiln dated to the fourth century CE. A severely damaged winepress, dating to the Byzantine period, was uncovered close …

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The Coins From Or ‘Aqiva (North) (Pp. 75–79), Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From Or ‘Aqiva (North) (Pp. 75–79), Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

Forty-six coins were unearthed in the Or ‘Aqiva excavations, including a hoard of 22 coins. All the coins, from the hoard and isolated coins as well, were of bronze, except for a Ptolemaic silver tetradrachm. All the coins in the hoard, but one, are of the ‘Apollo Standing’ type, originally minted in Antioch. The Or ‘Aqiva coins date to the Hellenistic period, from the reign of Ptolemy II to that of Antioch III; no control marks were found, and thus, it is difficult to establish their mint classification.

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Results Of A Salvage Excavation At Kabri (Pp. 19–39), Dina Shalem Jan 2025

Results Of A Salvage Excavation At Kabri (Pp. 19–39), Dina Shalem

'Atiqot

Salvage excavations at Tel Kabri, located in the western Upper Galilee, revealed part of a Middle Bronze Age II fortification system and architectural remains from the Early Bronze Age and MB II. The pottery finds date to the Early Chalcolithic period, Early Bronze Age I, Middle Bronze Age II and Iron Age II.

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A Sounding Near The Summit Of Gush Halav (Pp. 41–50), Samuel R. Wolff Jan 2025

A Sounding Near The Summit Of Gush Halav (Pp. 41–50), Samuel R. Wolff

'Atiqot

A small salvage excavation was undertaken on the summit of the hill of Gush Halav in the Upper Galilee. Meager architectural remains were uncovered, probably originating in the Late Roman–Byzantine periods, with later additions in the eleventh century CE. By the thirteenth century CE the architectural complex went out of use, as evidenced by the pottery finds. The pottery dates to Iron Age II, the Persian–Hellenistic, Late Roman–Byzantine, Fatimid and Crusader/Ayyubid periods.

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Late Chalcolithic Burial Remains And Early Bronze Age I Dwelling Remains From A Karstic Cave At Shoham (Northeast) (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Nili Liphschitz) (Pp. 1–18), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink Jan 2025

Late Chalcolithic Burial Remains And Early Bronze Age I Dwelling Remains From A Karstic Cave At Shoham (Northeast) (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Nili Liphschitz) (Pp. 1–18), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink

'Atiqot

Since the 1990s, excavations at Shoham, located at the eastern edge of the Lod Valley, yielded several karstic caves used for burial and dwelling during the Late Chalcolithic period and the Early Bronze Age. One such cave is described in this article. The finds included, inter alia, sherds of rectangular or domiform ceramic ossuaries, V-shaped bowls and some fenestrated pedestal bowls, dating to the Late Chalcolithic period, as well as pottery types typical of Late EB I. The cave is part of a large system of cemeteries comprising karstic caves, which served the population living in nearby settlements on the …

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The Upper Aqueduct To Jerusalem, The Church Of The Kathisma And Other Remains Near Hebron Road, Jerusalem (With A Contribution By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Hebrew, Pp. 69*–90*; English Summary, Pp. 160–162), Ya'akov Billig Jan 2025

The Upper Aqueduct To Jerusalem, The Church Of The Kathisma And Other Remains Near Hebron Road, Jerusalem (With A Contribution By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Hebrew, Pp. 69*–90*; English Summary, Pp. 160–162), Ya'akov Billig

'Atiqot

Sections of the Upper Aqueduct to Jerusalem were revealed while widening Hebron Road in Jerusalem, enabling a better understanding of its original route and date. Most of the finds scattered on surface level near the aqueduct—mainly pottery and coins—dated to the Late Roman and Byzantine periods; finds dating to the First and Second Temple periods were found as well. Other elements discovered during the excavation and surveys in the area include: agricultural terraces, burial caves, a winepress, a cistern and a quarry. In the surveyed area, at the site of Bir Qadismo, were numerous finds scattered on the surface, which …

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The Coins From Khirbat Burnat (Southwest) (Pp. 147–155), Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From Khirbat Burnat (Southwest) (Pp. 147–155), Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

Forty-seven coins were discovered in the excavation at Khirbat Burnat (Southwest); three were unidentifiable. The majority of the coins were found in the dwelling complex, and dated mostly to the Seleucid through the Early Roman periods. The assemblage also includes a few Late Roman, Byzantine and Mamluk coins. The numismatic finds show a clear predominance of Jewish coins struck in Jerusalem, and confirm the dating of the complex from the end of the second century BCE to the second century CE.

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Settlement Remains From The Late Hellenistic And Early Roman Periods At Khirbat Burnat (Southwest) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–68*; English Summary, Pp. 157–159), Hagit Torge Jan 2025

Settlement Remains From The Late Hellenistic And Early Roman Periods At Khirbat Burnat (Southwest) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–68*; English Summary, Pp. 157–159), Hagit Torge

'Atiqot

Excavations at Site 8a at Khirbat Burnat (Southwest), within the Modi‘in Region Industrial Zone, revealed remains of a simple oil press (bodeda) and a cooking pot dating to Iron Age II; fragmentary walls, potsherds, a stone altar and metal objects from the Persian period; and agricultural terraces and scattered finds from the Byzantine period. Most of the remains, however, belong to a large rural dwelling complex, which was occupied during the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods (second century BCE–second century CE). Nine buildings and three courtyards were identified, all founded on bedrock and connected with passageways. Several installations were …

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Glass Vessels From The Late Hellenistic And Early Roman Periods At Khirbat Burnat (Southwest) (Pp. 141–146), Tamar Winter Jan 2025

Glass Vessels From The Late Hellenistic And Early Roman Periods At Khirbat Burnat (Southwest) (Pp. 141–146), Tamar Winter

'Atiqot

The excavation at Khirbat Burnat (Southwest) yielded some 90 small glass fragments, nearly two-thirds of them diagnostic. Most of the glass finds date from the Late Hellenistic (second half of the first century BCE) and Early Roman (second half of the first century CE) periods. Several pieces date from the Late Roman period, and a few, from the Byzantine period. Most of the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman vessels were free-blown, a few were cast, and one piece was mold-blown. The glass assemblage from Khirbat Burnat is typical of the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods; however, only few assemblages …

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Er-Rujum (Sha‘Alabim East): An Intermediate Bronze Age (Eb Iv) Site In The Ayyalon Valley (Pp. 75–140), Ianir Milevski, Elisabetta Boaretto, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Elisheva Kamaisky, Hamoudi Khalaily, Nili Liphschitz, Sariel Sade, Sariel Shalev Jan 2025

Er-Rujum (Sha‘Alabim East): An Intermediate Bronze Age (Eb Iv) Site In The Ayyalon Valley (Pp. 75–140), Ianir Milevski, Elisabetta Boaretto, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Elisheva Kamaisky, Hamoudi Khalaily, Nili Liphschitz, Sariel Sade, Sariel Shalev

'Atiqot

At the site of Er-Rujum, located on the western slopes of the Ramallah Anticline in the northern part of the Ayyalon Valley, an Intermediate Bronze Age site was discovered below Ottoman-period rujums. The architecture at the site comprised broadrooms, with a central space and passages between them, demonstrating similarities with other Intermediate Bronze Age buildings excavated in the Jordan Valley and the Judean Hills. The finds at the site included pottery typical of the Southern Family, dominated by storage jars, flints, groundstone tools, a metal blade and beads, as well as faunal and botanical remains; pottery dating to Middle Bronze …

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The Early Bronze Age Iv Site At Sha‘Ar Ha-Golan (With A Contribution By Steven A. Rosen) (Pp. 1–73), Emanuel Eisenberg Jan 2025

The Early Bronze Age Iv Site At Sha‘Ar Ha-Golan (With A Contribution By Steven A. Rosen) (Pp. 1–73), Emanuel Eisenberg

'Atiqot

Excavations undertaken in two separate areas (100, 200) at Sha‘ar Ha-Golan, revealed the remains of domestic structures dating to Early Bronze Age IV. These represent the remains of a single-stratum rural settlement that extended over some 200 dunams, one of the largest settlements of this period that have been exposed so far in the country. The structures are multi-roomed rectilinear buildings, with dwelling units comprising three or more rooms. The plans of the buildings are not unified; most of them have a large central broadroom, its roof sometimes supported by columns, which stood on stone bases. Additional elements, such as …

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Petrographic Examination Of Plaster From The Umayyad Aqueduct To Ramla (Pp. 221–225), Alexander Tsatskin Jan 2025

Petrographic Examination Of Plaster From The Umayyad Aqueduct To Ramla (Pp. 221–225), Alexander Tsatskin

'Atiqot

The plaster from the Umayyad aqueduct to Ramla was analyzed petrographically to identify its composition and the phases of application. It was established that the aqueduct was coated with several layers of plaster at different stages. The plaster layers differ in quality, the first episode represented by a high-quality pink plaster and the last, by a whitish plaster of inferior quality.

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A Decorated Bronze Platter From Kafr Misr (Pp. 227–241), Sara Lutan-Hassner Jan 2025

A Decorated Bronze Platter From Kafr Misr (Pp. 227–241), Sara Lutan-Hassner

'Atiqot

The finding circumstances of the platter from Kafr Misr could not enlighten us regarding its date, artistic origins or provenance. Therefore, a detailed iconographic and stylistic analysis of the images portrayed on the platter was undertaken, in an attempt to decipher its enigma. The artistic analysis points to Christian iconography, as manifested in Byzantine art of the tenth and eleventh centuries CE. The article discusses relevant comparisons to other artistic data from the period and offers a reconstruction of the route of the platter to Kafr Misr in the Lower Galilee.

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The Inscription From ‘En Hazeva (P. 191), Joseph Naveh Jan 2025

The Inscription From ‘En Hazeva (P. 191), Joseph Naveh

'Atiqot

Remnants of at least two lines of text were traced on one of the narrow sides of a stone figure from ‘En Hazeva. The script seems to be Aramaic, but the geographical context points to the possibility that the script may be Edomite.

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The Umayyad Aqueduct To Ramla And Other Finds Near Kibbutz Na‘An (Pp. 193–219), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

The Umayyad Aqueduct To Ramla And Other Finds Near Kibbutz Na‘An (Pp. 193–219), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

The remains of the aqueduct, which led water to the city of Ramla during the Umayyad period, were exposed along 150 m. The aqueduct, running generally east–west, was well preserved. A detailed description of its construction technique is rendered, as well as an account of the consequences of its destruction. A calculation of the aqueduct’s rate of flow is discussed, based on calculations of the roughness coefficient (friction)of the plaster. Finally, a reconstruction of the course of the aqueduct along ten kilometers is offered, based on other findings along its proposed route. The meager small finds included potsherds, an inscribed …

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Provenance Of The Clay Artifacts From The Favissa At ‘En Hazeva (Pp. 185–189), Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

Provenance Of The Clay Artifacts From The Favissa At ‘En Hazeva (Pp. 185–189), Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

The cultic objects from the Favissa at ‘En Hazeva were examined petrographically to determine their origin. The analysis aimed at aiding in assessing whether the vessels were manufactured locally, in the ‘En Hazeva region, or were imported from Edom. The data retrieved was checked against other petrographic studies of ‘Edomite pottery’ in the region, from the Arava, the Negev and Jordan.

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Temple Furniture From A Favissa At ‘En Hazeva (Pp. 107–175), Sara Ben-Arieh Jan 2025

Temple Furniture From A Favissa At ‘En Hazeva (Pp. 107–175), Sara Ben-Arieh

'Atiqot

The finds from the favissa at ‘En Hazeva represent a cultic assemblage that had been used in a temple that existed at the site at the end of the Iron Age and was intentionally buried. The objects retrieved from the favissa included anthropomorphic statues, cylindrical stands, bowls, goblets, tripod cups, pomegranate-shaped pendants, stone altars and a stone human statue. The cultic vessels are well-grounded in the religious iconography of the Ancient Near East in general and the Levant in particular. These finds resemble those from Ḥorbat Qitmit, where they were defined as Edomite. However, no indication of the deity worshipped …

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The Cultic Assemblage From ‘En Hazeva: The Restoration Process (Pp. 177–183), Michal Ben-Gal Jan 2025

The Cultic Assemblage From ‘En Hazeva: The Restoration Process (Pp. 177–183), Michal Ben-Gal

'Atiqot

This article describes the restoration process of the cultic vessels recovered from the Favissa at ‘En Hazeva. The objects were broken into very small pieces, which made their mending a challenging task. At the end of the restoration process, 70 clay vessels and objects were restored; most had a complete profile. It was evident that several vessel groups were made of the same batch of clay and fired under similar conditions, perhaps even made by the same potter. This may suggest that there was a functional affinity between the vessels and that they were most likely used together.

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A Provenance Study Of Two Tell El-Yahudiyeh Vessels And Other Middle Bronze Age Iia Pottery Types From Tel Burga (Pp. 99–105), Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

A Provenance Study Of Two Tell El-Yahudiyeh Vessels And Other Middle Bronze Age Iia Pottery Types From Tel Burga (Pp. 99–105), Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

Six Middle Bronze Age IIA ceramic vessels from the soundings at Tel Burga were studied petrographically, including two Tell el-Yahudiyeh vessels, one shoulder-handle jug and three piriform juglets. The aim of the analysis was to re-evaluate the previously proposed source of the Tell el-Yahudiyeh vessels and to determine the relationship between this puncture-decorated pottery and the plain ware at the site.

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Human Skeletal Remains From A Burial Cave Near Ḥorbat Zelef: A Paleodemographic Study (Pp. 65–67), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From A Burial Cave Near Ḥorbat Zelef: A Paleodemographic Study (Pp. 65–67), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The skeletal remains from the burial cave near Ḥorbat Zelef were very poorly preserved. In this article, only teeth from the Late Bronze Age I and II levels are presented, belonging to a minimum of 27 individuals. Fortunately, the tooth assemblage was large enough to reconstruct basic demographic parameters of the Ḥorbat Zelef population.

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A Built Tomb From The Middle Bronze Age Iia And Other Finds At Tel Burga In The Sharon Plain (With A Contribution By Daphna Ben-Tor) (Pp. 69–98), Amir Golani Jan 2025

A Built Tomb From The Middle Bronze Age Iia And Other Finds At Tel Burga In The Sharon Plain (With A Contribution By Daphna Ben-Tor) (Pp. 69–98), Amir Golani

'Atiqot

Two soundings were conducted within the limits of Tel Burga (Areas A, B). Exposed in Area A were an occupation level, consisting of several rounded shallow pits; three primary articulated adult burials; and a stone-built subterranean tomb, revealing two burial phases. The burials may be part of a cemetery within the confines of the Middle Bronze Age IIA settlement. In Area B, two architectural phases were encountered, pointing to the existence of a massive building, preceded by an earlier structure. All the pottery from the site, from both areas, was dated to MB IIA. Two scarabs, from the stone tomb …

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Provenance Of The Early Bronze Age Iii Khirbet Kerak Ware And Intermediate Bronze Age Vessels From A Burial Cave Near Ḥorbat Zelef (Pp. 59–63), Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

Provenance Of The Early Bronze Age Iii Khirbet Kerak Ware And Intermediate Bronze Age Vessels From A Burial Cave Near Ḥorbat Zelef (Pp. 59–63), Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

The Khirbet Kerak Ware from the burial cave at Ḥorbat Zelef was analyzed petrographically to identify the raw materials of the vessels. It was hypothesized that they were locally made in one of the neighboring Jezreel Valley production centers. In addition, Intermediate Bronze Age vessels were examined petrographically to define and identify the raw material and to compare it with the material used in the production of Early Bronze Age III pottery.

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