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Full-Text Articles in Agriculture

The Complex Winepress At Ḥorbat Siv: Analysis And Interpretation (Hebrew, Pp. 89–92; English Summary, P. 70*), Yehoshua Dray Jan 2025

The Complex Winepress At Ḥorbat Siv: Analysis And Interpretation (Hebrew, Pp. 89–92; English Summary, P. 70*), Yehoshua Dray

'Atiqot

The complex winepress exposed at Horbat Siv offers a good opportunity for a reevaluation of the wine production process. In this article, a new approach is discussed concerning the function of the various components of the installation. The hypothesis presented here considers two main facts pertaining to wine production: (1) all winepresses operated in accordance with the gravitation principle; (2) wine is extracted naturally, i.e., biochemically.

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Ḥorbat Siv: Quarries, Burial Caves, Kilns, Agricultural Installations, Roads And A Columbarium (With A Contribution By Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew, Pp. 65–87; English Summary, Pp. 68*–69*), Kareem Sa'id, Uzi 'Ad Jan 2025

Ḥorbat Siv: Quarries, Burial Caves, Kilns, Agricultural Installations, Roads And A Columbarium (With A Contribution By Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew, Pp. 65–87; English Summary, Pp. 68*–69*), Kareem Sa'id, Uzi 'Ad

'Atiqot

Excavations at Ḥorbat Sib revealed an agricultural village, whose inhabitants engaged, inter alia, in the production of oil and wine. Among the finds was a complex winepress, unique both in plan and in size—several suggestions are offered in attempt to reconstruct the way it was operated.

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A Roman-Period Burial Cave On Ha-Ḥoresh Street, Qiryat Tiv‘On (Pp. 27*–61*), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

A Roman-Period Burial Cave On Ha-Ḥoresh Street, Qiryat Tiv‘On (Pp. 27*–61*), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

A burial cave, excavated at Qiryat Tiv‘on in the Lower Galilee, contained several pottery coffins, as well as limestone and pottery ossuaries, attesting that it had been utilized by a Jewish population. The date of the coffins and ossuaries is discussed in a larger geographical and stratigraphical context. Also found in the cave were oil lamps, exhibiting a broken discus — a new suggestion forthe breaking of the discus is offered.

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A Burial Cave From The Early Roman Period On Diskin Street, Jerusalem (With A Contribution By Ronny Reich) (Hebrew, Pp. 93–103; English Summary, Pp. 71*–72*), Gideon Solimany, Rafeh Abu Raya, Ronny Reich Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Early Roman Period On Diskin Street, Jerusalem (With A Contribution By Ronny Reich) (Hebrew, Pp. 93–103; English Summary, Pp. 71*–72*), Gideon Solimany, Rafeh Abu Raya, Ronny Reich

'Atiqot

A rock-hewn, kokhim-type burial cave was exposed on Diskin Street, Jerusalem. It yielded a few potsherds, including a knife-pared lamp, dating to the Early Roman period. Ten ossuaries made of soft limestone were found; two of them are inscribed with names in Greek and in Hebrew, alluding to the Jewish origin of the interred. This cave fits well within the presently known boundaries of the ancient cemetery of Jerusalem during the first century CE.

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A Faience Amulet From Rosh Ha-‘Ayin, Miẓpe Afeq (Pp. 25*–26*), Naomi Sidi Jan 2025

A Faience Amulet From Rosh Ha-‘Ayin, Miẓpe Afeq (Pp. 25*–26*), Naomi Sidi

'Atiqot

A Faience amulet, depicting the Egyptian deity Shu/Heh,was recovered froman archaeological context dating to the fourth century BCE at Rosh Ha-‘Ayin. Based on parallels found elsewhere in the counry, ranging in date from the Iron Age IIC to the Hellenistic period, it seems that the amulet from Rosh Ha-‘Ayin can be dated soundly to the Persian-Hellenistic context within which it was found.

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Rosh Ha-‘Ayin, Miẓpe Afeq: Remains Of An Agricultural Settlement From The Iron Age To The Hellenistic Period(With A Contribution By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Hebrew, Pp. 53–63; English Summary, P. 67*), Elie Haddad Jan 2025

Rosh Ha-‘Ayin, Miẓpe Afeq: Remains Of An Agricultural Settlement From The Iron Age To The Hellenistic Period(With A Contribution By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Hebrew, Pp. 53–63; English Summary, P. 67*), Elie Haddad

'Atiqot

Within the neighborhood of Mizpe Afeq, the northeastern part of a nearby agricultural settlement was excavated. Agricultural installations, including a silo, two cisterns and a simple oil press were discovered, dating to the Iron Age; they existed until the second century BCE. A unique find is a faience amulet representing the Egyptian deity Shu/Heh.

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An Early Iron Age Cist Grave At Kibbutz Ha-Zore‘A (Hebrew, Pp. 47–51; English Summary, P. 66*), Eli Yannai Jan 2025

An Early Iron Age Cist Grave At Kibbutz Ha-Zore‘A (Hebrew, Pp. 47–51; English Summary, P. 66*), Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

A stone-lined cist grave containing six pottery vessels was exposed at Kibbutz Ha-Zorea‘ on the southeastern fringes of Tel Qiri. The vessels date from the Late Bronze Age until the late Iron Age. This grave-type is characteristic of areas in the country covered with alluvium, in which one could not hew tombs.

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A Cairn Field On The Northern Periphery Of Jerusalem (Pp 1*–23*), Yehudah Rapuano, Alexander Onn Jan 2025

A Cairn Field On The Northern Periphery Of Jerusalem (Pp 1*–23*), Yehudah Rapuano, Alexander Onn

'Atiqot

Thirty cairns of various sizes and types were documented on the Shu‘fat ridge, Jerusalem; some of them were sistematically excavated. Most of the pottery finds, both within these stone mantles and on their periphery, date to Iron Age II, seemingly the period of their construction and use. The meaning and function of these cairns is discussed in detail, inlight of the many interpretations previously offered concerning stone heaps in this region.

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Tombs From The Middle Bronze Age I Until The Iron Age At Tel Maloṭ (With A Contribution By Othmar Keel) (Hebrew, Pp. 19–39; English Summary, P. 64*), Sigal Golan Jan 2025

Tombs From The Middle Bronze Age I Until The Iron Age At Tel Maloṭ (With A Contribution By Othmar Keel) (Hebrew, Pp. 19–39; English Summary, P. 64*), Sigal Golan

'Atiqot

West of Tel Maloṭ, fourteen pit graves were uncovered, dating from Middle Bronze Age I until the Iron Age. The burial offerings placed within the gravesinclude locally produced pottery vessels alongside Cypriot imports, jewelry and scarabs. The graves are part of an ancient cemetery adjacent to the tell.

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Iron Age Tombs North Of Tel Maloṭ (Hebrew, Pp. 41–46; English Summary, P. 65*), Oren Shmueli Jan 2025

Iron Age Tombs North Of Tel Maloṭ (Hebrew, Pp. 41–46; English Summary, P. 65*), Oren Shmueli

'Atiqot

Three pit graves were exposed north of Tel Maloṭ. Poor skeletal remains were found, alongside pottery vessels from the tenth century BCE. It seems that these graves were part of the Iron Age cemetery previously unearthed to the north, west and southwest of the tell

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A Middle Bronze Age Iib Site In The Kidron Valley, Jerusalem(Hebrew, Pp. 1–18; English Summary, P. 63*), Ofer Sion, Zvi Greenhut Jan 2025

A Middle Bronze Age Iib Site In The Kidron Valley, Jerusalem(Hebrew, Pp. 1–18; English Summary, P. 63*), Ofer Sion, Zvi Greenhut

'Atiqot

The Middle Bronze Age IIB site in the Kidron Valley is a one-period site, identified as a farmstead. The periphery of Jerusalem during this period has been lately largely studied; however, this siteis the first of its kind in the southeastern part of the agricultural hinterland of Jerusalem.

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A Christian Inscription At Shelomi (Pp. 161–167), Hagit Tahan, Danny Syon Jan 2025

A Christian Inscription At Shelomi (Pp. 161–167), Hagit Tahan, Danny Syon

'Atiqot

During a salvage excavation in the industrial zone at Shelomi in the western Galilee, building remains, including a mosaic pavement, were unearthed. The mosaic featured a fragmentary Greek inscription, probably a dedicatory inscription of a church or a monastery. The inscription was dated on stylistic grounds to the sixth–seventh centuries CE. This dating is further corroborated by the pottery finds and a coin of Justin II found at the site.

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Remains From The Medieval And Ottoman Periods On The Eastern Hill Of Tell Jatt (Area D) (Hebrew, Pp. 47*–51*; English Summary, P. 173), Eli Yannai Jan 2025

Remains From The Medieval And Ottoman Periods On The Eastern Hill Of Tell Jatt (Area D) (Hebrew, Pp. 47*–51*; English Summary, P. 173), Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

On the eastern hill of Tell Jatt were uncovered remains from the medieval (twelfth–thirteenth centuries CE) and Ottoman periods. The excavation results demonstrated that contrary to the finds on the tell, which do not post-date the Roman period, the eastern spur of the tell was established during the Byzantine period and continued to be settled in the Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods.

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Radiocarbon Dating Of Samples From Ḥorbat Rozez (P. 159), Dror Segal, Israel Carmi Jan 2025

Radiocarbon Dating Of Samples From Ḥorbat Rozez (P. 159), Dror Segal, Israel Carmi

'Atiqot

Four samples from the excavation at Ḥorbat Rozez were analyzed, three of which represent strata from the end of the Iron Age until the Hellenistic period.

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The Coins From Ḥorbat Rozez (Pp. 157–158), Robert Kool Jan 2025

The Coins From Ḥorbat Rozez (Pp. 157–158), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

Nine of the ten coins, unearthed during the excavation of Ḥorbat Rozez, were identified. Seven of the coins are of the large follis type, dating from Justin I until the first years of Heraclius, thus supporting the date of the pottery finds, which do not post-date the sixth century CE.

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The Byzantine-Period Glass Vessels From Ḥorbatrozez (Pp. 145–155), Tamar Winter Jan 2025

The Byzantine-Period Glass Vessels From Ḥorbatrozez (Pp. 145–155), Tamar Winter

'Atiqot

About one thousand small glass fragments were found at Ḥorbat Rozez, ninety percent of which were associated with the Byzantine period. Most of the vessels were free-blown, a few were mold-blown. The vessel group from Ḥorbat Rozez continues Late Roman traditions, generally dating from the mid-fourth to the late sixth centuries CE. The assemblage is domestic, typically undecorated, comprising mostly bowls and bottles. Noteworthy are a large goblet and eulogia juglets. A deformed glass vessel and two glass-production wasters might attest to a local glass workshop at the site.

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The Ceramic Oil Lamps From Ḥorbat Rozez (Pp. 139–144), Varda Sussman Jan 2025

The Ceramic Oil Lamps From Ḥorbat Rozez (Pp. 139–144), Varda Sussman

'Atiqot

Some 23 lamps were unearthed at the excavation of Ḥorbat Rozez: one dated to the Hellenistic period, one to the Early Roman period, one to the Early Islamic period and the rest to the Byzantine period. All the Byzantine-period lamps, as well as the Early Islamic example, suggest an affinity with the Samaritan culture. The lamp assemblage from Ḥorbat Rozez is typical of that found in other communities on Mount Carmel.

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A Salvage Excavation At Ḥorbat Rozez (Pp. 107–137), Eli Yannai Jan 2025

A Salvage Excavation At Ḥorbat Rozez (Pp. 107–137), Eli Yannai

'Atiqot

Ḥorbat Rozez is located on the southeastern slope of Ramat Ha-Nadiv, between Zikhron Ya‘aqov and Binyamina. Excavation at the site exposed six strata, dating from the Iron Age (VI), the Persian (V–IV), Hellenistic (III), Byzantine (II) and Mamluk–Ottoman (I) periods. The architectural remains from Strata V–II point to the domestic nature of the buildings. The pottery finds relate to the occupation periods discovered at the site. Worth of mention are an imported jug from Greece or Western Anatolia and a skyphos from the Persian period; decorated jugs from the Hellenistic period; saqiya jars from the Byzantine period; and ceramic-pipe fragments …

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The Coins From Iqrit (Pp. 97–106), Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From Iqrit (Pp. 97–106), Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

Twenty-six coins were found in the burial cave excavated at Iqrit, all of them were identifiable. Several coins are of special interest: two antonininani of the brothers Macrianus II and Quietus, which are rarely found in excavations; a finely preserved coin of Caracalla, which was pierced; and a Sidonian coin depicting Julia Maesa, grandmother of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander, a type yet unpublished. Most of the coins are Roman provincial issues, minted in Phoenician cities, suggesting that Iqrit was strongly oriented to Phoenicia and Syria during the second and third centuries CE.

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A Site From The Persian, Hellenistic And Early Islamic Periods At Holot Yavne (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Gerald Finkielsztejn, Yael Gorin-Rosen, Yitzhaq Hershko, Donald T. Ariel) (Hebrew, Pp. 21*–46*; English Summary, Pp. 171–172), Amir Gorzalczany, Diego Barkan, Livnat Iechie Jan 2025

A Site From The Persian, Hellenistic And Early Islamic Periods At Holot Yavne (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Gerald Finkielsztejn, Yael Gorin-Rosen, Yitzhaq Hershko, Donald T. Ariel) (Hebrew, Pp. 21*–46*; English Summary, Pp. 171–172), Amir Gorzalczany, Diego Barkan, Livnat Iechie

'Atiqot

Excavations conducted at a here-to-far unknown site in Holot Yavne revealed building remains and occupation levels from the Persian, Hellenistic, Byzantine, Early Islamic and Mamluk periods, as well as a Persian-period cemetery. Contrary to the meager architectural remains at the site, the finds were abundant, including pottery, glass vessels, metal objects, stone vessels, stone and clay loomweights, coins and a Rhodian stamp seal. Of special interest are a Persian-period, bronze hemispherical bowl in an excellent state of preservation and a mamluk-period copper bowl etched with engravings and drawings.

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A Burial Cave From The Third–Early Fourth Centuries Ce At Iqrit (Pp. 59–96), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Third–Early Fourth Centuries Ce At Iqrit (Pp. 59–96), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

A rock-cut chamber-tomb with plain kokhim, dating to the Late Roman period, was excavated at the site of Iqrit in Upper Galilee. In the tomb were found 26 coins, made of bronze, silver and billon, complete glass vessels—of them an askos-shaped bottle is worth of mention—and gold, silver and bronze jewelry. One of the rings was set with a jasper gem depicting a warrior, apparently personifying Alexander the Great. The cave probably belonged to a family who used it for slightly more than a century, from the end of the second to the early fourth centuries CE. The relatively large …

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A Local Imitation Of A Neo-Babylonian Stamp Seal From A Burial Cave Near Gelilot (Pp. 53–57), Tallay Ornan Jan 2025

A Local Imitation Of A Neo-Babylonian Stamp Seal From A Burial Cave Near Gelilot (Pp. 53–57), Tallay Ornan

'Atiqot

A burial cave, dating to the second–fourth centuries CE was uncovered at Gelilot in the central coastal plain. Within the finds in the cave was a reused, local imitation of a Neo-Babylonian stamp seal. The impression on the seal shows a common, sixth–fifth century BCE Neo-Babylonian theme of a worshipper in front of the symbols of the gods Marduk and Nabu. The schematized style of the seal, the choice of material (black serpentine) and lack of celestial symbols point to its being a local production.

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A Middle Bronze Age Tomb At Kibbutz Ma‘Alē Ha-Hamisha (Hebrew, Pp. 15*–20*; English Summary, P. 170), Yitzhaq Meitlis Jan 2025

A Middle Bronze Age Tomb At Kibbutz Ma‘Alē Ha-Hamisha (Hebrew, Pp. 15*–20*; English Summary, P. 170), Yitzhaq Meitlis

'Atiqot

A tomb, unearthed in Kibbutz Ma‘ale Ha-Hamisha, was completely preserved, dating from Middle Bronze Age IIA–B. The tomb yielded numerous finds, some of which were intact. Worth of mention are a Tell el-Yahudiyeh juglet, exhibiting a non-frequent decoration, a rare two-handled amphoriskos and a dagger made of arsenic copper. The finds from the tomb correspond typologically and geographically to the finds in the tombs at nearby Moza.

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Animal Bone Remains From Fassuta (Pp. 51–52), Liora Kolska Horwitz Jan 2025

Animal Bone Remains From Fassuta (Pp. 51–52), Liora Kolska Horwitz

'Atiqot

A total of 39 animal bones were recovered from the Middle Bronze Age tombs at Fassuta. The bone sample, although small, closely resembles fauna recovered from contemporary tombs in the country. The remains of domestic sheep and goats are most common in the assemblage, with immature animals predominant.

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Middle Bronze Age Tombs At Fassuta (Pp. 17–42), Lilly Gershuni, Mordechai Aviam Jan 2025

Middle Bronze Age Tombs At Fassuta (Pp. 17–42), Lilly Gershuni, Mordechai Aviam

'Atiqot

Located in the northern upper Galilee, the ancient site was established on a hill named Fasil Danyal, in the vicinity of which are several springs. A salvage excavation was undertaken in two built tombs, damaged during construction in the village of Fassuta. Tomb 1 is rock-cut, rectangular-shaped and covered with limestone slabs. It contained pottery vessels, metal artifacts — among them weapons and a bronze belt and buckle — and a steatite scarab of Neferhotep I (an heirloom). Tomb 2 is much smaller, consisting of only a modest content, including a votive bowl. The tombs were probably part of a …

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The Metal Objects From Fassuta (Pp. 43–49), Sariel Shalev Jan 2025

The Metal Objects From Fassuta (Pp. 43–49), Sariel Shalev

'Atiqot

Six of the metal items recovered from Tomb 1 at Fassuta were sampled and analyzed. The chemical analysis revealed that five of the items were made of tin bronze and one item, a shaft-hole axe, was made of arsenic copper with lead. Interestingly, it was noted that during the Middle Bronze Age levels of lead at 4% or more are only found in this type of axe and in the duckbill-shaped axe. It can be said that the metallurgical profiles of the objects from Fassuta well fit our knowledge of archaeometallurgy of MB I (MB IIA).

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The Early Bronze Age Site Of Me‘Ona In The Western Galilee (Hellenistic Amphora Fragments, By Gerald Finkielsztejn) (Pp. 1–15), Eliot Braun Jan 2025

The Early Bronze Age Site Of Me‘Ona In The Western Galilee (Hellenistic Amphora Fragments, By Gerald Finkielsztejn) (Pp. 1–15), Eliot Braun

'Atiqot

This Early Bronze Age site is mostly covered by the modern cemetery of Moshav Me‘ona in the western Galilee. Soundings conducted at the site revealed a considerable quantity of artifacts, mostly potsherds, but also flint, a basalt bowl and a bone cylinder, dating to Early Bronze Age I and II. The pottery types in the assemblage suggest that the western Galilee is a region with distinct ceramic styles in EB I. The site seems to have been abandoned at the end of EB II, as there is no sign of activity in EB III. Later, in the Hellenistic and Roman–Byzantine …

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A Salvage Excavation Near Tel Regev (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–14*; English Summary, P. 169), Zach Horovich, Doron Lipkunsky Jan 2025

A Salvage Excavation Near Tel Regev (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–14*; English Summary, P. 169), Zach Horovich, Doron Lipkunsky

'Atiqot

In a salvage excavation conducted north of Tel Regev, at the foot of the Carmel Ridge, two strata were exposed, dating from the Early Bronze Age and the Byzantine period. An artificial fill, comprising a compact, uniform layer of crushed lime, was unearthed, containing an abundance of EB I–III sherds. It was evidently constructed with debris from the adjacent tell, probably serving a non-military rampart, built to protect the tell from flooding by nearby Naḥal Zippori. Based on the finds, it seems that the “rampart” was built toward the end of the Early Bronze Age.

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The Glass Finds From Arab Kefar Sava (Pp. 127–130), Natalya Katsnelson Jan 2025

The Glass Finds From Arab Kefar Sava (Pp. 127–130), Natalya Katsnelson

'Atiqot

The site excavated at Kefar Sava yielded 42 poorly preserved glass items, which originated in the Early Islamic period occupation and in the Ottoman-period cemetery. In addition, small chunks of raw glass, found together with minor remnants of blown vessels, might attest to glass production in the area during the Byzantine–Early Islamic periods. These finds complement Ayalon’s findings in his surveys, which pointed at evidence of glass production in the Kefar Sava area.

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Glass Artifacts From Tomb 7 At Fardisya (East) (Hebrew, Pp. 75*–82*; English Summary, P. 138), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Glass Artifacts From Tomb 7 At Fardisya (East) (Hebrew, Pp. 75*–82*; English Summary, P. 138), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

Tomb 7, of the double-arcosolia type, excavated at Fardisya, yielded one-hundred glass vessels and glass jewelry. All the vessels were free blown, except for one that was mold-blown. Most of the vessels represent well-known types, probably produced in the region during the Late Roman period (late third–first half of fourth centuries CE). Among the finds is a rare bottle of light green glass with three legs.

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