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Full-Text Articles in Agriculture

A Byzantine-Period Monastery At Har Ḥoma, Between Jerusalem And Bethlehem (Pp. 257–292), Yehiel Zelinger Jan 2025

A Byzantine-Period Monastery At Har Ḥoma, Between Jerusalem And Bethlehem (Pp. 257–292), Yehiel Zelinger

'Atiqot

Excavations on the northern slope of a high hill southeast of the Har Ḥoma neighborhood revealed a single-phased, sixth–seventh-century CE Byzantine coenobium monastery, and several quarries and agricultural installations. The monastery comprised a central courtyard surrounded by rooms, a chapel and a winepress. This monastery was small, probably inhabited by a community of about 20 monks. Most of the finds from the site––pottery, glass and coins––date to the Byzantine–Early Islamic periods, up to the eighth century CE. The complex resembles other contemporary monasteries located between Jerusalem and Bethlehem, the two holiest cities of Christianity.

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“(Work) Of Cilo”: An Impression Of A Roman-Period Private Stamp From The Western Wall Tunnels (Pp. 239–255), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Rachel Bar-Nathan, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Leah Di Segni Jan 2025

“(Work) Of Cilo”: An Impression Of A Roman-Period Private Stamp From The Western Wall Tunnels (Pp. 239–255), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Rachel Bar-Nathan, Anat Cohen-Weinberger, Leah Di Segni

'Atiqot

A fragment of a clay roof tile bearing the name Cilo was discovered in the Western Wall Tunnels, west of the Herodian Temple Mount. This impression joins other private stamps of the Late Roman period (second and third/early fourth century CE) previously found in Jerusalem and its environs. The private stamps of the Roman period may be attributed to private workshops that operated in Aelia Capitolina after production ceased in the military workshop at Binyene Ha-Umma.

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Coins From The Excavation Near Warren’S Gate, Jerusalem (Pp. 235–238), Donald T. Ariel Jan 2025

Coins From The Excavation Near Warren’S Gate, Jerusalem (Pp. 235–238), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

The excavations within the Western Wall Tunnels yielded 15 coins, all bronze or copper-alloy, of which 10 were identifiable. The analysis of the coins in their stratigraphic context aids in dating the construction of the main Valley Street (in the Tyropoeon Valley) and the Stepped Street that extended from the area of Robinson’s Arch to the southern point of the Tyropoeon Valley in the City of David.

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Early Roman To Medieval-Period Pottery From The Excavation Near Warren’S Gate, Jerusalem (Pp. 211–233), Peretz Reuven Jan 2025

Early Roman To Medieval-Period Pottery From The Excavation Near Warren’S Gate, Jerusalem (Pp. 211–233), Peretz Reuven

'Atiqot

The pottery assemblage retrieved from the limited excavation within the Western Wall Tunnels originated in five strata dating from the Early Roman period to the thirteenth or fifteenth centuries CE. Selected sherds from each stratum and phase are illustrated and discussed.

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Arabic Letters On The Facade Of The Tel Arza Burial Cave (Pp. 193–194), Nitzan Amitai-Preiss Jan 2025

Arabic Letters On The Facade Of The Tel Arza Burial Cave (Pp. 193–194), Nitzan Amitai-Preiss

'Atiqot

Five Arabic letters were engraved on the facade of the Second Temple period burial cave in the Tel Arza neighborhood. Based on the shape of the letters and their parallels, the inscription can be dated to the seventh–early ninth century CE.

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Herodian Pavement (Esplanade?) And Later Remains Near Warren’S Gate, West Of The Temple Mount, Jerusalem (Pp. 195–210), Alexander Onn, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah Jan 2025

Herodian Pavement (Esplanade?) And Later Remains Near Warren’S Gate, West Of The Temple Mount, Jerusalem (Pp. 195–210), Alexander Onn, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

'Atiqot

The excavation west of Warren’s Gate exposed five strata dating from the late Second Temple period (first century CE) to medieval times (tenth–thirteenth centuries CE). A pavement and drainage channel dating from the first century CE were most probably associated with the northwestern Herodian entrance gate to the Temple Mount. A small segment of a sixth-century CE pavement, exposed above the Roman drainage channel, seems to have been part of a street or a public square, and an Early Islamic staircase descending eastward may have led to the entrance gate to the Temple Mount. It is believed that Warren’s Gate …

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A Greek Or Latin Inscription From The Tel Arza Burial Cave (Pp. 187–191), Leah Di Segni Jan 2025

A Greek Or Latin Inscription From The Tel Arza Burial Cave (Pp. 187–191), Leah Di Segni

'Atiqot

An inscription, engraved on the Doric architrave of the distylos in antis facade of the Second Temple period burial cave at Tel Arza, renders a Hebrew name, possibly the tomb owner. The characters are a mix of Latin and Greek. Although Latin inscriptions are rare, they are not unknown in Jewish inscriptions of the Second Temple period.

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A Monumental Burial Cave In The Tel Arza Neighborhood, Jerusalem (Pp. 161–176), Alexander Wiegmann, Yuval Baruch Jan 2025

A Monumental Burial Cave In The Tel Arza Neighborhood, Jerusalem (Pp. 161–176), Alexander Wiegmann, Yuval Baruch

'Atiqot

A previously documented facade and courtyard of an elaborate burial cave were uncovered in the Tel Arza neighborhood, located in the Second Temple period northern necropolis of Jerusalem. The facade was carved into the dense white meleke limestone. This article presents new details and a reevaluation of the facade’s architectural decorations, offering a more accurate reconstruction.

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The Facade Of The Tel Arza Burial Cave: Architectural Style And A Comparative Study (Pp. 177–186), Orit Peleg-Barkat Jan 2025

The Facade Of The Tel Arza Burial Cave: Architectural Style And A Comparative Study (Pp. 177–186), Orit Peleg-Barkat

'Atiqot

The Tel Arza burial cave is one of the most elaborately decorated burial caves in the Second Temple period necropolis of Jerusalem. Its distylos in antis facade resembles a two-story edifice facade, probably indicating that the tomb was owned by an affluent Jewish family. This paper presents an analysis of the architectural components of the decorated facade, followed by a general discussion and comparative study as a means for providing a relative dating for the burial cave.

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Coins From Bishop Gobat School, Mount Zion, Jerusalem (Pp. 151–159), Donald T. Ariel Jan 2025

Coins From Bishop Gobat School, Mount Zion, Jerusalem (Pp. 151–159), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

Fifty-five coins were found in the excavations on Mount Zion, most dating to the Second Temple period, in accordance with other finds retrieved from the excavation.

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Chalkstone Vessels From Bishop Gobat School, Mount Zion, Jerusalem (Pp. 147–150), David Amit Jan 2025

Chalkstone Vessels From Bishop Gobat School, Mount Zion, Jerusalem (Pp. 147–150), David Amit

'Atiqot

The excavations on the western slopes of Mount Zion yielded a rich and varied selection of chalkstone vessels, typical of Jewish settlements of the late Second Temple period and the period between the Revolts (first century BCE–second century CE). Stone vessels have been discovered in many sites in Herodian-period Jerusalem, and it is commonly accepted that they were produced in adherence to Jewish halakhic constrictions, according to which stone vessels retained their purity.

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The Pottery From Bishop Gobat School, Mount Zion, Jerusalem (Pp. 129–145), Debora Sandhaus Jan 2025

The Pottery From Bishop Gobat School, Mount Zion, Jerusalem (Pp. 129–145), Debora Sandhaus

'Atiqot

The pottery from the Mount Zion excavations exhibits types that are typical of Herodian-period Jerusalem: jars, pilgrim flasks, kraters and cooking vessels. These vessels are described typologically with contemporary parallels from the Jewish Quarter excavations in Jerusalem and Masada.

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A Herodian-Period Staircase On Mount Zion, Jerusalem, And A Reevaluation Of The Remainsfrom Bishop Gobat School (Pp. 89–128), Amit Re’Em Jan 2025

A Herodian-Period Staircase On Mount Zion, Jerusalem, And A Reevaluation Of The Remainsfrom Bishop Gobat School (Pp. 89–128), Amit Re’Em

'Atiqot

The excavation near Bishop Gobat School on Mount Zion exposed findings, which together with information gleaned from previous nearby excavations, permits a renewed discussion of three principal elements: a stairway, a dump and the ‘Rock Scarp of Zion.’ This article presents insights and suggestions regarding the existence of a stepped path that led to a gate in the First Wall; the identification of the dump that sealed the stairway as the Roman siege ramp that was piled up to besiege Jerusalem; and the dating of the ‘Rock Scarp of Zion’ to the Crusader/Ayyubid period, the twelfth to thirteenth centuries CE.

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An Aramaic Inscription From Beneath Wilson’S Arch (Pp. 75–88), Esther Eshel, Avraham Solomon, Tehillah Lieberman, Joe Uziel, Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

An Aramaic Inscription From Beneath Wilson’S Arch (Pp. 75–88), Esther Eshel, Avraham Solomon, Tehillah Lieberman, Joe Uziel, Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

The excavations under Wilson’s Arch yielded a fourth–third-century BCE administrative Aramaic inscription, incised in mirror writing on a potsherd. The inscription is of great importance as it contributes to our understanding of the development of language and writing in Jerusalem in this period, also reflecting on the scribe’s origin.

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“Jerusalem Ivories”: Iron Age Decorated Ivory Panels From Building 100, Giv‘Ati Parking Lot Excavations, And Their Cultural Setting (Pp. 57–74), Reli Avisar, Yiftah Shalev, Harel Shochat, Yuval Gadot, Ido Koch Jan 2025

“Jerusalem Ivories”: Iron Age Decorated Ivory Panels From Building 100, Giv‘Ati Parking Lot Excavations, And Their Cultural Setting (Pp. 57–74), Reli Avisar, Yiftah Shalev, Harel Shochat, Yuval Gadot, Ido Koch

'Atiqot

This preliminary report presents an assemblage of ivory items found in the precincts of the City of David National Park in Jerusalem. Such prestigious ivory items have only been found in prominent cities, such as Late Bronze Age Megiddo and Iron Age Samaria, where they originated in buildings recognized as part of palatial complexes. These items are the first of their kind to be found in Jerusalem, revealing the wealth of Jerusalem’s elite on the eve of the city’s destruction in 586 BCE. The findings shed light on the cultural and economic role of the city’s elite in the “global” …

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Animal Bone Remains From The Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 49–56), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

Animal Bone Remains From The Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 49–56), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

The Middle Bronze Age II burial cave at Beit Ṣafafa yielded a small assemblage of animal bones. At least nine different animals were documented, all adult at death. The remains of the funerary deposits are typical of MB II in their exclusive use of caprine offerings. The bones provide additional data concerning animal offerings that accompanied interments in the Middle Bronze Age.

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Human Skeletal Remains From The Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 47–48), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From The Middle Bronze Age Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 47–48), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Poorly preserved human skeletal remains were found in the Middle Bronze Age II burial cave at Beit Ṣafafa. The bones were found scattered precluding a reconstruction of the original posture of the interred. Basic anthropological parameters, such as the minimum number of individuals (MNI) and age at death, were estimated.

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A Middle Bronze Age Ii Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (With Contributions By Daphna Ben-Tor, Laura A. Peri) (Pp. 1–31), Nathan Ben-Ari, Alexander Wiegmann Jan 2025

A Middle Bronze Age Ii Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (With Contributions By Daphna Ben-Tor, Laura A. Peri) (Pp. 1–31), Nathan Ben-Ari, Alexander Wiegmann

'Atiqot

The burial cave, that was part of a larger burial site along the Refa’im Valley, was hewn on the southern slope of a chalky hill above the northern bank of a small wadi. The finds in the cave were clustered in six distinct groups, comprising standardized burial kits of pottery and metal finds, showing close affinities with other central hill country burial sites. Some prestige items, such as a scarab, an amulet, a cylinder seal and a dagger, were recovered from the cave, suggesting that at least one high-ranking individual was interred.

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Residue Analysis Of Middle Bronze Age Vessels From The Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 33–45), Dvory Namdar Jan 2025

Residue Analysis Of Middle Bronze Age Vessels From The Burial Cave At Beit Ṣafafa, Jerusalem (Pp. 33–45), Dvory Namdar

'Atiqot

A total of 55 pottery vessels from the Middle Bronze Age II burial cave at Beit Ṣafafa were sampled and submitted to Absorbed Organic Residues screening and analyses. In 20 of the vessels, the presence of olive oil was recognized––a frequent occurrence in burial caves. Three small piriform black juglets contained vanillin mixed with olive oil. The source of the vanillin is unclear.

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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The Flint Artifacts From Tel Ḥanan (Pp. 161–162), Vladimir Zbinovich Jan 2025

The Flint Artifacts From Tel Ḥanan (Pp. 161–162), Vladimir Zbinovich

'Atiqot

Ninety-five flint artifacts were retrieved from unclear contexts at Tel Ḥanan, including 22 tools and 2 hammerstones. The flint tools were made of good-quality Eocene flint and most probably originated in an earlier Pottery Neolithic occupation.

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The Coins From Tel Ḥanan (Pp. 157–159), Donald T. Ariel Jan 2025

The Coins From Tel Ḥanan (Pp. 157–159), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

Three coins were recovered from Tel Ḥanan, one Ptolemaic and two Seleucid. Late Seleucid tetradrachms, and tetradrachms of Demetrius II in particular, are common in Hellenistic-period sites in the region.

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Stamped Amphora Handles From Tel Ḥanan (Pp. 151–156), Gerald Finkielsztejn Jan 2025

Stamped Amphora Handles From Tel Ḥanan (Pp. 151–156), Gerald Finkielsztejn

'Atiqot

Six stamped amphora handles were found in the excavations at Tel Ḥanan: Knidian and Rhodian. They are dated from the late fourth–early third century to the mid-second century BCE. The stamps are catalogued by origin and are presented in chronological order.

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Persian- And Hellenistic-Period Imported Amphoras From Tel Ḥanan(Pp. 147–150), Samuel R. Wolff Jan 2025

Persian- And Hellenistic-Period Imported Amphoras From Tel Ḥanan(Pp. 147–150), Samuel R. Wolff

'Atiqot

The excavations at Tel Ḥanan yielded a small collection of amphora sherds, mostly small fragments, apart from a Rhodian amphora. A few comments are presented in order to advance further amphora studies in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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A Persian- And Hellenistic-Period Settlement At Tel Ḥanan(With Contributions Bybarak Monnickendam-Givon, Alla Nagorsky)(Pp. 93–145), Alla Nagorsky, Shoshana Israeli Jan 2025

A Persian- And Hellenistic-Period Settlement At Tel Ḥanan(With Contributions Bybarak Monnickendam-Givon, Alla Nagorsky)(Pp. 93–145), Alla Nagorsky, Shoshana Israeli

'Atiqot

The excavation at Tel Ḥanan exposed building remains of a Persian- and Hellenistic-period settlement, as well as pottery dating from the Middle Bronze Age, the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The architectural remains attributed to the Persian and Hellenistic periods attest to careful planning, as is known from other contemporary coastal sites. According to the ceramic and numismatic evidence, the settlement at Tel Ḥanan maintained trading connections with Phoenician sites along the northern coast of Israel and Lebanon. Based on the finds, we may conclude that the site was inhabited until 150 BCE.

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The Flint Assemblage From Kerem Maharal (Pp. 87–92), Ofer Marder Jan 2025

The Flint Assemblage From Kerem Maharal (Pp. 87–92), Ofer Marder

'Atiqot

The excavations at Kerem Maharal yielded a collection of flint artifacts from various stratigraphic contexts. The assemblage includes tool types that point to an Epipaleolithic occupation, probably Geometric Kebaran. Although the flint tool kit is small, the assemblage contributes to our knowledge of Epipaleolithic open-air sites in the Carmel region.

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The Glass Finds From Kerem Maharal (Pp. 75–83), Natalya Katsnelson Jan 2025

The Glass Finds From Kerem Maharal (Pp. 75–83), Natalya Katsnelson

'Atiqot

The glass finds from Kerem Maharal were mostly scattered throughout the site; only a few specimens came from secure contexts. Most of the datable fragments are assigned to the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, while several fragments were retrieved from Mamluk and Ottoman/modern strata. The repertoire is limited, comprising common daily tableware and oil lamps, remains of windowpanes and glass-jewelry items. Discarded glass debris, including two small chunks of greenish blue raw glass, indicate that a glass furnace may have operated nearby, probably during the sixth–seventh centuries CE.

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The Coins From Kerem Maharal (Pp. 85–86), Robert Kool Jan 2025

The Coins From Kerem Maharal (Pp. 85–86), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

The excavations at Kerem Maharal yielded seven coins from two distinct periods: Byzantine and early Ottoman. Particularly interesting is a rare find of a single silver teston minted in Nancy under Antoine Duke of Lorraine-Bar (1508–1544 CE).

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The Pottery Of The Islamic Periods From Kerem Maharal (Pp. 49–73), Katia Cytryn-Silverman Jan 2025

The Pottery Of The Islamic Periods From Kerem Maharal (Pp. 49–73), Katia Cytryn-Silverman

'Atiqot

The pottery assemblages from Kerem Maharal testify to a continuous settlement at the site from the Early Islamic to the late Ottoman periods, apart from a chronological gap between the late Mamluk and early Ottoman periods (fifteenth–sixteenth centuries CE). The earliest Islamic assemblage dates to the eighth century CE, and the latest assemblage was dated to the late eighteenth–early twentieth centuries CE and was related to the village of Ijzim, a settlement in the Haifa region during the late Ottoman and British Mandate periods.

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Pottery Of The Persian, Hellenistic, Roman And Byzantine Periods At Kerem Maharal (Pp. 23–47), Peter Gendelman, Kareem Sa‘Id Jan 2025

Pottery Of The Persian, Hellenistic, Roman And Byzantine Periods At Kerem Maharal (Pp. 23–47), Peter Gendelman, Kareem Sa‘Id

'Atiqot

The excavations at Kerem Maharal exposed several occupation strata from the Persian to the end of the Byzantine periods (Strata XI–VII). The Persian-period assemblage (sixth–fourth centuries BCE) comprises both local and imported types, testifying to a long-lived and prosperous settlement. Most of the vessels are of the local Mount Carmel tradition; some, however, show affinities with nearby Phoenician coastal cities. The finds from the Byzantine period are limited to the end of that period, the sixth and early seventh centuries CE, possibly continuing into the early Umayyad period.

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