Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Management Information Systems Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Technology and Innovation (1032)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (831)
- Computer Sciences (784)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (695)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (684)
-
- Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods (635)
- E-Commerce (565)
- Engineering (430)
- Databases and Information Systems (306)
- Communication (299)
- Information Security (278)
- Computer Engineering (266)
- Business Intelligence (255)
- Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering (250)
- Operations and Supply Chain Management (244)
- Library and Information Science (242)
- Education (240)
- Marketing (219)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (219)
- Business and Corporate Communications (215)
- Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations (191)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (189)
- Business Analytics (184)
- Other Business (183)
- Social Media (181)
- Computer and Systems Architecture (175)
- Operational Research (172)
- Human Resources Management (170)
- Institution
-
- California State University, San Bernardino (860)
- Selected Works (617)
- Kennesaw State University (377)
- SelectedWorks (304)
- Singapore Management University (215)
-
- Universitas Indonesia (169)
- Wright State University (137)
- New Jersey Institute of Technology (124)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (110)
- Clark University (75)
- Georgia State University (75)
- Air Force Institute of Technology (69)
- San Jose State University (62)
- University of Texas at Arlington (56)
- The University of San Francisco (53)
- Illinois State University (52)
- Harrisburg University of Science and Technology (51)
- Boise State University (44)
- Missouri University of Science and Technology (44)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (37)
- Santa Clara University (36)
- Montclair State University (35)
- Marshall University (34)
- Butler University (31)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (30)
- Brigham Young University (26)
- Claremont Colleges (25)
- University of Massachusetts Boston (25)
- University of Dayton (24)
- Utah State University (21)
- Keyword
-
- Information (332)
- Computer (235)
- Information management (225)
- Evolution (221)
- Technology (146)
-
- Information systems (78)
- Management (66)
- IT (64)
- Business (63)
- Information technology (52)
- Internet (52)
- Präsentation (50)
- Knowledge management (47)
- Refereed Articles (47)
- Information security (46)
- Innovation (46)
- Information Systems (45)
- Cybersecurity (43)
- Journal Articles (41)
- Social media (41)
- Systems (41)
- Collaboration (38)
- Conference Proceedings (37)
- Privacy (37)
- Wissenschaftliche Zeitschriften (37)
- System (36)
- Trust (36)
- Security (35)
- Healthcare (34)
- Information Technology (34)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Journal of International Technology and Information Management (403)
- Journal of International Information Management (243)
- Communications of the IIMA (184)
- The South East Asian Journal of Management (165)
- Hubert Oesterle (152)
-
- Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems (151)
- The African Journal of Information Systems (146)
- Theses and Dissertations (117)
- Dissertations (101)
- Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice (87)
- KSU Proceedings on Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice (82)
- School of Professional Studies (74)
- Dissertations and Theses (52)
- International Journal for Business Education (52)
- Computer Information Systems Faculty Publications (50)
- Herbert J. Mattord (50)
- ISSCM Faculty Publications (50)
- Information Systems & Operations Management Dissertations (49)
- Extension Farm and Ranch Management News (46)
- IT and Supply Chain Management Faculty Publications and Presentations (43)
- Business and Information Technology Faculty Research & Creative Works (40)
- Theses (38)
- Information Systems and Analytics (36)
- ISSCM Newsletters (35)
- Business Analytics and Information Systems (34)
- Saurabh Gupta (34)
- Faculty Publications (32)
- Department of Information Management and Business Analytics Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works (31)
- Faculty and Research Publications (31)
- Scholarship and Professional Work - Business (31)
- Publication Type
Articles 4471 - 4500 of 4538
Full-Text Articles in Management Information Systems
Perceptions Of Information Systems Structures' Impact On Mis Success And Effectiveness, Ephrem Eyob
Perceptions Of Information Systems Structures' Impact On Mis Success And Effectiveness, Ephrem Eyob
Journal of International Information Management
This article provides results from a study on the perceptions of information systems structures' impact on implementation of MIS success and effectiveness via organizational context variables. The focus is on the use of MIS effectiveness and success variables that are utilized in MIS research. Several hypotheses were tested to discern impact of information systems structures on MIS effectiveness and success. The results show that several of these organizational context variables are associated to various degrees, depending on the MIS structure, with MIS success and effectiveness.
The Future Of Management And Computer Technology, Afsaneh Fanaeian Nour, Brian H. Kleiner
The Future Of Management And Computer Technology, Afsaneh Fanaeian Nour, Brian H. Kleiner
Journal of International Information Management
The impact of computers in organizational management has been the subject of much literature. As such, one can note distinct variations as to impact on different levels of today's management. A linear relation between the future of organizational management and advanced computer technology has been detailed. Parameters such as the human factor, integrated systems or networking, future computer aided manufacturing, and fifth generation com.puters were the key issues on revolutionizing this same management. It is predicted that human like robots and thinking machines slowly will eliminate management, wherein organizational structures will be redesigned to suit this revolution.
Toward A Parsimonious Architecture For Intelligent Organizational Information Systems, Robert P. Minch
Toward A Parsimonious Architecture For Intelligent Organizational Information Systems, Robert P. Minch
IT and Supply Chain Management Faculty Publications and Presentations
An architecture for intelligent organizational information systems is proposed which consists of three functions: processing, communicating, and memory--any or all of which may be performed by either humans or computers. Processing occurs on a set of communicating processors with access to memory, and is defined as having three sub-functions: sensing, interpreting, and acting. The communicating and memory functions are seen to have certain basic characteristics whether described in terms from human organization or computer organization literature. The architecture may prove a useful guide for future research which begins to consider intelligent organizational information systems with increasingly synergistic roles played by …
Using Group Support Systems To Facilitate The Research Process, Robert Anson, Jack W. Fellers, Robert P. Bostrom, Laku Chidambaram
Using Group Support Systems To Facilitate The Research Process, Robert Anson, Jack W. Fellers, Robert P. Bostrom, Laku Chidambaram
IT and Supply Chain Management Faculty Publications and Presentations
Group Support Systems (GSS) and their effects on group processes and outcomes have been an object of intense study over the past ten years. The purpose of this paper is to take a different perspective with respect to GSS research. Rather than discussing research about GSS, we will discuss the capabilities of GSS tools to support the process of doing research. A model of the steps involved in the research process is discussed and specific suggestions for the application of GSS tools are mapped to these research steps. GSS can provide a variety of benefits to researchers, including basic meeting …
Learn Audit Selection Rules From Data: A Genetic Algorithms Approach, David P. Greene, Rayman D. Meservy, Stephen F. Smith
Learn Audit Selection Rules From Data: A Genetic Algorithms Approach, David P. Greene, Rayman D. Meservy, Stephen F. Smith
Faculty Publications
The construction of expert systems typically require the availability of expertise that can be modeled. However, there are many important problems where no expertise exists, yet there is a wealth of data indicating results in different situations. Machine learning algorithms attempt to discover rules which capture the regularities that exists in such data.
An Experimental Sequence Examining The Effect Of Task Type, Memory Condition, And Display Presentation Type On Performance Time And Error Rate, Using Columnar Table Versus Vertical Bar Graph Versus Line Graph, Suparna Das
Theses
A total of 126 subjects at various levels of school and a health related manufacturing firm participated in three experiments that compared Tables, Line graphs and Bar graphs forms of data presentation. The experiments were performed each consisting of a training task followed by answering some questions based on the presented material. The experimental series were presented to six groups. Group 1, 3, 5 viewed Line graphs, Tables or Bar graphs respectively while answering the questions while the other three groups answered questions based on memory of either Line graphs, Table or Bar graph presentation.
The independent variables were:
- Memory …
Reuse And Productivity In Integrated Computer-Aided Software Engineering: An Empirical Study, Rajiv D. Banker, Robert J. Kauffman
Reuse And Productivity In Integrated Computer-Aided Software Engineering: An Empirical Study, Rajiv D. Banker, Robert J. Kauffman
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Growing competition in the investment banking industry has given rise to increasing demand for high functionality software applications that can be developed in a short period of time. Yet delivering such applications creates a bottleneck in software development activities. This dilemma can be addressed when firms shift to development methods that emphasize software reusability. This article examines the productivity implications of object and repository-based integrated computer-aided software engineering (ICASE) software development in the context of a major investment bank's information systems strategy. The strategy emphasizes software reusability. Our empirical results, based on data from 20 projects that delivered software for …
Case-Based Reasoning And Risk Assessment In Audit Judgment, Eric L. Denna, James V. Hansen, Rayman D. Meservy, Larry E. Wood
Case-Based Reasoning And Risk Assessment In Audit Judgment, Eric L. Denna, James V. Hansen, Rayman D. Meservy, Larry E. Wood
Faculty Publications
The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of an effort to utilize Case Based Reasoning (CBR) to model a specific audit judgment task. To date most efforts to develop computational models of audit judgment have used strictly rule-based representation methods. Some researchers have recently adopted more robust structures to model the auditor domain knowledge. Although these recent efforts to extend the representation methods appear to be more accurate descriptions of auditor reasoning and memory, they still lack a comprehensive. theory to guide the development of the model. A commonly encountered phenomenon in audit judgment is for an …
The Performance Of Training Pattern Sets In A New Art-Based Neural Architecture For Image Enhancement, Fu-Chun Chang
The Performance Of Training Pattern Sets In A New Art-Based Neural Architecture For Image Enhancement, Fu-Chun Chang
Theses
Neural network can be applied on the image enhancement after adding another two layers into the Adaptive Resonance Theory architectures (ART 1). The analysis for selecting a nice training pattern set associate the appropriate vigilance values is the main concerns in this thesis. For a single training pattern ,the network can act as a mathematical morphology operators such as erosion , dilation, opening and closing. With more than one training patterns in the network, 16 experiments are tested and are compared to each other in order to find the best selection for doing the image enhancement work. With both the …
Rule-Based Module And Object-Oriented Design For Optical Character Recognition, Min Gao
Rule-Based Module And Object-Oriented Design For Optical Character Recognition, Min Gao
Theses
In this thesis, I present a optical character recognition technique based on the rule-based module and object-oriented design. A document image is first scanned, and then segmented into isolated characters by the use of projection profiles. The recognition procedures include three steps: contour extraction, strokes detection and rule-based classification. The contour extraction is to extract the outbound boundary and to perform the boundary linking and noise removal. The stroke detection is to detect the features or strokes of the outbound boundary, such as horizontal/vertical lines, left/right slash lines and left-/right-opened curves. The rule-based classification consists of two rules: character definition …
Decision Support Systems Process Tracing Using Hypermedia, Robert P. Minch
Decision Support Systems Process Tracing Using Hypermedia, Robert P. Minch
IT and Supply Chain Management Faculty Publications and Presentations
Two main alternative approaches to analyzing decision processes--implicit input/output inference models and explicit tracing of observable decision process manifestations-are reviewed with emphasis on explicit tracing methods. An emerging technology, hypermedia, is then examined as to how it may facilitate the process tracing method of decision making analysis. Examples are presented of mappings between hypermedia computer/user interface functions (such as mouse movements and mouse clicks) and underlying decision process functions. Issues of data quality, breadth of application, and implementation cost are discussed. Hypermedia process tracing is compared with other process tracing methods, including monitoring of eye movements, verbal protocols, and non …
How To Arrive At Computer Integrated Manufacturing: A 3-Year Survey, Arnoud De Meyer
How To Arrive At Computer Integrated Manufacturing: A 3-Year Survey, Arnoud De Meyer
Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business
The large majority of modern production companies have at their disposal a multitude of computer systems. The immediate challenge for these companies consists of integrating these computer systems and databases. How will one arrive at this integration? On the basis of a questionnaire administered in 1985, 1986 and 1987 among a group of large European manufacturers, one comes to the conclusion that this integration is one of the immediate priorities for this group of companies. They do not intend to implement turnkey systems. but instead will integrate the different databases and computer systems gradually. One can see emerging islands of …
The Administration Of The Health Programs, Maged Reda Botros
The Administration Of The Health Programs, Maged Reda Botros
Archived Theses and Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Economic Models For Battery Energy Storage: Improvements For Existing Methods, Ronald C. Reckrodt, Max Darwin Anderson, Raymond Michael Kluczny
Economic Models For Battery Energy Storage: Improvements For Existing Methods, Ronald C. Reckrodt, Max Darwin Anderson, Raymond Michael Kluczny
Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
While the technology required to produce viable Battery Energy Storage System exists, the economic feasibility (cost vs. benefits) of building these systems requires justification. First, a generalized decision diagram was developed to ensure that all of the economic factors were considered and properly related for the customer-side-of-the meter. Next, two economic models that had consistently given differing results were compared. One was the McKinney model developed at UM-Rolla in 1987; the second was the SYSPLAN model developed by Battelle. Differences were resolved on a point-by-point basis with reference to the current economic environment. The economic model was upgraded to include …
Cooperative Processing: An Agenda For Research, Wita Wojtkowski, Waclaw G. Wojtkowski
Cooperative Processing: An Agenda For Research, Wita Wojtkowski, Waclaw G. Wojtkowski
IT and Supply Chain Management Faculty Publications and Presentations
The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential research agenda for Cooperative Processing (COP). COP is a method of processing in which communications is an integral part of the process of executing an application. Numerous innovative products that support COP are starting to appear on the market. However, as is usually the case with any new technology, many organizations have not yet implemented COP. They have embraced a "wait and see" attitude. Such a stance can be attributed to the newness of the applications operating in COP mode and to the lack of data demonstrating COP'S uses and …
Measuring The Effectiveness Of Hypertext In Decision Support, Robert P. Minch, Gary I. Green
Measuring The Effectiveness Of Hypertext In Decision Support, Robert P. Minch, Gary I. Green
IT and Supply Chain Management Faculty Publications and Presentations
Hypertext is an emerging technology that has not been researched adequately, particularly in organizations that utilize decision support technologies. This paper suggests that developing a set of dependent variables to measure effectiveness of hypertext in decision support is an important first step in a program of research. A review of empirical hypertext research is presented followed by a discussion of research assessing effectiveness of decision support and related systems. The role of hypertext in organizations is conceptually linked to the three main phases of the decision making process: problem structuring, analysis, and problem resolution. A set of six classes of …
Hypermedia Knowledge Management For Intelligent Organizations, Robert P. Minch
Hypermedia Knowledge Management For Intelligent Organizations, Robert P. Minch
IT and Supply Chain Management Faculty Publications and Presentations
Using a simple model consisting of individual knowledge bases, organization knowledge bases, organization actions, and environment responses, hypermedia is investigated as a technology for knowledge management in intelligent organizations. Cognitive mapping, issue-based information systems, and generalized hypertext methods are reviewed before proposing desirable features of hypermedia organization knowledge management. These desirable features include a variety of typed hypertext nodes and links, process memory, learning support, and both automated and user-directed manipulation of knowledge bases. Interactions of the knowledge bases with organization actions and environmental responses are also discussed.
The Knowledge Systems Transfer Project: A Multiple Perspective Investigation Into The Integration Of A New Technology Within A Business Unit, Steven Craig Tarr
The Knowledge Systems Transfer Project: A Multiple Perspective Investigation Into The Integration Of A New Technology Within A Business Unit, Steven Craig Tarr
Dissertations and Theses
Many organizations have been attempting to build a conceptual framework for managing technology, with varying degrees of success. Most begin by consulting leading technology authorities, borrowing elements of their thinking, and adapting these elements to their organizational and personal situations. This dissertation extends this process by using the formal research methodology of multiple perspectives (technical, organizational, personal, and cross-cuing) to build a case-based model of the technology integration process. The research and the model construction benefits from a solid foundation established through a review of technology management and knowledge systems literature. The significant aspects of the research are tied to …
The Effect Of Employers' Attitudes On The Implementation Of Computer Aided Manufacturing Techniques In The Furniture Industry In Western Australia, Brian Ferguson
Theses : Honours
In this study, the incorporation of computers in industry is compared with the industrial revolution. It is envisaged that computers in industry will bring about similar sweeping changes to the workforce as those that took place during the eighteenth century. However, it is noted that, thus far, Australian industry leaders in general remain ignorant of these changes (Eckersley 1988,p.3) and the Western Australian furniture industry is no exception. If Australian industry in general and the Western Australian furniture industry in particular, are to avoid a similar decline in economic competitiveness to that experienced by European countries {Marcum 1986,p.28 ), there …
An Empirical Test Of Staw And Ross Prescriptions For The Management Of Escalation Of Commitment Behavior In Organizations, Kenneth J. Dunegan, S L. Barton, D Duchon
An Empirical Test Of Staw And Ross Prescriptions For The Management Of Escalation Of Commitment Behavior In Organizations, Kenneth J. Dunegan, S L. Barton, D Duchon
Management And Labor Relations
Tests two major prescriptions of Staw and Ross about the management of escalation behavior in organizations. Since these prescriptions are primarily based on research using students in controlled settings, the efficacy of the prescriptions was tested in the context of a real, functioning organization. The results provide conditional support for separating initial decision responsibility from subsequent responsibility as a means of reducing escalation behavior. However, the findings did not support a reduction of project failure risk as a means of minimizing escalation of commitment to a failing course of action.
Parameter Non-Stationarity In A Model To Estimate The Business Value Of Information Technology, Robert J. Kauffman
Parameter Non-Stationarity In A Model To Estimate The Business Value Of Information Technology, Robert J. Kauffman
Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems
Developing robust and refined measures to quantify strategic impacts is a major challenge facing researchers who seek to improve methods for IT investment evaluation. This paper presents a means to test for parameter "non-stationarity" in a model which quantifies the strategic contribution of IT. An iterative "jackknife" procedure is used to diagnose if different local competitive and demographic conditions present in branch banking enhance or suppress leverage on deposit market share associated with membership in an ATM network. Preliminary results suggest this approach will be useful for managers who need to evaluate similar ITs which operate in different environments.
Enhancing Manufacturing Planning And Control Systems Through Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Ronald S. Dattero, John J. Kanet, Edna M. White
Enhancing Manufacturing Planning And Control Systems Through Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Ronald S. Dattero, John J. Kanet, Edna M. White
MIS/OM/DS Faculty Publications
Manufacturing planning and control systems are currently dominated by systems based upon Material Requirements Planning (MRP). MRP systems have a number of fundamental flaws. A potential alternative to MRP systems is suggested after research into the economic batch scheduling problem.
Based on the ideas of economic batch scheduling, and enhanced through artificial intelligence techniques, an alternative approach to manufacturing planning and control is developed. A framework for future research on this alternative to MRP is presented.
The Effect Of Textual Errors On Dyadic And Individual Learning, Richard H. Hall, Donald F. Dansereau, Angela M. O'Donnell, Lisa P. Skaggs
The Effect Of Textual Errors On Dyadic And Individual Learning, Richard H. Hall, Donald F. Dansereau, Angela M. O'Donnell, Lisa P. Skaggs
Business and Information Technology Faculty Research & Creative Works
The Major Objective of the Present Experiment Was to Assess the Effects of Textual Errors on Dyadic and Individual Learning. One Hundred Undergraduates Were Taught a Four-Step Learning Strategy, after Which They Studied a Text Passage Either Dyadically or Individually. Half of the Passages within Both Conditions Contained Syntactic Errors. Total Recall Measures Indicated that Dyads Performed Better Than Individuals on Recall of Text in Sections Not Containing Errors, Whereas the Groups Did Not Differ on Recall of the Material in Text Sections Containing Errors. Further, Dyads Outscored Individuals on Measures of Recall of Error Location, Error Frequency, and Perceived …
Korean Value Systems And Managerial Practices, Dong Ki Kim, Chong W. Kim
Korean Value Systems And Managerial Practices, Dong Ki Kim, Chong W. Kim
Management Faculty Research
Human beings are by nature sociocultural creatures. Our behavior is influenced not only by traditional value systems but also by contemporary education and training. In the same manner, the managerial practices of Korean managers are strongly influenced by the norms and value systems of the traditional Korean society. But, as the society changes from an agrarian society to an industrialized one, so does the behavior of Korean managers. This chapter focuses on the process of this change. More specifically, it will look at the effects of traditional value systems and those of industrialization on Korean managerial practices.
Research Issues Involving Hypertext In Decision Support Systems, Robert P. Minch
Research Issues Involving Hypertext In Decision Support Systems, Robert P. Minch
IT and Supply Chain Management Faculty Publications and Presentations
The term hypertext describes a computerized system which allows the user to browse through a network of nodes, each of which is commonly a collection of text but which may be quantitative models or other entities. A review o f DSS research and applications frameworks in the literature reveals several areas where further research may be valuable in identifying the usefulness and appropriate role of hypertext in DSS. These issues involve user characteristics, decision and problem characteristics, situational and organizational factors, and technological factors. Some areas which appear to be worthy of further investigation include hypertext's support of the human …
Promoting Functional Literacy Through Cooperative Learning, Angela M. O'Donnell, Donald F. Dansereau, Thomas Rocklin, Velma I. Hythecker, Michael D. Young, Richard H. Hall, Lisa P. Skaggs, Judith G. Lambiotte
Promoting Functional Literacy Through Cooperative Learning, Angela M. O'Donnell, Donald F. Dansereau, Thomas Rocklin, Velma I. Hythecker, Michael D. Young, Richard H. Hall, Lisa P. Skaggs, Judith G. Lambiotte
Business and Information Technology Faculty Research & Creative Works
The Effects of Cooperative Learning Strategy Manipulations on the Enactment and Recall of a Medical Procedure Were Explored. One Hundred and Twenty-Three College Students Completed the Experiment. during Training, Participants Were Randomly Assigned to a Dyad in One of Four Conditions: (A) No-Strategy, (B) Baseline Strategy, (C) Prompting Strategy, and (D) Planning Strategy. during Testing, Participants Both Performed and Produced Written Recalls of the Procedure Instructions. Test Order Was Counterbalanced within Dyad. Training and Test Performances Were Videotaped. the Planning Group Produced the Best Recalls and Recalled More Conditions of the Procedure. the Prompting Group Performed Best. Recall of the …
Main Problems With Management Information Systems And Their Relationship To Critical Mis Success Factors, Thomas Schmitt
Main Problems With Management Information Systems And Their Relationship To Critical Mis Success Factors, Thomas Schmitt
Masters Theses
Most companies do not exploit all potential benefits of Management Information Systems (MIS). To enhance the understanding of how MIS might be better managed, a nationwide mail-survey among 280 randomly selected chief MIS executives of Corporate 1000 firms was conducted.
The first part of the thesis investigated the areas of importance for MIS success and performance ratings of the 85 participating managers on the issues. In the second part relationships between these variables and the success of the MIS operations were established to derive critical success factors.
The findings indicate that there is a shift towards an increased strategic importance …
Master Production Scheduling, Customer Service And Manufacturing Flexibility In An Assemble-To-Order Environment, Barry King, W. Benton
Master Production Scheduling, Customer Service And Manufacturing Flexibility In An Assemble-To-Order Environment, Barry King, W. Benton
Barry E. King
Positivism: A Discredited Model Of Science Still In Use In The Study And Practice Of Management, Allen S. Lee
Positivism: A Discredited Model Of Science Still In Use In The Study And Practice Of Management, Allen S. Lee
Information Systems Publications
This paper examines the positivist model of science and the reasons for which philosophers of science have abandoned it. However, despite its discredited status, positivism remains the espoused mode of science in the study and practice of management. The paper will provide examples, identify the harmful consequences, and suggest alternative models.
Dairy Herd Recording, R D. Maughan, Frank Treasure
Dairy Herd Recording, R D. Maughan, Frank Treasure
Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4
Fifty-five percent or 320 of Western Australia's daity farmers participate in the dairy herd recording, the highest percentage of dairy farmers who use herd recording in any Australian State.
Herd recording provides the dairy farmer with an accurate measure and record of individual caw and hers performance. Information on milk, fat and protein production, the level of mastitis infection and breeding values assists the dairy farmer with his herd management and selection of cows. The herd recording facility is provided by the Herd Improvement Service and the fees are based on an annual herd fee and a lactation fee for …