Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Religion (148)
- Ethics and Political Philosophy (125)
- History of Philosophy (104)
- Other Philosophy (95)
- History (94)
-
- Metaphysics (94)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (90)
- Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion (75)
- Epistemology (71)
- Philosophy of Mind (67)
- History of Religion (66)
- Buddhist Studies (58)
- East Asian Languages and Societies (58)
- Sociology (52)
- Comparative Methodologies and Theories (50)
- Intellectual History (48)
- Aesthetics (47)
- International and Area Studies (47)
- Philosophy of Language (46)
- Anthropology (44)
- Christianity (43)
- Education (40)
- Continental Philosophy (38)
- Linguistics (38)
- Catholic Studies (37)
- Chinese Studies (37)
- History of Christianity (37)
- Institution
-
- San Jose State University (206)
- College of the Holy Cross (33)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (24)
- University of Richmond (16)
- Bucknell University (13)
-
- Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School (12)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (12)
- Liberty University (10)
- Binghamton University (9)
- Gettysburg College (6)
- Purdue University (6)
- Southern Methodist University (6)
- Central Washington University (5)
- Duquesne University (4)
- Indiana State University (4)
- Old Dominion University (4)
- University of North Florida (4)
- American University in Cairo (3)
- Pepperdine University (3)
- Singapore Management University (3)
- University of Louisville (3)
- University of South Carolina (3)
- University of the Pacific (3)
- West Chester University (3)
- California State University, San Bernardino (2)
- Chapman University (2)
- Claremont Colleges (2)
- Coastal Carolina University (2)
- Fordham University (2)
- Harding University (2)
- Keyword
-
- Philosophy (33)
- Buddhism (28)
- Comparative philosophy (19)
- Ethics (17)
- Catholicism (16)
-
- Nietzsche (14)
- Nāgārjuna (12)
- Catholic Church (11)
- Aesthetics (10)
- Confucianism (10)
- Confucius (10)
- Daoism (10)
- Phenomenology (10)
- Zhuang Zi (10)
- Hegel (9)
- Internet (9)
- Metaphysics (9)
- Aristotle (8)
- Catholics and Cultures (8)
- Pedagogy (8)
- Chinese philosophy (7)
- Digital religion (7)
- Kant (7)
- Morality (7)
- Online religion (7)
- World Wide Web (7)
- Catholic imagination (6)
- Emptiness (6)
- Meditation (6)
- Skepticism (6)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Comparative Philosophy (205)
- Journal of Global Catholicism (32)
- Philosophy Faculty Publications (18)
- Monsoon: South Asian Studies Association Journal (12)
- Publications and Research (12)
-
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (10)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (10)
- Faculty Contributions to Books (9)
- Comparative Literature Faculty and Student Scholarship (8)
- Masters Theses (7)
- CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (6)
- Perkins Faculty Research and Special Events (6)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (5)
- Student Publications (5)
- All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (4)
- Theses and Dissertations (4)
- Honors Theses (3)
- Institute for the Humanities Theses (3)
- Other Faculty Research and Publications (3)
- Research Collection School of Social Sciences (3)
- University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations (3)
- All Master's Theses (2)
- Dissertations (1934 -) (2)
- Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations (2)
- Global Tides (2)
- Journal of Religion & Film (2)
- LSU Doctoral Dissertations (2)
- Masters Theses & Specialist Projects (2)
- Ohio University Press Open Access Books (2)
- Philosophy and Religious Studies (2)
- Publication Type
Articles 1 - 30 of 471
Full-Text Articles in Comparative Philosophy
Decentring Philosophical Education In African Tertiary Education: Integrating Global Perspectives In The Classroom, Isaac Mutelo
Decentring Philosophical Education In African Tertiary Education: Integrating Global Perspectives In The Classroom, Isaac Mutelo
Comparative Philosophy
The philosophical discourse has been dominated by Western perspectives, an approach that continues to influence curriculum design and delivery in higher education. The historical dominance of the Western philosophical canon in university curricula has contributed to the marginalisation of other equally significant philosophical traditions from Africa, Latin America, Asia, and Indigenous cultures. This approach has contributed significantly to the narrow and limited scope and relevance of philosophy as an academic field globally. Rather than advocating for the dominance and superiority of the Western-centred curriculum, this paper acknowledges the centrality of integrating global philosophical perspectives in the philosophy curriculum and discourse …
Engaging Intercultural Philosophy In The Classroom: A Methodological Proposal, Gloria Luque Moya
Engaging Intercultural Philosophy In The Classroom: A Methodological Proposal, Gloria Luque Moya
Comparative Philosophy
The exclusion of non-Western philosophies from university curricula has been a persistent feature of academic philosophy, both in the United States and Europe. This marginalization reflects an enduring assumption that philosophy is a uniquely Western enterprise, originating in ancient Greece and developed exclusively within European traditions. This article challenges that assumption by arguing that the teaching of intercultural philosophy is not merely a pedagogical issue, but an urgent necessity in the context of globalization and cross-cultural exchange. Focusing on the limited presence of non-Western philosophical traditions in Spanish university programs, the article first analyzes the structural asymmetry in the historiography …
Teaching China Beyond Eurocentrism: Intercultural Pedagogy And The Case Of The República Del Reino De La China By Jerónimo Román Zamora, Miriam Diaz Belizon
Teaching China Beyond Eurocentrism: Intercultural Pedagogy And The Case Of The República Del Reino De La China By Jerónimo Román Zamora, Miriam Diaz Belizon
Comparative Philosophy
Interdisciplinary approaches to teaching China in Western academic contexts often reproduce Eurocentric frameworks that reduce Chinese philosophical and cultural traditions to subordinate objects of analysis. This article proposes an alternative model grounded in intercultural philosophy and the Filosofías del Sur, arguing that China should be approached not as a distant object of representation, but as an epistemic interlocutor capable of transforming philosophical education. The article develops this argument through the recovery of the República del Reino de la China, included in the 1595 edition of Repúblicas del Mundo, as a key example of early intercultural mediation from the European South. …
Tracing The Philosophy Of Toleration Through An Intercultural Lens: Theory, Challenges, And Educational Implications, Xianzhe Hui
Tracing The Philosophy Of Toleration Through An Intercultural Lens: Theory, Challenges, And Educational Implications, Xianzhe Hui
Comparative Philosophy
Toleration is usually defined as a permissive attitude toward disagreement or dislike concerning diverse beliefs and practices. In philosophical education, toleration is emphasized both theoretically and in the way teachers and students practice it. Scholars and philosophers are familiar with the connotations and justifications of toleration attributed to Enlightenment philosophers. Toleration has often been regarded as a uniquely Western idea or virtue, rooted in the European Enlightenment values of individual rights and freedom of thought. Recently, however, this viewpoint has been challenged by scholars, who argue that the approaches to diversity in non-Western intellectual traditions should be taken into consideration. …
Intercultural Questioning: Teaching Report On A Question-Oriented Pedagogy In Teaching Chinese Philosophy, Sai Hang Kwok
Intercultural Questioning: Teaching Report On A Question-Oriented Pedagogy In Teaching Chinese Philosophy, Sai Hang Kwok
Comparative Philosophy
Language and cultural barriers pose major obstacles to teaching Chinese philosophy to Western philosophy students. Without a cultural and linguistic background, students often struggle to read the original Chinese philosophical texts. Translation also involves issues of interpretation that are difficult to be settled in undergraduate-level courses. To address this situation, this paper introduces a question-oriented pedagogy called “intercultural questioning”. Instead of aiming at a comprehensive understanding of the entire Chinese philosophical tradition, the question-oriented pedagogy reveals the implicit assumptions in one’s conceptual frameworks and unexamined questions in Western philosophy through the East-West dialogue. Students can obtain philosophical insights from Chinese …
Objectives And Methods Of Teaching Intercultural Philosophy: Introduction, Zaida Espinosa Zarate, Mario Wenning
Objectives And Methods Of Teaching Intercultural Philosophy: Introduction, Zaida Espinosa Zarate, Mario Wenning
Comparative Philosophy
No abstract provided.
Why Minds Need Bodies: Organismic Unity And Limits Of Artificial Consciousness, Renée Snow
Why Minds Need Bodies: Organismic Unity And Limits Of Artificial Consciousness, Renée Snow
Comparative Philosophy
This paper argues that functional organization alone is not sufficient for phenomenal consciousness or the existence of a unified subject of experience. While many contemporary accounts of artificial consciousness assume that replicating the causal or computational structure of the brain would be sufficient for subjective experience, this paper identifies a deeper constraint: consciousness depends on organismic unity. The argument proceeds through a triangulation of conceptual, empirical, and metaphysical considerations. First, Zuboff’s thought experiment shows that functional organization can be preserved while the unity of the subject dissolves, suggesting that causal pattern replication alone cannot secure subjectivity. Second, findings from neuroscience …
Fang Zhu’S Shen-Mie-Lun And Contemporary Physicism: A Cross-Cultural Dialogue, Soo Lam Wong
Fang Zhu’S Shen-Mie-Lun And Contemporary Physicism: A Cross-Cultural Dialogue, Soo Lam Wong
Comparative Philosophy
Fan Zhen’s 范缜 “Shen-Mie-Lun 神灭论” can be read as a debate between a physicalist and a dualist in the philosophy of mind. Many of Fan’s arguments found in the “Shen-Mie-Lun” correspond to contemporary physicalism in Western analytic philosophy. My aim in this essay is to bring Fan's “Shen-Mie-Lun” into conversation with contemporary physicalism in the following way: (1) offer an outline of Fan’s physicalism as presented in the “Shen-Mie-Lun” (2) map his view onto the key positions and concepts of contemporary physicalism, (3) show how his view is (a) incompatible with eliminative …
Can Skepticism Be Politically Progressive? An Approach From Zhuang Zi, Tammo Lossau
Can Skepticism Be Politically Progressive? An Approach From Zhuang Zi, Tammo Lossau
Comparative Philosophy
Ancient skeptics, both in the West and East, suggest their philosophy as a form of life. One reservation about living as a skeptic is that it turns us into political conformists—this is also Jonathan Ichikawa’s (2024) objection to philosophical skepticism. Skeptics take their own perspective on the world to be limited, and in this sense they will be hesitant to fully embrace a conservative ideology. But the Pyrrhonian skeptic Sextus Empiricus recommends that in their actions, skeptics will follow existing laws and common moral beliefs. In this paper, I want to develop a different conception of skepticism based on the …
The Limits Of Universal Logic: A Cross-Cultural Archaeology Of Logical Critique, Murat Kelikli
The Limits Of Universal Logic: A Cross-Cultural Archaeology Of Logical Critique, Murat Kelikli
Comparative Philosophy
This study examines critiques of logic articulated across diverse historical and cultural traditions within a comparative framework. The critiques developed in Islamic, Buddhist, Chinese, Indian, Zen, and modern Western philosophy do not, in the main, reject logic or reasoning as such; rather, they target the conceptualization of logic as a universal, context-independent, and singular normative standard. The analysis shows that objections raised at ontological, epistemic, linguistic, methodological, and political levels converge on a set of shared concerns rooted in the structural features of logic itself, most notably categorical determinacy, universalist assumptions, and claims of context-independence. At the same time, these …
Jing (敬) And Respect, Wenyang Gao
Jing (敬) And Respect, Wenyang Gao
Comparative Philosophy
Jing (敬) is often translated as “respect”. Some scholars argue for a “perception of worth” reading, conceiving jing as a deontic normative attitude akin to “respect” in the Western tradition. Others propose a “directing attention” reading, holding that jing is a virtue. This article clarifies the meaning and normative structure of jing, arguing that it has three dimensions: (1) a state of mind characterized by seriousness, (2) an intentional, respectful feeling, and (3) respectful conduct aligned with ritual propriety (Li禮). While the “directing attention” reading correctly identifies jing as a virtue, insisting that jing does …
A Constructive Engagement With Confucian Gender Ethics: Reinterpreting The Three Obediences And Four Virtues In Contemporary Vietnam, Vo Van Dung
Comparative Philosophy
This paper examines the influence of the doctrines of the Three Obediences and Four Virtues on the moral thought of Vietnamese women in contemporary society. The study addresses the central question of whether and how these doctrines remain relevant within current social and cultural contexts. It traces the historical introduction and transformation of these doctrines in Vietnam. It analyses their dual impact on women’s moral values, highlighting both their enduring ethical contributions and their role in sustaining gendered constraints. The findings suggest that while certain elements of the Four Virtues have been reinterpreted and selectively integrated into modern ethical frameworks, …
The Modal Catuṣkoṭi: Formalizing Emptiness In Classical Modal Logic, Chance Chapman
The Modal Catuṣkoṭi: Formalizing Emptiness In Classical Modal Logic, Chance Chapman
Comparative Philosophy
Nāgārjuna’s arguments in the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā rely extensively on modus tollens, yet this inference is invalid in the paraconsistent frameworks typically used to formalize the catuṣkoṭi. We develop a modal extension of Belnap-Dunn semantics to address this, expressed as: ¬□(v(P) = t) ∧ ¬□(v(P) = f) ∧ ¬□(v(P) = b) ∧ ¬□(v(P) = n). This formula applies self-reflexively, resolves longstanding interpretive debates regarding verses within Nāgārjuna’s Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and Vigrahavyāvartanī such as his “no thesis” defense, and bridges interpretive gaps between traditionally designated Eastern and Western logical traditions, providing a Western analytical translation of Indian dialectic into symbolic modal logic that …
Judaism And Catholicism: Possibilities Of An Inter-Spiritual Dialogue, David Neuhaus
Judaism And Catholicism: Possibilities Of An Inter-Spiritual Dialogue, David Neuhaus
Journal of Global Catholicism
This article examines the possibilities of an inter-spiritual dialogue between Catholics and Jews. Describing the transformation of the Catholic attitude to Jews andJudaism in the wake of the Second Vatican Council, moving from a teaching of contempt to one of respect, it analyses the far-reaching reformulations of Catholic theology that promote an interreligious dialogue. After centuries of traumatic history, Jewish reactions have been hesitant. However, the past decades have led to a burgeoning relationship that can indeed flower into a mutual inter-spiritual dialogue that deepens the faith of both Catholics and Jews.
Jainism And Catholicism – Dialoguing Spiritually, Bryan Lobo
Jainism And Catholicism – Dialoguing Spiritually, Bryan Lobo
Journal of Global Catholicism
The inter-spiritual dialogue between Jainism and Catholicism lends itself towards discovering similarities and dissimilarities between the two spiritualities. Recognizing this discovery, this paper, without claiming to be exhaustive as regards the spiritual themes, discusses the chosen themes to facilitate greater reflection and potential to re-discover elements that can help the growth of understanding and practicing the preferred spirituality.
Islam And Catholicism: Theology And Practice Of Inter-Spiritual Dialogue, Felix Koerner
Islam And Catholicism: Theology And Practice Of Inter-Spiritual Dialogue, Felix Koerner
Journal of Global Catholicism
This article explores foundations, preconditions, aims, persons, groups, practices, methods, texts, and criteria of Muslim–Christian inter-spiritual dialogue. In-ter-spiritual dialogue thrives within the network of other dialogical forms: dialogue of life and collaboration, of theological and practical understanding. This article argues that the spiritual dimension of dialogical encounter may itself constitute a critical site of moral reflection, enabling participants to perceive injustice more clearly and to respond to it more responsibly. Nevertheless, the integrity of in-ter-spiritual dialogue depends upon the cultivation of trust, candor, and a shared orientation toward mutual enrichment and spiritual purification. Where dialogue is subordinated to extrinsic strategic …
The Dialogue Of Spiritual Experience In Buddhist-Christian Encounter, S Mark Heim
The Dialogue Of Spiritual Experience In Buddhist-Christian Encounter, S Mark Heim
Journal of Global Catholicism
Can one learn more about one’s own religion through the practices of another? My positive answer to this question is illustrated in this paper by reflection on aspects of the Buddhist practice of emptiness, in specific connection with Christian under-standing of our lives as creatures. The Buddhist meditative practices I have in mind have several things in common. They are introspective (activated in one person’s inner consciousness) and premised on the Buddhist understanding of emptiness (specifically “no self ” teachings). Buddhist introspective practice takes at least three broad forms. One of these is a meditative analytical awareness of the contents …
Hindu Poetry And The Project Of An Inter-Spiritual Catholic Theology, Francis X. Clooney
Hindu Poetry And The Project Of An Inter-Spiritual Catholic Theology, Francis X. Clooney
Journal of Global Catholicism
This article engages the work of the Indian south Indian Tamil-language Vaiṣṇava poet saints known as the Alvārs. The article specifically focuses the First HundredHoly Linked verses of Poykai Ālvār to argue for inter-spiritual learning between Catholics and Hindus. The article concludes with personal reflections on this encounter within the context of the global Catholic Church
Overview And Acknowledgments, Mathew Schmalz
Overview And Acknowledgments, Mathew Schmalz
Journal of Global Catholicism
An overview and introduction to the present issue on Inter-Spiritual Dialogue.
Philosophia From Dialectic To Dying Before Death: Traces Of Plato’S Spirit In The Encounters Between The Falāsifa, Mutakallimūn, And Sūfiyya, Fadhil Yunus Alsagoff
Philosophia From Dialectic To Dying Before Death: Traces Of Plato’S Spirit In The Encounters Between The Falāsifa, Mutakallimūn, And Sūfiyya, Fadhil Yunus Alsagoff
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis offers a fresh approach to the question “What is philosophy?” by reconsidering Plato’s vision of philosophiaand seeking its traces in the encounters between the Falāsifa, the Mutakallimūn, and the Sūfiyya of the classical Muslim world. I argue that Plato’s true legacy lies in a vision of philosophia as dialectical inquiry that ultimately leads – due to the inextricable limitations of propositional language – to aporia and what he called “practicing for dying and death.” I then argue that this vision of philosophia finds resonance in the classical Muslim world in the embodied encounters between …
Imagination And The Self: A Cross-Cultural And Cross-Disciplinary Study, Qianyi Qin
Imagination And The Self: A Cross-Cultural And Cross-Disciplinary Study, Qianyi Qin
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
This dissertation is an interdisciplinary investigation of the imagination and the self that engages with cognitive science, philosophy of mind, Buddhism, ethical theories, and a variety of perspectives from Asian and Western philosophy. I address the following questions in three interrelated chapters. First, what does it mean for the self to appear in imagination? In Chapter 1, against certain narrow understandings of the self in philosophy of language, I build a multidimensional model of the self in imaginative experiences to capture the rich phenomenology, drawing on empirical findings on memory and imagination. Second, can the self be removed from imagination? …
Household Hegemon: Domestic And Affective Traces Of Us Influence In Mexico In The 1950s And 1990s, Edgar Solórzano
Household Hegemon: Domestic And Affective Traces Of Us Influence In Mexico In The 1950s And 1990s, Edgar Solórzano
Masters Theses
“Household Hegemon: Domestic and Affective Traces of US Influence in Mexico in the 1950s and 1990s” is a collection of personal essays, historical research, and fictional texts that examine the impact of US-American soft power on Mexican society. This project expands and deepens the research and work developed during my two-year MFA in Sculpture at RISD, evolving material investigations into a comprehensive written and visual record of the 1950s post-WWII boom and the 1990s post-NAFTA transition. These two decades not only represent the most significant in terms of American influence but also the years in which my parents and I …
Nietzsche And Socrates: Reflections Of Redefined Virtue In Greek Tragedy, Kyle M. Lowry
Nietzsche And Socrates: Reflections Of Redefined Virtue In Greek Tragedy, Kyle M. Lowry
Senior Honors Theses
The works of Friedrich Nietzsche were used to study how Greek Tragedy was “born” and “died,” particularly in relation to the rise of Socratic philosophy in Ancient Greece. The intoxicated “Dionysian” and disciplinary, artistic “Apollinian,” are the elements Nietzsche claims encompass and catalyze human experience; the former containing the primal nature of the Being, and the latter containing the ordering through which identity is formed and art is created. Tragedy, the art form perfectly balancing these two elements was “born” within the conditions of a Dionysian Pessimism, by which the inevitable life of suffering was redeemed aesthetically. Socrates introduced rationality …
The Fantasy Of J.R.R. Tolkien: Mythopoeia And The Recovery Of Creation By Robert J. Dobie, Hayden Bilbrey
The Fantasy Of J.R.R. Tolkien: Mythopoeia And The Recovery Of Creation By Robert J. Dobie, Hayden Bilbrey
Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature
A chapter by chapter review of Robert J. Dobie's 2024 book The Fantasy of J.R.R. Tolkien: Mythopoeia and the Recovery of Creation. The review gives a chapter by chapter breakdown and asserts that though the book is more likely for academics, its approachable coverage of Tolkien's work and philosophical ideas also makes it a great read for anyone who is a fan of Middle-earth.
The Story Game: Dissuading The Abolition Of Man With Narrative Intellectual Virtue & The Hunger Games, Camille Bewley
The Story Game: Dissuading The Abolition Of Man With Narrative Intellectual Virtue & The Hunger Games, Camille Bewley
Harding Undergraduate Research Conference
Relativism in modern America is leading society toward the fruition of C.S. Lewis’ warning of the abolition of man. This nation once founded on freedom inches closer to the dystopia which Suzanne Collins depicts in her Hunger Games series. This paper recognizes the growing need for humanity to realign with truth and universal values, first by reorienting itself to narratives. Through intellectual virtues of understanding and prudence as defined by Aristotle, society can translate stories into their inherent purpose; seeing truth and reality within the bottle of imagination. Stories contain the answers, narratives are the way humanity subscribes to reality. …
Ancestral Rites And Tablets As A Site Of Contestation Between Confucian Filial Piety And Catholicism: The Cases Of Chinese Confucian Yan Mo And Korean Catholic Yun Ji-Chung, Mideum Hong
Journal of Global Catholicism
This essay examines how the Confucian practice of filial piety, particularly as expressed through ancestral rites and tablets, became a focal point of contention in the encounters between Confucianism and Catholicism. Focusing on the cases of the Chinese Catholic Yan Mo and the Korean Catholic martyr Yun Ji-chung, I argue that the different historical and cultural contexts in China and Korea significantly shaped how each figure understood and responded to the practice of ancestral rites. While Catholicism spread globally, local converts developed distinct theological interpretations rooted in their respective cultural traditions. Although Yan Mo and Yun Ji-chung reached divergent conclusions …
Overview & Acknowledgments, Mathew Schmalz
Overview & Acknowledgments, Mathew Schmalz
Journal of Global Catholicism
This Introduction overviews the work of contributors from the Graduate Symposium sponsored by the Journal of Global Catholicism and the McFarland Center for Religion, Ethics and Culture. The Introduction also highlights the independent peer reviewed submission from Dr. Agnieszka Laddach of the University of Warsaw.
Confinement And Consent: A Comparative Analysis Of Sexual Abuse In Finnish And U.S. Prisons, Madison A. Greico
Confinement And Consent: A Comparative Analysis Of Sexual Abuse In Finnish And U.S. Prisons, Madison A. Greico
Binghamton University Undergraduate Journal
The Bangkok Rules and The Basic Principles for The Treatment of Prisoners are a specific outline of protections and rights for individuals( Bangkok specifically about women) within prisons adopted by the United Nations compromising states. While The United States is a leader in the United Nations and adopted this set of rules, their failures of commitment are extremely apparent. Every year, thousands of prison rapes occur behind bars in New York alone by the very guards meant to protect them. In Finland, another United Nations member, however, has virtually no record of sexual abuse within their prisons. In investigation of …
How Can Zhu Xi’S Resources Contribute To The Feminist Progressive Project? A Reflection On The Study Of Zhu Xi’S Theory Of Kun Way-Making, Kun Wang
Comparative Philosophy
In Zhu Xi’s theory of cultivation, kun way-making (kun-dao坤道) to cultivate the virtue of kun (kun-de 坤德) goes ahead to qian way-making (qian-dao乾道), in which the virtue of qian (qian-de 乾德) is cultivated. In this theory, everyone is encouraged to cultivate kun way-making, which it happens that women represent. It is worth noting that the theory faces an issue of potential inconsistency between the “gendered” construction of qian-kun 乾坤 and the positive absence (kong-que空闕), the pivot of the cultivating process, where the renegotiation of the virtues of qian-kun is attuned to optimal …