Kinesiology Commons^™

Common Habits, Adverse Events, And Opinions Regarding Pre-Workout Supplement Use Among Regular Consumers, Andrew R. Jagim, Clayton L. Camic, Patrick S. Harty

Faculty Scholarship

The purpose of the present study was to examine characteristics of multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) users, their common patterns/habits of MIPS ingestion, and their associated feelings about the effectiveness and safety of this class of supplements. An online electronic survey was distributed through social media to assess self-reported supplementation practices and preferences among adult males and females who reported regular MIPS use. A total of 1045 individuals responded, with 872 of these individuals (males: n = 636, 72.9%; females: n = 233, 26.7%; mean ± SD; age = 27.7 ± 7.9 years; training age = 8.2 ± 7.3 years) completing …

State Population Influences Athletic Performance Combine Test Scores In High School-Aged American Football Players, Zachary M. Gillen, Marni E. Shoemaker, Brianna D. Mckay, Joel T. Cramer

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(6): 256-262, 2019. This study compared athletic performance differences among high school American football combine participants originating from states of different population sizes. High school-aged American football players (n=7,214) who had participated in athletic performance combines between March 2015 and January 2016 were included in this analysis. Data included combine date and location, school state of origin, football position, class, height, weight, 10-, 20-, and 40-yd dash times, pro-agility, L-cone drill, vertical jump, broad jump, and power push-up. Participants were separated into high- (state population>10,000,000; HIGH; n=2,804), mid- (state population=5,000,000-9,999,999; MID; n=2,911), or low-population …

Beyond Peak, A Simple Approach To Assess Rowing Power And The Impact Of Training: A Technical Report, Julian D. Egan-Shuttler, Rohan Edmonds, Cassandra Eddy, Veronica O’Neill, Stephen Ives

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(6): 233-244, 2019. Recently, rowing power has been shown to be a key determinant of rowing performance. However, rowing power testing can vary greatly, and is not standardized. Here we sought to evaluate rowing power over a 15 sec rowing test utilizing a stroke-by-stroke analysis before and after 4 weeks of training in youth rowers. Methods: 18 adolescent male rowers were assigned to complete either 4 weeks of plyometric training (PLYO, n=9), or steady state cycling (Control, n=9), for 30 minutes before on water training three days/week. Each group was matched for training volume. Peak …

Common Ingredient Profiles Of Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplements, Andrew R. Jagim, Patrick S. Harty, Clayton L, Camic

Faculty Scholarship

Multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements are a popular class of dietary supplements which are purported to improve exercise performance. However, the composition of these products varies substantially between formulations, thus making comparisons challenging. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify a common ingredient profile of top-selling pre-workout supplements and to compare ingredient dosages to established efficacious values. The top 100 commercially available pre-workout products were analyzed for listed ingredients and amounts, if available, from the supplement facts panel. The mean ± SD number of ingredients per supplement (n = 100) was 18.4 ± 9.7 with 8.1 ± 9.9 of these …

Pengaruh Latihan Squat Menggunakan Free Weight Dan Gym Machine Terhadap Kekuatan, Power, Dan Hypertrophy Otot, Lia Karina Mansur, Joko Pekik Irianto, Mansur Mansur

Jurnal Keolahragaan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh latihan squat menggunakan free weight dan gym machine terhadap kekuatan, power, dan hypertrophy otot; dan menguji perbedaan pengaruh latihan squat menggunakan free weight dan gym machine terhadap kekuatan, power, dan hypertrophy otot. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen dengan desain two group pretest-posttest design. Sampel dalam penelitian ini dipilih berdasarkan teknik random sampling berjumlah 32 orang. Instrumen untuk mengukur kekuatan menggunakan back and leg dynamometer merk Takei buatan Jepang. Instrumen untuk mengukur power menggunakan Jump Duration of Fright (JDF) seri TKK 5114 buatan Jepang, satuan sentimeter. Instrumen untuk mengukur lingkar otot paha …

Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplements, Safety Implications, And Performance Outcomes: A Brief Review, Patrick S. Harty, Hannah A. Zabriskie, Jacob L. Erickson, Paul E. Molling, Chad M. Kerksick, Andrew R. Jagim

Faculty Scholarship

In recent years, a new class of dietary supplements called multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (MIPS) has increased in popularity. These supplements are intended to be taken prior to exercise and typically contain a blend of ingredients such as caffeine, creatine, beta-alanine, amino acids, and nitric oxide agents, the combination of which may elicit a synergistic effect on acute exercise performance and subsequent training adaptations compared to single ingredients alone. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to review the theoretical rationale and available scientific evidence assessing the potential ergogenic value of acute and chronic ingestion of MIPS, to address potential safety …

Issn Exercise & Sports Nutrition Review Update: Research & Recommendations, Chad M. Kerksick, Colin D. Wilborn, Michael D. Roberts, Abbie Smith-Ryan, Susan M. Kleiner, Ralf Jäger, Rick Collins, Matthew Cooke, Jaci N. Davis, Elfego Galvan, Mike Greenwood, Lonnie M. Lowery, Robert Wildman, Jose Antonio, Richard B. Kreider

Faculty Scholarship

Background

Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult.

Methods

This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and …

Field Test Performance Of Junior Competitive Surf Athletes Following A Core Strength Training Program, Tracy A. Axel, Jill Crussemeyer, Kevyn Dean, Douglas E. Young

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 696-707, 2018. Lower body and core muscular strength are essential for optimal performance in many sports and competitive surfers have similar strength demands when maneuvering a surfboard to achieve competition success. Presently, the use of unstable surfaces is excessively utilized by surf coaches and trainers and to date, research does not support this as an effective training method for long-term improvements. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an 8-week Core Strength Training Program (CSTP) on a battery of field tests specific to assessing core musculature and lower body …

Can A Unilateral Lower Body-Training Program Increase Lower Body Power Output More Than A Bilateral Lower Body Training Program?, Michael Vaughan

Health Sciences Student Work

(1) Introduction The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a unilateral or bilateral lower body training program on off ice power production. (2) Methodology Twenty NCAA Division 1 female hockey players were randomly assigned to either a unilateral (UNI) or bilateral (BI) group. The UNI training group performed all lower body exercises over a 6-week period using 1 leg at a time, while the BI performed all lower body exercises with both legs simultaneously. Both groups trained at the same rating of perceived exertion (RPE) two times per week throughout the training cycle. Subjects within the …

Effects Of Static, Countermovement, And Drop Jump Performance On Power And Rate Of Force Development In 6 - 16 Year Old Boys, Lacey E. Jahn

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static, counter movement, and drop jump performance on peak power and peak rate of force development (RFD). The secondary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vertical jump outcomes, maturity offset, and muscle cress-sectional area (CSA). During a single testing session, twenty-one young males (mean age ± SD = 12.1 ± 2.4 yrs) performed maximal vertical jumps which included: static jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), and drop jump from 8 (DJ8), 12 (DJ12) and 16 (DJ16) inches in a randomized order. Peak power increased from …

Differences In Lower Limb Kinetics In College Age Female Gymnasts To Coaches’ Perceived Efficiency In A Specific Counter Movement Jump Technique, Stephen Christopher Avgerinos

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis reports the results of a quantitative research project which examined kinetics of female collegiate gymnasts aged 18 to 21 performing a ‘punching’ counter-movement jump (CMJ) technique that is taught and required for exemplar scoring during NCAA competition. Twelve female gymnasts were recruited from the competitive team at Illinois State University. Participation was voluntary and athletes were not compensated. Each gymnast performed 8 punch-CMJ trials without coaching instruction except to perform a punching CMJ. The method of performing this CMJ began by stepping off from a 33 cm elevation, ‘punching’ off the force plates, and finishing with a landing …

The Effects Of Various Stretching Protocols On Rate Of Force Development In Collegiate Athletes, Brycen Wojta, Katie Lubben, Chris Carroll

Human Kinetics & Applied Health Sciences Student Works

PURPOSE: Stretching is part of a dynamic warm-up that is commonly used in preparation for a number of different sporting events. Previous research suggests that stretching may decrease musculotendinous stiffness which has a possibility to cause an increase in slack of the tendon, therefore, decreasing the speed of force from muscle to bone. The aim of this study was to was to assess three independent stretching protocols and their effect on the rate of force development. METHODS: Ten male and nine female subjects (20 3 years) from the Bethel University basketball teams participated in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned …

The Effects Of Eccentric, Velocity-Based Training On Strength And Power In Collegiate Athletes, Samantha M. Dolezal, Tamra L. Llewellyn, Derek L. Frese

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 657-666, 2016. The purpose of this study was to determine if combining velocity-based training with eccentric focus (VEB) and velocity-based training (VBT) results in power and strength gains. Nineteen men and women collegiate track and field athletes participated in this study. The subjects completed a 12-week intervention with either a VEB program or a VBT program. To determine the effectiveness of each program, the subjects completed four exercise tests before and after the training period: vertical jump, medicine ball put test, 1RM projected bench press and 1RM projected squat. There were no significant differences …

The Effect Of A Moderately-Low And High Carbohydrate Intake On Crossfit Performance, Kurt A. Escobar, Jacobo Morales, Trisha A. Vandusseldorp

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(4): 460-470, 2016. CrossFit is a metabolically demanding strength and conditioning method which performance may benefit from a carbohydrate (CHO)-rich diet. This study investigated the effect of three consecutive days of high CHO intake on CrossFit performance and corresponding metabolically -related variables in strength trained individuals. Eighteen subjects with a CHO intake of <6 g/kg/day were randomly assigned into a CHO (n = 9) or control (C) group (n =9) and underwent a 9-day training protocol. During days 1, 5, and 9, performance was measured as repetitions completed during a 12 minute CrossFit workout. Oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and blood lactate (BL) were also measured. Days 6-8, the CHO group increased CHO intake from <6 g/kg/day to 6-8 g/kg/day; the C group maintained their current intake of <6 g/kg/day. On days 6 and 7 both groups performed CrossFit workouts followed by a day of rest prior to day 9. There was a significant increase in repetitions completed in both groups in day 9 (vs. means score of day 1 + 5) (p = 0.002), but no differences between C and CHO groups (p = 0.111). However, the CHO group displayed a 15.2 repetition increase (+10.9%) in day 9, compared to 5.7 (+4.2%) by the C group. VO2, RER, and BL were not influenced by the experimental intervention. Our results suggest that the CrossFit-embraced practice of moderately-low CHO diets may be adequate in CHO during short periods of training, however, given the noted trend, extended training periods may be effected.

The Aging Neuromuscular System And Motor Performance, Sandra K. Hunter, Hugo M. Pereira, Kevin Keenan

Exercise Science Faculty Research and Publications

Age-related changes in the basic functional unit of the neuromuscular system, the motor unit, and its neural inputs have a profound effect on motor function, especially among the expanding number of old (older than ∼60 yr) and very old (older than ∼80 yr) adults. This review presents evidence that age-related changes in motor unit morphology and properties lead to impaired motor performance that includes 1) reduced maximal strength and power, slower contractile velocity, and increased fatigability; and 2) increased variability during and between motor tasks, including decreased force steadiness and increased variability of contraction velocity and torque over …

Effects Of Short‐Term Free‐Weight And Semi‐Block Periodization Resistance Training On Metabolic Syndrome, Mark A. South, Andrew S. Layne, N. Travis Triplett, William A. Sands, Satoshi Mizuguchi, W. Guy Hornsby, Ashley Kavanaugh, Michael H. Stone

ETSU Faculty Works

The effects of short-term resistance training on performance and health variables associated with prolonged sedentary lifestyle and metabolic syndrome (MS) were investigated. Resistance training may alter a number of health-related, physiological, and performance variables. As a result, resistance training can be used as a valuable tool in ameliorating the effects of a sedentary lifestyle including those associated with MS. Nineteen previously sedentary subjects (10 with MS and 9 with nonmetabolic syndrome [NMS]) underwent 8 weeks of supervised resistance training. Maximum strength was measured using an isometric midthigh pull and resulting force-time curve. Vertical jump height (JH) and power were measured …

Influence Of Benagene Supplementation In Conjunction With High Intensity Cycling Exercise, Wilson P. Simmons

Honors Theses

High intensity aerobic performance is determined by the body’s maximal ability to match lactate production and clearance rates, defined as the lactate threshold (LaTh). Intensities performed above the LaTh result in accumulation of lactate causing fatigue. In a double-blind experiment, using trained cyclists and triathletes, we investigated skeletal muscle adaptations that occurred following 28-days of Benagene supplementation (oxaloacetate). The testing protocol consisted of an initial cycle test (T1) to measure VO₂max, LaTh, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), power output (PO) and heart rate (HR). Testing began after a 15-min warm-up at 75W, beginning at 100W, increasing 30W each 3-min …

Comparison Of Multiple Sets And Single Set Of Resistance Training On Muscle Strength And Power, Junyoung Hong

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of different resistance training modalities on muscle strength and power in order to improve physical performance, yet to date findings have been inconclusive. Optimal resistance programs for muscular responses to high and low volume resistance training still need to be explored. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of multiple sets (70% of 1RM, 3 sets/10 reps) and a single set (50-100% of 1RM, 1 set/up to 8 reps) of resistance training on muscular strength and power in healthy male college students. A total of 19 students were randomly …

The Effects On Acute Power Production Enhancement And Maintenance Due To Pre-Workout Supplementation In Recreationally Trained College Aged Males., Mark Travis Byrd

Online Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: The current research in power production has shown the use of pre-workout supplements to increase peak power production, but the current research has not yet been able to delve in to the effectiveness of pre-workout supplementation on maintaining power production.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on acute power production enhancement and maintenance due to supplementation in recreationally trained college aged individuals.

Methods: Data was collected from 13 recreationally trained, college-aged males in a double-blind crossover study. After a familiarization sessions subjects participated in three testing sessions utilizing a cross over double blind design …

The Relationship Between Change Of Direction Speed In The Frontal Plane, Power, Reactive Strength, And Strength, Brian T. Mccormick, James C. Hannon, Charlie A. Hicks-Little, Maria Newton, Barry Shultz, Nicole Detling, Warren B. Young

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(4) : 260-270, 2014. Change-of-direction speed (CODS) is an important quality to performance in multi-direction sports. The relationship between CODS in the frontal plane and power, strength, and reactive strength is largely unstudied. Twenty-three male college students participated in this study. The study used a Pearson’s product-moment correlation to measure the relationship between CODS, power, strength, and reactive strength. A lateral shuffle test was used as the measure of CODS. A lateral hop for distance was used as the measure of power in the frontal plane. A countermovement vertical jump test was used as the …

Practical Applications Of Biomechanical Principles In Resistance Training: Neuromuscular Factors And Relationships, Jason Lake, Paul A. Swinton, Justin Keogh

Justin Keogh

This paper is the second in our three part series examining how a variety of biomechanical principles and concepts have direct relevance to the prescription of resistance training for the general and athletic populations as well as for musculoskeletal injury rehabilitation. In this paper, we considered different neuromuscular characteristics of resistance exercise. We started by defining the causes of motion, discussing force and Newton’s second law of linear motion. This led to discussion of impulse, and how its relationship with momentum can be used to study force-time curves recorded from different ground-based resistance exercises. This enables the sports biomechanist to …

Decreased Peak Muscle Power Is Associated With Motor Unit Loss In The Lower Limb Of Older Adults, Neal B. Mckinnon

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

This study investigated the relationship between motor unit (MU) properties and the strength and power of two lower limb muscles in healthy young and old adults. Twelve older adults (mean age, 77 ± 5 yrs) and twelve young adults (mean age, 24 ± 3 yrs) were studied. MU properties of the tibialis anterior (TA) and vastus medialis (VM) muscles were determined using decomposition-enhanced spike-triggered averaging (DE-STA). Motor unit number estimates (MUNE) of the TA were significantly reduced (p>0.05) in older adults (102 ± 76) compared to young adults (234 ± 109), primarily as a result of significantly larger surface-detected …

Balance And Power In Older Adults With And Without A History Of Falls, Stephanie Michelle Gray

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to observe the differences between power and balance in older adults over the age of 65 with and without falls. A total of 62 community dwelling older adults between the ages of 65 and 92 participated in the study. Two groups consisted of 25 fallers and 37 non-fallers. No statistical differences were found between groups on age, height, weight, or BMI. Testing included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) to test balance, the Tendo Weightlifting Analyzer (TWA) during a sit-to-stand to test lower body power, and the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) to …

Effects Of An In-Season Resistance Training Program On Lower Extremity Power Output In Collegiate Basketball Players, Kevin Lee King

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in muscle power performance in a horizontal (forward movement), vertical, and lateral directions in collegiate basketball players due to the presence of an in-season resistance training program (ISRTP). Four basketball teams were recruited for this study. Two women's basketball teams and two men's basketball teams participated with one team in each gender participating in an ISRTP and one team not participating in an ISRTP. Fifty-three collegiate basketball players (Females= 29, Males= 24) were successfully recruited for this project. Subjects were assessed for lower extremity muscle power and muscle strength at pre-season, …

"Every Day, We Have The Opportunity To Make A Difference": Ncaa Division I Female Head Coaches' Experiences Of Care, Susannah Kaye Knust

Doctoral Dissertations

According to sport psychology literature, care is an important part of the coach-athlete relationship (e.g., Jowett & Poczwardowski, 2007; LaVoi, 2004; Poczwardowski, 1997; Wylleman, 2000). However, a systematic study of “exemplar” caring coaches is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to interview 12 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I head female coaches of female teams who were identified by others as “exemplar” carers. A semi-structured interview guide was developed using a modified version of Gilligan and colleagues’ (1989) Listening Guide. An adaptation of Hatch’s (2002) political analysis was used to identify major themes found in the transcribed …

Relationship Between Stabilization, Balance, Athletic Performance And Functional Movement, Susan Christine Ashdown

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the functional movement screen (FMS) and a battery of stabilization, balance, and athletic performance assessments, including time to stabilization (TTS), Davies test (DT), Y-Balance test (YBT), and maximum vertical jump (VJ). Sixty-one healthy individuals (32 males, 29 females; age: 22.4 ± 2.7 yr; height: 174.4 ± 10.4 cm, body mass: 74.0 ± 18.8 kg), successfully performed the FMS and the accompanying comparison tests. Correlations were generated between the FMS and TTS, DT, YBT, and VJ (including both unilateral and bilateral assessments) using the R Project for Statistical Computing, with …

Effects Of A Triphasic Block Method On Power In Collegiate Basketball Players, Jason L. Russell, Kelly A. Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Implementing a non-traditional method for a training cycle may serve as an alternative means of developing maximal strength and power. Seven male Division I intercollegiate basketball players (age=21.0±0.63 yrs, ht=191.86±7.24cm, wt=94.8±14.9kg, training experience = 2.2 ± 1.3 yrs) who recently completed a 5-month competitive season were recruited for this study. The testing took place during the off-season, when the players were not involved in NCAA competition. Subjects underwent a three-week preparation phase, followed by a pre-test vertical jump (CMJ), standing broad jump (SBJ), and back squat 1-repetition max (1RM). Prior to all testing sessions, the participants participated in a dynamic …

Neuromuscular Function Following Lengthening Contractions, Geoffrey A. Power

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Unaccustomed lengthening contractions have been shown to impair muscle function - however little is known regarding this impairment on muscle power - specifically, the velocity component of power during voluntary contractions in humans. The four studies presented in my thesis investigated power-loss following lengthening contractions in healthy young and old women and young men.

The purpose of Study 1 was to determine reliability of velocity-dependent power of the dorsiflexors using the isotonic mode of the Biodex Dynamometer. I determined the isotonic mode is reliable and can be used to track changes in velocity and power following fatigue and lengthening contractions. …

Comparing Thigh Muscle Cross-Sectional Area And Squat Strength Among National Class Olympic Weightlifters, Power Lifters, And Bodybuilders, James J. Di Naso, Brian L. Pritschet, John D. Emmett, Jill W. Owen, Jeffrey Willardson, Travis W. Beck, Jason M. Defreitas, Fabio E. Fontana

Faculty Research and Creative Activity

Few studies have compared anthropometric characteristics among national class athletes from different resistance training disciplines, such as Olympic Weightlifting (OL), Power Lifting (PL), and Bodybuilding (BB). Objective: The purpose of the current study was to determine if significant differences exist in the relationship between thigh muscle cross-sectional area and back squat strength among national class athletes from the sports of OL, PL, and BB. Methods: Fifteen national class athletes were assessed for back squat strength, mid-thigh circumference, and mid-thigh skinfold from which total thigh cross-sectional was estimated. A series of One-Way ANOVAs and Pearson Product Moment Correlations were used to …

Comparing Thigh Muscle Cross-Sectional Area And Squat Strength Among National Class Olympic Weightlifters, Power Lifters, And Bodybuilders, James J. Di Naso, Brian L. Pritschet, John D. Emmett, Jill W. Owen, Jeffrey Willardson, Travis W. Beck, Jason M. Defreitas, Fabio E. Fontana

Jeffrey Willardson

Few studies have compared anthropometric characteristics among national class athletes from different resistance training disciplines, such as Olympic Weightlifting (OL), Power Lifting (PL), and Bodybuilding (BB). Objective: The purpose of the current study was to determine if significant differences exist in the relationship between thigh muscle cross-sectional area and back squat strength among national class athletes from the sports of OL, PL, and BB. Methods: Fifteen national class athletes were assessed for back squat strength, mid-thigh circumference, and mid-thigh skinfold from which total thigh cross-sectional was estimated. A series of One-Way ANOVAs and Pearson Product Moment Correlations were used to …