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Improved Modelling Of Wind Turbines On Trains, Mario Andre Hyman
Improved Modelling Of Wind Turbines On Trains, Mario Andre Hyman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Most wind powered electricity generation systems are stationary and heavily dependent on the speed and direction of the wind. Alternatively, the wind displaced by fast moving vehicles and particularly by trains is routinely available in locations worldwide. Previous research has been aimed at designing wind turbine models that maximize the output potential of the system. However, there are significant limitations in those turbine models. For example, i) the total drag force acting on the moving train can be significantly increased, and consequently normal operation can be compromised. The traditional turbine models do not take this effect into consideration; ii) The …
Social Services Providers' Perspective On Clients, Social Services Workers And Public Assistance, Krista Wright Thayer
Social Services Providers' Perspective On Clients, Social Services Workers And Public Assistance, Krista Wright Thayer
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Over past decades, recipients of public assistance have been stereotyped as "welfare queens" taking advantage of the public assistance system by politicians, commentators and the public at large. Social services workers' perspectives have largely been neglected in the literature. This oversight ignores their interpretations of clients, social services workers, and the system. This study answers the research question, "What discourses will social services providersuse to describe clients, social services workers and the public assistance system?" After interviewing 12 social services workers, results showed, like politicians and the public at large that workers stigmatize clients. The recurring themes reported from social …
Growing The Audience: Are Newsroom Metrics Killing Watchdog Reporting?, Paul D'Ambrosio
Growing The Audience: Are Newsroom Metrics Killing Watchdog Reporting?, Paul D'Ambrosio
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This paper explores the story selection process of reporters in newsrooms that use online metrics to measure article performance. As most media companies pressure reporters to deliver bigger viewership numbers, the gatekeeping power has been placed mostly in the hands of reporters. The questions investigated are whether this pressure is affecting the traditional First Amendment watchdog role of journalists and whether government oversight stories are being cast aside in place of lighter fare that will attract a mass audience. The study used a mixed-method involving story tracking data from a large East Coast newsroom; a national survey of reporters; and …
Elementary School Students Engagement And Interaction In A Mobile Science Learning Environment, Mahbubul Hasan
Elementary School Students Engagement And Interaction In A Mobile Science Learning Environment, Mahbubul Hasan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Mobile Science Learning(MSL) is a new paradigm in modern teaching-learning, and MSL approach has extended modern classroom beyond textbook, and due to portable nature of MSL, young children could interact and engage easily during science teaching learning. This study specifically looks at how young children interact and engage within mobile science learning environment during their elementary school age. This exploratory qualitative single case study utilizes grounded theory approach to explore the young children’s interaction with mobile device while using mobile science application, a semi-structured interview and observation has been utilized to explore the study. This study has implications for modern …
Measuring Time Perception: A Psychometric Analysis, Patrick Joseph Mcnicholas
Measuring Time Perception: A Psychometric Analysis, Patrick Joseph Mcnicholas
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In the literature, many methods have been used to assess the perception of time in individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of time estimation, production, reproduction, and discrimination tasks. Using psychometric terminology consistent with the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, this study utilized classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT) to assess the accuracy, consistency, stability, difficulty, and discrimination of the four aforementioned methods of estimating time perception in college students (N = 136). At present, the tasks were able to demonstrate both validity and reliability through the analyses conducted and …
Retrospective Analysis For Severity Classification Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease And Asthma With Heart Rate And Spo2, Tasnuba Siddiqui
Retrospective Analysis For Severity Classification Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease And Asthma With Heart Rate And Spo2, Tasnuba Siddiqui
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease are chronic and long-term lung diseases. Disease monitoring with minimal sensors with enough efficacy can make the disease management easier and efficacious for patients. Towards this goal, we propose a new model for the severity assessment of these diseases through wearables and compatible with mobile health applications, using only peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (from pulse oximeter sensor). Patient data are obtained from the MIMIC-III Waveform Database Matched Subset. The dataset consists of 168 subjects. Both heart rate signal and SpO2 data of subjects are analyzed in retrospective via the proposed …
Heat Flux Calculation Of Pdms And Silica Aerogel Through Phosphor Thermometry, Makunda Aryal
Heat Flux Calculation Of Pdms And Silica Aerogel Through Phosphor Thermometry, Makunda Aryal
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Phosphor thermometry is an accurate, versatile, and rapid mechanism for inferring temperature information, remotely. The working principle of this technique is based on the different emission characteristics of thermographic phosphors which varies from compound to compound and depends on the specific electronic structure(s) of the phosphor under investigation. Either temporal or spectral composition of the emission characteristics can be used to determine the temperature of the surface that the phosphors are in contact with. In this work thermographic phosphors have been encapsulated in inert transparent or translucent polymers and the behavior of the phosphor-polymer composites was studied as a function …
"What Is The M/F Problem?": Critical Discourse Analysis In Anne Fausto-Sterling's Sexing The Body: Gender Politics And The Construction Of Sexuality, Marysarah Grace Reid
"What Is The M/F Problem?": Critical Discourse Analysis In Anne Fausto-Sterling's Sexing The Body: Gender Politics And The Construction Of Sexuality, Marysarah Grace Reid
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Current dominant understandings of biological sex and gender that rely upon binary constructions are problematic on cultural, political, and individual levels. Cultural misunderstandings of the complexities of biological sex have harmful consequences, including the unnecessary surgical and medical interventions on intersexed bodies and the negative psychological effects of gender stereotypes. Anne Fausto-Sterling’s book, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality (2000), advances necessary progressive feminist perspectives on the subject. I employ critical discourse analysis comparing original scientific and academic discourses with the author’s translations. I argue that she questions binary sex development and assignment in ways that …
Dynamic Rupture Modeling Of Induced Earthquakes In Oklahoma, Elizabeth Ann Gilmour
Dynamic Rupture Modeling Of Induced Earthquakes In Oklahoma, Elizabeth Ann Gilmour
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Since 2008, seismicity has increased in Oklahoma due to high-volume fluid injection. We examine the impact of pore pressure and tectonic factors on the magnitude and the potential for larger earthquakes Dynamic rupture models are performed on 10 km faults with varying input parameters. A neural network trained to approximate the results of the models predicts the moment magnitude of a rupture with 74% accuracy. Fault roughness and normal stresses are negatively correlated with moment magnitude, while the pore pressure has no correlation. We use the trained neural network with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to find distributions of …
In Vitro Evaluations Of The Effects On Chitosan Paste By The Derivatization Of Chitosan, Logan Ryan Boles
In Vitro Evaluations Of The Effects On Chitosan Paste By The Derivatization Of Chitosan, Logan Ryan Boles
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Complex musculoskeletal wounds with high rates of infection can be managed with local delivery systems and systemic antimicrobials. Chitosan has been shown to be biocompatible and biodegradable but exhibits bolus release kinetics. Trimethyl chitosan (TMC) has tailorable degradation properties, and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate chitosan (PEGDAc) is cross-linked and exhibits enhanced swelling characteristics. This research investigated a combination of TMC and PEGDAc as an injectable local delivery system. Combination paste eluted active vancomycin and amikacin for 6 and 5 days, respectively, and was degraded after 14 days. Cytocompatibility with NIH3T3 fibroblast and MC3T3 pre-osteoblast cells was above viability standards in ISO …
Effects Of College-Themed Media On First-Year Student Expectations, Micheal John Clinton Jr.
Effects Of College-Themed Media On First-Year Student Expectations, Micheal John Clinton Jr.
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Common expectations of incoming undergraduates have been identified, however, the influences on these expectations are varied and include input from high school, familial pressures, and the media. Incoming students consume messages regarding what college is like from these various sources, yet the specific impact of narrative media has yet to be investigated. Utilizing interviews of college students following their first full-time academic year, this study accomplishes two tasks. First, the types of expectations students have of four common assumptions of college congruent with previous research are identified. Then, the influences of narrative media are investigated and analyzed. The analysis of …
Long-Term Effect Of Vitamin E On Free Radicals And Thermouminescence Properties Of Medical-Grade Uhmwpe, Saghar Gomrok
Long-Term Effect Of Vitamin E On Free Radicals And Thermouminescence Properties Of Medical-Grade Uhmwpe, Saghar Gomrok
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This research project focuses on the effects of vitamin E on free radicals and thermoluminescence of 10-years old shelf-stored samples with different concentrations of vitamin E. Two spectroscopy methods were used to analyze the behavior of the free radicals in presence of vitamin E in old samples, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and Thermally Simulated Luminescence (TSL) spectroscopy. The experiments were performed on three different groups of UHMWPE. One group of samples includes vitamin E doped samples and non-vitamin E samples, both non-irradiated, which were stored in open air at room temperature (23°C) for more than 10 years. In this …
Computational Modelling Of Aqueous Humor Dynamics And Drug Delivery For Intraocular Pressure Control In Glaucoma, Jabia Mostofa Chowdhury
Computational Modelling Of Aqueous Humor Dynamics And Drug Delivery For Intraocular Pressure Control In Glaucoma, Jabia Mostofa Chowdhury
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
We present a computational model of sustained delivery of ocular pressure-lowering drugs (Timolol Maleate) to the anterior segment of the eye using drug infused contact lens. Ocular structures, aqueous humor flow and their interaction were modeled as linearly elastic solids, viscous fluid flow and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) respectively in COMSOL 5.3 as axisymmetric models. Timolol distribution from contact lens was modeled as transport of diluted species coupled with the flow dynamics (FSI velocity coupled). Aqueous humor production in the ciliary body was simulated as an inlet with a mass flow rate of 5e-8 kg/s. Over a 10-hour duration, drug transport …
Recessional Poverty And Segregation In Shelby County, Tennessee, Jennifer Jehan Marshall
Recessional Poverty And Segregation In Shelby County, Tennessee, Jennifer Jehan Marshall
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Great Recession of 2007-2009 and minor recession in 2001-2002 caused increases in financial strife for which the United States is recovering over 10 years later. Memphis ranks high for poverty, yet few studies evaluate Shelby County, Tennessee for poverty and segregation. This project adds to spatial recessional research by investigating changes in poverty and segregation in the county. Through a tract-level analysis, I located poverty and segregation in Shelby County for 2000 and 2009. I hypothesize that Blacks and Hispanics are the poorest of all groups and experience the most residential segregation. Results from 2000 showed that Black and …
Experimentally Increased Incubation Temperature Affects Posthatching Development, Offspring Begging And Parental Care, And Nestling Survival In Three Species Of Wild Bird, Alexander J. Mueller
Experimentally Increased Incubation Temperature Affects Posthatching Development, Offspring Begging And Parental Care, And Nestling Survival In Three Species Of Wild Bird, Alexander J. Mueller
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
It is now widely accepted that recent climatic changes have had a causal effect on changing avian life histories. However, evidence for this is largely observational, whereas cause-and-effect inference requires an experimental approach. Here, we assess effects of experimentally increased temperature during incubation on posthatching development in three species of wild songbird, the Carolina chickadee (Poecile carolinensis), Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), and prothonotary warbler (Protonotaria citrea). Increased incubation temperatures (i) reduced the duration of the incubation and nestling periods, (ii) reduced posthatching begging for food by nestlings, and (iii) reduced posthatching survival in Carolina chickadees and prothonotary warblers, while nestling …
Recharge Of The Memphis Aquifer In An Incised Urban Watershed, William A. Simco
Recharge Of The Memphis Aquifer In An Incised Urban Watershed, William A. Simco
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Memphis aquifer is the principal source for groundwater in western Tennessee. Recharge processes to the aquifer are poorly understood, but previous studies show that recharge to the aquifer occurs more efficiently in stream gullies with sand bottoms than in upland terraces within rural areas of the recharge belt: the same is expected in urban areas. Water balance measurements in the Sandy Creek watershed in Jackson, Tennessee, provide information regarding infiltration and potential recharge to the Memphis Aquifer that may be typical of urban stream valleys where Coastal Plain aquifers are exposed. Monthly water balance estimates in the watershed indicate …
A Study On The Influence Of Degree Of Saturation And Dry Unit Weight On The Shear Strength Of Unsaturated Peoria Loess At Fulton, Tennessee, Sudip Bahadur Khadka
A Study On The Influence Of Degree Of Saturation And Dry Unit Weight On The Shear Strength Of Unsaturated Peoria Loess At Fulton, Tennessee, Sudip Bahadur Khadka
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Loess is a windblown deposit comprised primarily of silt particles that has a metastable structure characterized by randomly open and loose particle packing with high porosity. It has an ability to stand in a near-vertical slope in its unsaturated state but collpases with an increase in the degree of saturation apparently due to the loss of the effective cohesion and matric suction. The higher degree of saturation decreases the shear strength of the soil, which makes structures on loess vulnerable to collapse or excessive settlement and instability. The overall objective of this research was to find the effect of degree …
Relations Between Veterans' Coping Strategies And Symptoms Of Ptsd And Depression, Nichole Noel Mazzulo
Relations Between Veterans' Coping Strategies And Symptoms Of Ptsd And Depression, Nichole Noel Mazzulo
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Mental health problems, especially posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are significant concerns for veterans. Coping strategies may compound or alleviate mental health problems. Prior research shows maladaptive coping strategies are used by people with more severe PTSD and depression, while adaptive strategies are used by people who are more resilient. This study investigated how coping strategies contribute to symptoms of PTSD and depression in two samples of veterans: 55 veterans recruited from a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) (12 women, 43 men; Mage = 36.58; 43.6% White, 45.5% Black), 71 student veterans enrolled at a university (22 women, 49 …
Generation Of Knockout Cell Lines To Investigate The Roles Of Cklf And Cry2 In The Regulation Of Circadian Clock, Thanuja Ramanna
Generation Of Knockout Cell Lines To Investigate The Roles Of Cklf And Cry2 In The Regulation Of Circadian Clock, Thanuja Ramanna
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Many physiological parameters such as body temperature, circulating hormone levels, blood pressure and metabolic activity are rhythmic, and their rhythmicity is governed by the circadian clock. This is a self-sustained ̃24-hour cycle, which at the molecular level is determined by negative transcriptional and translational feedback loops controlled by the products of core clock genes. There are at least 10 core clock genes namely Bmal1, Bmal2, Clock, Npas2, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, Nr1d1 and Nr1d2. In addition to these core clock genes, clock modifier genes exist that modulate the molecular clock by integrating synchronous and asynchronous clues from signal transduction …
Multidimensional Resource Allocation In Freight Transportation Planning: A Case Study Of Tennessee, Santosh Bhattarai
Multidimensional Resource Allocation In Freight Transportation Planning: A Case Study Of Tennessee, Santosh Bhattarai
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis develops the multidimensional resource allocation models to prioritize the freight improvement projects. Multiple dimensions of the model include transportation modes, performance measures, improvement types, geographical regions, policy criteria, and planning horizon. The total benefits is maximized subject to budget, policy, and other constraints. Four models are developed based on four different policies including economic competitiveness with and without mutual exclusiveness in location, equity in opportunity, and equity in outcome. Models are compared with each other as well as a non-optimization model, where resources are allocated based on maximum benefits. The models are applied in the state of Tennessee …
The Trickster And The Tricked: Agency Versus Passivity In Egyptian Representations Of The God Seth, Tanya Mai Olson
The Trickster And The Tricked: Agency Versus Passivity In Egyptian Representations Of The God Seth, Tanya Mai Olson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis will seek to explore some of the diverse roles played by the god Seth over the course of Pharaonic history. As one of the most complex figures in Egyptian religion and mythology, a diachronic analysis will show that Seth could be portrayed as either an active or passive force, based largely upon the role he was meant to play. By exploring the iconography of his artistic depictions, and corroborating these depictions with textual evidence, this thesis hopes to contextualize Seth's active and passive portrayals and discuss his benevolent and malevolent roles as a god of multiple domains, including …
Relations Between Experience With Mental Illness And The Not Guilty By Reason Of Insanity Plea, Madelyn Gero
Relations Between Experience With Mental Illness And The Not Guilty By Reason Of Insanity Plea, Madelyn Gero
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) plea is one of the most controversial defense strategies used in the modern legal system. The aim of this study was to determine whether previous experience with mental illness was a factor in participants' likelihood of assigning a NGRI verdict. Participants (N = 268) read a vignette and assigned a verdict. Items dealing with previous experience with mental illness and other related variables were included. Reliability and validity analyses and an exploratory factor analysis were performed on the previous experience with mental illness measure. Futher, logistic regression analyses were performed using measures …
Cognitive, Adaptive, And Psychosocial Functioning Of Infants And Toddlers Treated For Cancer, Ansley Evelyne Kenney
Cognitive, Adaptive, And Psychosocial Functioning Of Infants And Toddlers Treated For Cancer, Ansley Evelyne Kenney
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Background: Many children with cancer are diagnosed during infancy and toddlerhood (<3 years of age), potentially resulting in disrupted and/or missed developmental opportunities. Diagnoses that affect the central nervous system are among the most common and are associated with an increased risk of neurocognitive problems. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of research regarding the functioning of very young children treated for cancer. The objective of this study was to describe the cognitive, adaptive, and psychosocial functioning of infants and toddlers with cancer evaluated at a hospital-based psychology clinic. Method: Data from 32 infants and toddlers with cancer and/or immunological disorders (Mage = 24.6 ± 6.6 months; 56.3% male) who completed clinically-referred assessments in a hospital psychology clinic from 2010-2015 were abstracted. Indicators of cognitive, adaptive, and psychosocial functioning were collapsed across measures prior to analyses. Results: Infants and toddlers were 13.32 months post-diagnosis (SD = 9.12, range 0 - 34.44 months) with a majority off-therapy at the time of assessment (59.4%). The majority of patients had brain (28.1%) or solid tumors (46.9%). Mean early cognitive scores were significantly below expectations, t(24) = -9.02, p < .001. Adaptive functioning, t(27) = -7.03, p < .001 and some indices of psychosocial functioning were also significantly below expectations. Differences in early cognitive functioning were present based on diagnostic category but not treatment status. Conclusion: Infants and toddlers with cancer appear to be at significant risk for weaknesses in cognitive, adaptive, and psychosocial functioning, though some domains within psychosocial functioning are preserved. The surprising severity of deficits warrant the need for further investigation and consideration of this population to ensure optimal functional development.
Dynamic Properties Of Local Memphis Area Loess, Efrem Weldegebriel Emhatsion
Dynamic Properties Of Local Memphis Area Loess, Efrem Weldegebriel Emhatsion
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study was motivated by the fact that the current practice for performing seismic site response analysis in the Memphis area uses shear modulus degradation and damping that are based on test results of soils obtained outside of the Memphis area. Memphis is located in the New Madrid seismic zone and is covered predominantly by loess soil. Loess has unique behavior from other soils. The purpose of the research is to determine the dynamic properties of Memphis area loess. Inorder to investigate the dynamic properties, remolded specimens with varying saturation levels and densities were prepared and tested using a resonant …
The Music Village: How Architecture And Music Can Revitalize Community And Culture, Cameron Mclemore
The Music Village: How Architecture And Music Can Revitalize Community And Culture, Cameron Mclemore
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The rich history of South Memphis neighborhoods—a community best known for its musical heritage—has been diminished due to social and economic issues. This has resulted in a missing link within the community. This thesis seeks to understand the relationship between music and architecture by exploring and expressing cultural heritage through music and inclusive community engagement. The goal is to preserve the character and promote the growth of the neighborhood with music as the driving force. This project will provide a place for music creation and collaboration using concepts derived from organizational patterns found in music. The research supporting this thesis …
Disconnect, Peter Hogan
Disconnect, Peter Hogan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
My thesis manuscript is a collection of lyrical, neo-confessional poems entitled Disconnect. The collection centers on themes of connection and disconnection, the ways in which the world is both singular and multiple. The speaker in these poems explores not only relationships, but his own relationship with relationships and how that has affected the perception of himself. The manuscript relates these themes through the dynamics of a speaker's romantic and familial relationships, as well as intentional reflection on the maturation process. Some lesser themes in the collection include social masculinity conceptions and the idea of persistent work towards a living wage.
Using Text Comprehension Analyses To Enhance The Readability Of Self-Report Questionnaires Of Gambling Disorder, Samuel Cody Peter
Using Text Comprehension Analyses To Enhance The Readability Of Self-Report Questionnaires Of Gambling Disorder, Samuel Cody Peter
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to use advanced text-comprehension tools to develop a questionnaire of gambling disorder symptoms, the Memphis Gambling Measure (MGM), then experimentally compare rates of accurate comprehension and symptom identification as compared to the NODS, an often used and theoretically less readable questionnaire of the same symptoms. Eighty-five volunteers identified symptoms in a clinical vignette by completing either the MGM or NODS in a between-subjects experimental design. Participants who completed the MGM correctly identified more symptoms of gambling disorder than participants who completed the NODS. Participants with more education more accurately reponded to the questionnaire items, …
Sexual Minority Health Behaviors And Potential Benefits Of Same Sex Marriage, Caleb C. Cooley
Sexual Minority Health Behaviors And Potential Benefits Of Same Sex Marriage, Caleb C. Cooley
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Sexual minorities experience higher rates of negative health behaviors, yet little is known about the mechanisms which contribute to these experiences. Marriage has been shown to provide protective health benefits for those who opt in to the institution. Much of the previous research has primarily focused on marriage between different-sex couples, or estimated same-sex cohabitation. This study utilizes nationally representative secondary data from the National Health Interview Survey, to investigate the potential mediating influence of marriage on the elevated occurrence of negative health behaviors among same-sex couples. In terms of marriage, sexual minorities experience similar marital benefits to heterosexual couples …
Development And Functional Evaluation Of Chitosan Paste As A Local Antibiotic Delivery Biomaterial, Christopher Michael Alexander
Development And Functional Evaluation Of Chitosan Paste As A Local Antibiotic Delivery Biomaterial, Christopher Michael Alexander
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Complex musculoskeletal wounds, resultant of high-energy trauma, are a leading cause of morbidity worldwide due, in part, to a propensity for bacterial contamination. This work details the fabrication of a thermo-responsive, injectable chitosan composite paste by including the additive β-glycerophosphate, which creates a polyelectrolyte complex with the chitosan molecular backbone. Functional and clinical efficacy as an infection prevention tool were determined within the scope of complex musculoskeletal wounds. Findings from in vitro studies support the capability of chitosan paste to be loaded with dual antibiotics for release of inhibitory levels of both amikacin and vancomycin for at least 3 days. …
The Power Of Acoustical Architecture: Understanding How Acoustics Encourage The Participation Of Communal Singing Through The Making Of A Sacred Space, Emily Sinden-Redding
The Power Of Acoustical Architecture: Understanding How Acoustics Encourage The Participation Of Communal Singing Through The Making Of A Sacred Space, Emily Sinden-Redding
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis will explore the way architectural acoustic designs can encourage congregational participation and singing, to touch people emotionally and spiritually, and inspire community, to better enhance the worship experience. Human interactions, behaviors, and emotional responses are influenced by sound and the acoustics of a space, but too often architecture ignores and disregards the acoustical aspects of design. Architecture must be designed to respond to acoustics, to create a more successful, holistic design, and an enriching experience for the users. Architectural acoustics play an especially essential role in sacred spaces; these spaces have unique acoustical challenges as both leaders and …