Wet Fractionation Of Alfalfa: A Direct Forage-Harvesting System,
2026
University of Wisconsin
Wet Fractionation Of Alfalfa: A Direct Forage-Harvesting System, M Collins, R G. Koegel, N A. Jorgensen, H W. Ream
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In this systm, termed wet fractionation, fresh forage is macerated and pressed to remove approximately 50 % of the moisture. The result is a forage product containing 32 %-38 % dry matter (DM) that can be ensiled directly. In addition, the protein contained in the plant juice can be coagulated and removed. The remaining deproteinized juice contains large quantities of mineral nutrients that can be returned to the soil. This process has several potential advantages: (1) less weather-dependent harvesting, which minimizes harvest losses; (2) reduced harvesting time; (3) reduced fertilizer requirements; and (4) ability to harvest protein from land unsuited …
Hastening Hay Drying,
2026
Michigan State University
Hastening Hay Drying, J W. Thomas, T R. Johnson, M A. Wieghart, C M. Hansen, M B. Tesar, Z Helsel
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The objectives of these studies were to increase the drying rate of cut alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by treating with chemical solutions and to examine factors that influence drying. Time to dry and drying rate of cut alfalfa were studied under laboratory and field conditions. Treatment consisted of spraying the cut alfalfa with methyl esters of long-chain fatty acids, an emulsifier alone, or a combination of an emulsifier and a potassium carbonate solution. Alfalfa sprayed with solutions of each chemical under specified conditions increased drying rate and decreased drying time to 60% or 75 % dry matter (DM) or …
Alternative Treatment Systems To Increase The Drying Rates Of Green Forage Crops,
2026
National Institue of Agricultural Engineering, UK
Alternative Treatment Systems To Increase The Drying Rates Of Green Forage Crops, W E. Klinner, O D. Hale
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Forms of conditioning treatment are being developed that aim to minimize the barrier effect of the crop cuticle without sacrificing too much of the structural strength of the herbage. Effective surface abrasion and favorable windrow structure can be achieved with steel-spoked rotors, which are now beginning to be offered commercially. More recently, plastic brushes have been developed because the higher population density and yielding ability of the crop-engaging elements, plus the absence of metal components, appeared to offer additional advantages. Four different brush conditioner systems have been evaluated in the laboratory and in replicated field experiments. Tufted brushes using trilobar …
Effects Of Microwave Treatment On Drying And Respiration In Cut Alfalfa,
2026
Purdue University
Effects Of Microwave Treatment On Drying And Respiration In Cut Alfalfa, S A. Seif, D A. Holt, V L. Lechtenberg, R J. Vetter
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
After forage crops are cut mechanically, they usually undergo some degree of natural drying before being stored or further processed. During early stages of drying, plant respiration continues. Treatments or management practices that hasten drying and reduce postharvest respiration are desirable, because they minimize quantity and quality losses. Our objective was to determine the effects of brief microwave treatment on subsequent natural drying rate and respiration of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ). Duplicate samples of field grown Apollo alfalfa were subjected to focused microwave energy (2,450 MHz) generated at 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0 kilowatt of power for 3, 6, …
Effect Of Formic Acid- Formaldehyde Treatments On The Nitrogenous Constituents In Annual Ryegrass Silage,
2026
USDA-SEA-AR
Effect Of Formic Acid- Formaldehyde Treatments On The Nitrogenous Constituents In Annual Ryegrass Silage, M L. Fishman, F Mchan, D Burdick
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Prevention of proteolysis during ensiling is important in preserving the nutritive value of silage. Hence, the mechanism by which silage protein is protected against degradation was studied in wilted annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorium Lam.) silage pretreated with formic acid, formaldehyde, and a formic acid-formaldehyde mixture. Raw-wilted ryegrass, control ryegrass silage, and treated ryegrass silage were extracted and fractionated under conditions previously found to maximize yield of nitrogenous constituents and minimize proteolysis during the extraction of fresh grass. Extractions were by boric acid-borate buffer at pH 8.0 with and without detergent (1 % sodium dodecyl sulfate). Sodium metabisulfite, an antioxidant, was …
Addition Of Lactobacillus Sp. To Aid The Fermentation Of Alfalfa, Corn, Sorghum, And Wheat Forages,
2026
University of Georgia
Addition Of Lactobacillus Sp. To Aid The Fermentation Of Alfalfa, Corn, Sorghum, And Wheat Forages, N J. Moon, L O. Ely
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
As preservation of forage by ensiling has increased, so has the use of additives to enhance acid fermentation. Many of the fermentation aids currently on the market contain microflora to insure a lactic acid fermentation. The objectives of this study were to characterize the basic patterns of fermentation in a variety of crops and to evaluate the effects of adding selected microflora to forages to enhance the fermentation. Four crops were ensiled in each of three seasons. Alfalfa was harvested at 20 %-40 % bloom, second cut; wheat was cut in the early dough stage; corn was cut in the …
Interrelationships Between Pattern Of Fermentation During Ensilage And Initial Crop Composition,
2026
Grassland Research Institute
Interrelationships Between Pattern Of Fermentation During Ensilage And Initial Crop Composition, J M. Wilkinson, P F. Chapman, R J. Wilkins, R F. Wilson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Relationships between crop composition and silage composition were examined for 231 silages made at the Grassland Research Institute from 1968 to 1978 without additives. A test was made of the model of Weissbach et al. (1974) in which silage characteristics were related to the percentage of dry matter in the crop (OM) and the ratio of sugar (Z) to buffering capacity (PK). Although these factors accounted for significant variance, the percentage accounted for was low at 36 % for lactic acid (percentage of total acids), 26 % for Flieg's score, 22 % for ammonia N (percentage of total N), and …
Effect Of Delayed Sealing During Ensiling On Fermentation And Dry-Matter Loss,
2026
National Grassland Research Institute
Effect Of Delayed Sealing During Ensiling On Fermentation And Dry-Matter Loss, N Takano, Y Masaoka, T Manda
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Two experiments were carried out from 1976 to 1980 to ascertain the effect of delayed sealing of silo on fermentation, dry· matter (DM) loss, digestibility, and silage intake. The effect of delayed sealing (up to 72 hours) of grass and corn silage was tested in laboratory silos on fermentation quality with storage temperatures at 15°C and 30°C, moisture content from 49% to 85 % , water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content ranging from 11.1 % to 17.5%, and with and without an addition of 0.25% formic acid. In all cases, delayed sealing resulted in poor-quality silage with high pH values and low …
Improving Hay Quality By Ammoniation,
2026
Purdue University
Improving Hay Quality By Ammoniation, K J. Moore, V L. Lechtenberg, K S. Hendrix, J M. Hertel
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of hay ammoniation on hay consumption and weight gain by steers when the hay was fed unsupplemented and supplemented with energy and protein. Mature orchardgrass (Dacrylis glomerata L.) hay was baled in early June 1979 and treated with anhydrous ammonia at 30 g/kg of hay. Seven weeks after treatment the hay was uncovered and allowed to aerate for 3 days. It was then fed to weanling steer calves weighing approximately 225 kg each. Similar hay baled from the same field but not ammoniated was fed to separate groups of steers. Both the treated …
Evaluations Of Low-Quality Roughages And Fibrous Cereal Grains Treated With Various Chemicals,
2026
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Evaluations Of Low-Quality Roughages And Fibrous Cereal Grains Treated With Various Chemicals, G C. Fahey Jr, L L. Berger, M I. Mora, P J. Van Der Aar
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Large improvements in the feeding value of low-quality roughages have resulted from treatment of them with various chemicals. Chemical treatment of grains may also be a potentially useful practice. The research reported here was designed (1) to determine how Chelating Metal Caustic Swelling (CMCS), a nontoxic, alkaline, aqueous reagent, compares with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in enhancing in-vitro cellulose digestion (IVCD) of cornstalks (CS) (Zea mays) and soybean residues (SBR) (G!),cine max.), and (2) to evaluate the effects of NaOH and CMCS treatments of fibrous grains using in-situ techniques. CMCS or 7.5% NaOH solutions were added to CS or SBR at …
Effect Of Solvent Treatments On Intake And Digestibility Of Corn Stover,
2026
Purdue University
Effect Of Solvent Treatments On Intake And Digestibility Of Corn Stover, D M. Schaefer, M R. Ladisch, C H. Noller, V L. Lechtenberg
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Treatment of crop residues with low levels of sodium hydroxide has been shown to improve organic-matter digestibility and animal performance. One objective of these experiments was to evaluate the effects of three treatments -water, sodium hydroxide, and chelating metal cellulose-swelling solution-on solubilization of cell-wall components in corn (Zea m£rys) stover. The two latter treatments were balanced for level of sodium hydroxide application, which was .3 .2 % of stover dry matter. The second objective was to determine the effects of these treatments on in-vitro and in-vivo digestibility as well as on consumption of corn stover. Twelve growing ram lambs were …
Factors Causing Greater In-Vitro Than In-Vivo Digestibility Of Sodium Hydroxide - Treated Roughages,
2026
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Factors Causing Greater In-Vitro Than In-Vivo Digestibility Of Sodium Hydroxide - Treated Roughages, L L. Berger, T J. Klopfenstein, R A. Britton
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Research on sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment oflow-quality roughages generally indicates that in-vivo digestion is lower than in-vitro digestion. The purpose of this research was to identify factors that may cause less of the potentially digestible fiber to be digested in vivo than in vitro. Corn (Zea mays) cobs were raised to 60% moisture and treated to contain 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5 % , and 10.0% NaOH. Lambs were fed diets containing 80% cobs and 20% supplement, giving a complete mixed diet con· taining 0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, and 8.0% NaOH. Five abomasally cannulated lambs were assigned to a 5 x …
Relationship Between Silage Quality And 15 N-Nitrate Reduction During Ensilage,
2026
The College of Dairying, Japan
Relationship Between Silage Quality And 15 N-Nitrate Reduction During Ensilage, K Ataku, M Horiguchi, T Matsumoto
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Nitrate in forage has been proven to occasionally poison ruminants. Our recent studies, however, have shown that a high concentration of nitrate inhibits butyric acid fermentation to the advantage of the silage quality. This work was undertaken to see the relationship between silage quality and the pattern of nitrate reduction during ensilage.
In Vitro Assessment Of The Reproductive Biology Of Sweet Potato Weevil, Cylas Formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae) Among Commonly Grown Sweet Potato Cultivars,
2026
College of Agriculture Systems and Technology Pampanga State Agricultural University, PAC, Magalang, Pampanga 2011 Philippines
In Vitro Assessment Of The Reproductive Biology Of Sweet Potato Weevil, Cylas Formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae) Among Commonly Grown Sweet Potato Cultivars, Jerah Mystica Novenario, Flor A. Ceballo-Alcantara
The Philippine Agricultural Scientist
The sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius), is a devastating pest of sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., with a specific point of damage at the tuber where eggs are oviposited, and voracious larvae feed. Farmers in Tarlac province in the Philippines claim that a specific cultivar is highly infested by the pest, suggesting that other cultivars may not be susceptible to the pest damage. This study aimed to determine the reproductive biology of the weevil across 3 sweet potato cultivars (Inubi, Super Bureau, and Bureau) frequently grown in Central Luzon. Since the weevils are nocturnal, behavioral observations were conducted …
Can Generative Ai Make Farming Decisions? Current Status And Future Pathways: A Case Study In Row Crop Production With Chatgpt,
2026
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Can Generative Ai Make Farming Decisions? Current Status And Future Pathways: A Case Study In Row Crop Production With Chatgpt, Nipuna Chamara, Yufeng Ge, Joe Luck, Yu Pan, Saleh Taghvaeian, Cory Walters, Christopher Proctor, Daran Rudnick, Daren Redfearn
Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications
The agricultural decision-making process is experience-based, knowledge-dependent, time-sensitive, complex, and driven by historical data. Planting, fertilization, irrigation, and chemigation are key categories in farm decision-making, and currently there is no one-shot decision-support tool that covers all these activities. Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) models are more advanced than traditional machine learning and deep learning models. These models have been trained on vast amounts of data from the internet, allowing them to accept unstructured data in various forms and generate human-like text, solutions to problems, and scenario predictions. Given this capability, we became interested in exploring the potential of generative AI in …
Fate Of Nitrogen Applied To Grassland In Animal Wastes,
2026
Johnstown Castle Research Centre
Fate Of Nitrogen Applied To Grassland In Animal Wastes, M Sherwood
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The experiment was designed to determine the effects of land spreading of animal manures on the nutrient content of surface runoff water and infiltrating soil water. This report deals only with nitrogen (N) and attempts to quantify the losses through runoff, leaching, and volatilization of ammonia (NH3) as well as N uptake in the grass over a 3-year period. Experimental plots sited on grassland, on two soil types (a moderately drained loam and an impermeable gley), were equipped to collect surface runoff water. Ceramic probes were installed in each plot at 15-, 30-, 60-, and 100-cm depths to extract infiltrating …
Annual Losses Of Ammonia From A Grazed Pasture Fertilized With Urea,
2026
CSIRO
Annual Losses Of Ammonia From A Grazed Pasture Fertilized With Urea, V R. Catchpoole, L A. Harper, R J.K Keyers
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Nitrogen-balance studies have shown losses of applied nitrogen (N) from grazed pastures in southeastern Queensland. Losses as high as 80% have been observed from urea N broadcast at 376 kg N/ha/yr over 8 years on a Setaria sp1uu:elata cv. Nandi pasture. Management techniques aimed at reducing this loss and thereby increasing the efficiency of use of N by pastures cannot be devised until the pathways of loss are known. The objective of this research was to estimate the annual ammonia (NH3) loss by convective transport from a urea-fertilized pasture at Samford Pasture Research Station in southeastern Queensland. Urea was broadcast …
Nitrogen Losses From Urine-Affected Areas Of A New Zealand Pasture, Under Contrasting Seasonal Conditions, P R. Ball, D R. Keeney
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grazing ruminants aggregate large quantities of forage nitrogen (N) into urine patches. Pasture plots treated with urine N were studied to assess its fate under contrasting seasonal conditions: cool-moist (representing winter-spring); warm-moist (late spring-early summer), and warm-dry (late summer-autumn). A permanent ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) sward on free-draining alluvial soil was studied. 'freatments were replicated in randomized blocks. Urine N was applied at 30 or 60 g N/m2• Relevant measurements were then continued until treatment differences disappeared. Apparent N balances for urine treatments were compiled. Fixation by white clover was always greatly reduced in …
Effects Of Grazing Management On Seasonal Variation In Nitrogen Fixation,
2026
DSIR
Effects Of Grazing Management On Seasonal Variation In Nitrogen Fixation, J L. Brock, J H. Hoglund, R H. Fletcher
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Using the acetylene reduction assay, field studies in recent years have investigated the variation in N fixation in grazed systems, and some of the principles involved in the interaction with available soil N have been described. This experiment extends this work to include the effect of grazing management on the factors influencing N fixation. Two self-contained sheep-grazed units, one a 10-paddock rotationally grazed system and the other set stocked, were established on a high-fertility ryegrass-white clover pasture, with a basic stocking rate of 22 sheep/ha. Over the 1975-1978 period, both units were monitored for pasture growth, N fixation, and associated …
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Of Alfalfa, Birdsfoot Trefoil, And Red Clover,
2026
USDA-SEA-AR
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Of Alfalfa, Birdsfoot Trefoil, And Red Clover, G H. Heichel, C P. Vance, D K. Barnes
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Forage legumes such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus comiculatus L.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), grown in crop rotations, can provide an inexpensive source of nitrogen (N) to succeeding crops. Few quantitative measurements of seasonal patterns of N fixation in managed communities of perennial forage legumes have been undertaken, chiefly because of the lack of satisfactory methods. Therefore, there is little knowledge of how N fixation varies with crop development, yielding ability, and weather patterns. Quantitative measurements of N fixation are important in choosing the appropriate legume for use in a crop rotation and for …
