Plant Pathology Commons^™

Review Of Urochloa Breeder’S Toolbox With The Theory Of Change And Stage Gate System Approach, E. Sweitzer, L. Hernandez, D. Florian, A. Notenbaert, S. Burkart, J. Arango, J. Cardoso, M. Peters, V. Castiblanco

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Livestock production in the global south is at crossroads as there is a demand to increase Animal Source Foods to address hunger and pressure to lighten the environmental footprint often associated with livestock production. To satisfy both needs, the use of technologies that improve animal performance, while reducing land use and net Greenhouse Gas emissions produced by animals is essential. One of such technologies are Urochloa forage grasses.

Urochloa forage grasses are well known for their rusticity and their ability to grow in soils of low fertility and high aluminum content. These characteristics allow Urochloa to grow in areas temporally …

Residual Feed Intake (Rfi) And Efficiency Of Feed Utilization (Efu) Of Total Mixed Ration (Tmr) Fed Frisian Cross Bred Cows – A Case Study, S. C. Somasiri, A. M. C. S. Karunarathna

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Residual Feed Intake (RFI) is the difference between an animal’s actual feed and expected feed intakes for a given period of time. Literature shows that highly efficient animals have a negative or lower RFI. Thus understanding about RFI is important to maintain an efficient herd. A feeding trial was undertaken at a commercial farm in Sri Lanka having Frisian cross bred cows. The cows were fed with a grass-based Total Mixed Ration (TMR) having maize (Zea mays), CO3 (Pennisetum perpureum X Pennisetum americarnum), beer pulp (wet brewer’s grain), dhal meal (Lens culinaris), mineral mixture …

The Astounding World Of Glycans From Giant Viruses, Anna Notaro, Chantal Abergel, Rosa Lanzetta, Todd L. Lowary, Antonio Molinaro, Michela Tonetti, James L. Van Etten, Cristina De Castro

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Viruses are a heterogeneous ensemble of entities, all sharing the need for a suitable host to replicate. They are extremely diverse, varying in morphology, size, nature, and complexity of their genomic content. Typically, viruses use host-encoded glycosyltransferases and glycosidases to add and remove sugar residues from their glycoproteins. Thus, the structure of the glycans on the viral proteins have, to date, typically been considered to mimick those of the host. However, the more recently discovered large and giant viruses differ from this paradigm. At least some of these viruses code for an (almost) autonomous glycosylation pathway. These viral genes include …

Release Of A New Forage Bermudagrass Cultivar From The Usda-Npgs Cynodon Collection, Esteban F. Rios, José C. B. Dubeux Jr., João M. B. Vendramini, M. Wallau, C. H. Lopes De Souza, A. J. Grossman, Y. Lopez, P. Munoz, W. Anderson, L. Baxter, M. S. Castillo, M. C. Saha, K. Quesenberry, A. Blount, P. Reith, K. Kenworthy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Warm-season perennial grasses are the backbone of the pasture-based livestock industry in the southeastern USA. In Florida specifically, bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) and bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) support 1 million head of cattle and 15,000 beef cattle operations. Bermudagrass is the most widely planted forage species in the southeastern USA, planted in approximately 15 million ha and used for grazing, hay and silage. The genus Cynodon is native to southern Africa and germplasm collections have revealed a high degree of genetic variability within the genus. The United States Department of Agriculture National Plant Germplasm System (USDA-NPGS) maintains a collection …

Relationship Between Semi-Arid Rangelands Quality Parameters And Vegetation Indexes, P. Toro-Mujica, D. Enriquez-Hidalgo, S. Escobar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A large portion of the sheep production systems in the semi-arid zone of Central Chile base their feeding on the rangelands, adjusting both the production cycle and the use of supplementary feed to the natural supply of fodder. In this way, knowledge of the rangeland quantity and quality at the farm level emerges as an essential input for the decision-making of feed management. The objective of the study was to relate the herbage quality parameters of the semi-arid zone rangeland with Vegetation Indices (VI) and to determine which vegetation index report the best results. Vegetative indexes were obtained from aerial …

Predicting Forage Intake By Sheep Through The Pampa Corte Model Or Nrc, C. A. Pozo, Gilberto V. Kozloski, H. M. N. Ribeiro Filho, J. F. Tourrand, Vicente Celestino Pires Silveira

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the Pampa Corte and National Research Council (2007; NRC) models for predicting forage intake (FI) by sheep. Individual data (n = 213) of observed FI, body weight and chemical composition of consumed diet were taken from fifteen indoor digestibility trials conducted with male sheep housed in metabolic cages and fed only forage ad libitum. The diets were composed of tropical grasses, temperate grasses and legumes. Individual observations of FI were averaged by treatment (n = 32) into each experiment which were then compared to FI …

Performance Of Napier Grass (Cenchrus Purpureus L.) Genotypes Grown Under Limited Soil Moisture, E. Habte, M. S. Muktar, A. T. Negawo, A. M. Sartie, C. S. Jones

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Napier grass (Cenchrus purpureus Schumach L.) is an important perennial forage native to Africa and grown in many tropical and subtropical countries. It is considered as a short-term drought tolerant forage which is a useful trait in areas that are characterized by low precipitation during the dry season. To exploit the potential of this grass and identify water use efficient (WUE) genotypes, a field drought stress trial was conducted at Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Eighty-four Napier grass genotypes were planted in a p-rep design in four replications. The genotypes were evaluated for forage performance during the dry season of 2019 and …

Pasture Utilization At Islands In Northern Norway, V. Lind, Ø. Holand, F.-A. Haugen, G. Steinheim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Norwegian sheep industry is based on utilization of “free” rangeland pasture resources. Use of mountain pastures is dominating, with about two million sheep grazing these pastures during summer. Regional challenges related to e.g., loss of sheep to large carnivores make farmers think differently. The Norwegian coastline is among the longest globally and is scattered with islets and islands. Alone along the coast of Nordland county, it is estimated more than 14,000 islands. Use of islands for summer pasture is an alternative but there is a limited knowledge about such a management system. In this study, we examined lambs’ average …

Performance Of The Leucaena Leucocephala–Megathyrsus Maximus Cv Mombasa System And Local Range Grazed By Pelibuey Ewe-Lambs, E. Cortés Díaz, J. C. Campos Ojeda, P. Martínez Hernández, J. L. Zaragoza Ramírez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Mombasa grass and leucaena have shown an excellent agronomic performance grown in tropical semi-arid ranges, the objective of this study was to compare the agronomic performance of Leucaena-Mombasa grown as a silvopastoral system at two leucaena plant densities (10000 and 15000 plants ha^-1) and of Pelibuey ewe-lambs grazing it against native unimproved tropical semi-arid range of the state of Morelos, México. Experimental design was a completely random with two replications. Unimproved native range was mainly deciduous shrubs and mixed herbaceous plants (Poaceae and Asteraceae). Stocking rate was the same across treatments and grazing lasted all rainy season. Of …

Participatory Evaluation Of Urochloa And Megathyrsus Forage Species In Western Kenya: Farmers Perspective, Ruth Odhiambo, Solomon Mwendia, David Mwangi, Alfred Juma, An Notenbaert

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Despite western Kenya potential in dairy production, it has lagged behind compared to other regions in the country. This comes against growing per capita milk consumption in Kenya currently estimated at 120 litres per person per year. As a result, western Kenya is largely net importer of milk from neighbouring counties albeit the possibility improving productivity within. Among the most prevalent constraint to increased productivity is limited forage quality and quantity throughout the year. Napier stunting disease, which suppresses forage production from Napier grass, the most prevalent cultivated forage in western Kenya, exacerbates this. To contribute to addressing the problem, …

Nutritional Quality Of Available Forages For Small Stock During A Drought In An Arid Pastoral Landscape In South Africa, M. I. Samuels, F. L. Müller, C. F. Cupido, M. B. V. Swarts, L. F. Cyster

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study aimed to assess the nutritional quality of the available forage species during a drought in an arid pastoral system in South Africa. Forage biomass was collected during the wet and dry seasons whilst following livestock herds consisting of boer goats, swakara sheep and mixed breed sheep, in both the summer and winter rainfall regions of the pastoral system. Mineral nutrient content in the plant species revealed that the forages utilized by the livestock generally contained adequate concentrations of Mg, Ca, Na, and K to meet the dietary requirements of the small stock in both the winter and summer …

Mineral Profile Of Panicum Maximum Var. Ntchisi As Influenced By Organic Nitrogen Rate And Age At Harvest, P. Dele, B. Akinyemi, O. Oyeleke, C. Anotaenwere, F. Salawu, S. O. Onifade

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The study was aimed at profiling the mineral contents of Panicum maximum var Ntchisi as influenced by organic (poultry) nitrogen rate and age at harvest. The study was carried out at the organic research farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria in 2016. The experiment was laid in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement in a split plot design with four (4) organic nitrogen rate (0, 100, 200 and 300 kgNha^-1) as the main plot and three (3) age at harvest (4, 8 and 12 weeks after cutback) as the subplot which amounts to twelve (12) …

Nutritional Characterisation Of Introduced Improved Brachiaria Grasses In Rwanda, M. Mutimura, P. C. Hitimana

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A study aimed at characterising nutritive value of introduced Brachiaria grasses in Rwanda was conducted. Four Brachiaria grasses including, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG4, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata and Brachiaria cv. Cayman with Panicum coloratum as control were planted in two contrasting environments of low rainfall in Kirehe district and acidic soils in Nyamagabe district. The experiment was set in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications and the treatments were harvested after 60 days and 90 days. Data collected were dry matter (DM), crude proteins (CP), organic matter (OM), cellulose, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), …

Microbial Population And Fermentation Characteristics Of Total Mixed Ration Prepared With Local Feed Resources In Mozambique, Y. Cai, Z. Du, S. Yamasaki, D. Nguluve, F. Macome, T. Oya

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

To effectively utilize locally available feed resources for dairy cattle in Africa, fermented total mixed ration (TMR) was prepared using Napier grass, corn meal, wheat bran, formula feed, and mineral and vitamin mix. The fermentation quality of TMR were analyzed after 14 days of ensiling. Before ensiling, aerobic bacteria were the dominant bacteria, after ensiling, lactic acid bacteria counts increased rapidly and became the dominant bacteria in TMR. After 14 days of ensiling, aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, yeasts, and molds showed lower (P < 0.05) counts in TMR than those before ensiling. The dry matter (DM) of TMR was adjusted to 45.50%, their crude protein and neutral detergent fiber contents were approximately 11.48, and 55.25% of DM, respectively. After 14 days of ensiling, TMR fermented to a good quality, the pH was reduced to 3.90; the lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen contents were 1.01 and 0.31% of FM, respectively; the propionic acid and butyric acid were too low to detect. The results confirm that fermented TMR prepared with local feed resources can attain a good quality in Africa.

Potential Of C4 Tropical Grasses To Contribute In Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Security And Livelihood Opportunities Through Increased Fodder Availability, D. R. Malaviya, A. K. Roy, P. Kaushal

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The world grasslands/rangeland ecosystems comprise 26% of earth’s surface and have immense ecological and economic significance. Diversity of grasslands had been a key element for their sustainability. Grasslands in India have existed as natural ecosystems for millions of years. It is a major source of income, employment and livelihood to the rural families. Owing to heavy grazing pressure, coupled with other social/anthropogenic factors, the grazing resources have fast deteriorated. The country has many old and natural grasslands with ethnic and economic value. Comprehensive ecological studies including floristic compositions, dominant species, grazing pressure and the climax/sub-climax stages of ecological succession will …

Linking Ground, Space And Knowledge: The Role Of Weather Forecasting In Pastoralists' Decision-Making, E. L. Mulder, V. C. Wright, S. C. Steele-Dunne, P. H. A. J. M. Van Gelder, H. C. Winsemius

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Changing weather patterns and decreasing land availability continue to challenge the livelihood of the pastoralists in northern Tanzania. The increasing variability of expected rains has complicated livestock management, often jeopardizing household resilience. Drought Early Warning Systems are being set up to contribute to decision-making processes at national and international levels. Nevertheless, due to the large spatial- and temporal resolution of these systems and their high uncertainties, these systems have limited value at a pastoral household level.

Therefore, this paper explores what type of weather and climate information is deemed valuable for pastoral households in Longido District, Tanzania. It is based …

Microbiome Of The Cool Season Forage Grass Timothy (Phleum Pratense L.) And Its Potential Role In Stress Tolerance, Dina Saleh, Suha Jabaji, Philippe Seguin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The functional attributes of the microbiome associated with timothy for growth promotion properties, antimicrobial and biosurfactant capacities were characterized. A total of 254 culturable bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and grouped into 16 taxa that shared high homology of 98–99% with other known sequences. The majority of bacterial isolates exhibited multifunctional growth promotion attributes and plant stress improvement. The selection of competent and compatible strains for application in forage production is dependent on the recognition of root exudates and motility towards the roots, attachment to the root surface, formation of biofilm, penetration, and colonization of internal tissues. We …

Improving The Functionality Of Water Investments In The Drylands: Learning From Kenya’S County Climate Change Fund, C. Bedelian, M. Bonaya, A. Ibrahim, F. Ngarachu, C. Hesse

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Kenya’s County Climate Change Fund (CCCF) is financing public good investments focused on the water sector to increase the resilience of communities to climate change. In the drylands, investments in water are critical for water and food security, yet ensuring the functionality and sustainability of water investments remains an ongoing challenge. This paper assesses the functionality and sustainability of 62 CCCF water investments in five dryland counties (Isiolo, Wajir, Garissa, Kitui and Makueni) in Kenya through a functionality survey and stakeholder workshops. The survey was designed based on a review of studies assessing the functionality of water supply systems. Across …

Innovative Approaches To Analysing Carbon Sequestration As A Mitigation Strategy In Tropical Pasture Landscapes In Two Emblematic Contexts, The Amazon And The West African Sahel, V. Blanfort, R. Pocard-Chapuis, J. Vayssières, M. Vignes, M. H. Assouma, B. Hubert, A. Ickowicz, S. Fontaine

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The relationship between ruminant production systems and climate change is complex. As a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the sector has been the subject of considerable controversy, with particularly severe criticism in the 2000s. However, ten years ago, the attitude towards grazing lands began to change. Their efficient use of non-renewable energy and their contribution to carbon (C) sequestration were considered as key factors in the new environmental challenge. The reality of this mitigation potential was recently called into question once again in the global agriculture and climate change debate, including that of sequestration in the soil where …

Elevated Co2 And Extreme Climatic Events Modify Nitrogen Content And Ruminal Protein Digestion Of Temperate Grassland, V. Niderkorn, C. Picon-Cochard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was aimed at analyzing changes in nitrogen (N) content and in vitro protein rumen digestion of an upland grassland exposed to climate changes in controlled conditions. Monoliths of grassland were inserted in 12 macrocosms in which climatic conditions for the 2050s were simulated (i.e., +2.3°C and 33 mm less precipitation compared to the current climatic conditions). Six of them were subjected to ambient CO₂ (390 ppm) while the other six were subjected to elevated CO₂ (520 ppm). After four months, an extreme climatic event (ECE) consisting of four weeks of reducted precipitation (-50%) followed by two …