Plant Biology Commons^™

Problems Experienced With Forage Legumes In A Tropical Savanna Environment In Brazil, D Thomas, R P. De Andrade, B Grof

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Since 1978 some 1700 legumes from 17 genera and 50 species have been evaluated on soils at the Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria dos Cerrados (CPAC) at latitude 15° 36' S in the tropical savanna region of Brazil. In characterizing the germplasm a number of problems have become evident. Plant dise4ses are primary limiting factors. Species of Stylosanthes are attacked by anthracnose ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) whilst other diseases affecting species of Centrosema, Desmodium and Zornia are described. Accessions collected in the acid soils with a high aluminium saturation are well adapted to these conditions. However, species such as Leucaena Jeucocephala from …

Summer Forage Legume Introduction In Louisiana, A M. Thro, C C. Shock

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Climate in Louisiana is influenced by tropical air masses in summer and alternately by tropical and continental air masses in winter. From northwest to southeast, the number of frost-free growing days increases from 230 to 350. Rainfall increase from 1200 mm to 1500 mm and is evenly distributed winter through summer with a generally drier fall. Livestock production is an important economic activity throughout the state. Animal performance declines from July through November in spite of adequate availability of perennial grass forage. A summer-growing forage legume is sought that will persist in perennial grass pastures and provide a more easily …

Bio-Agronomic Evaluation Of Lolium Multiflorum Populations Collected In Irrigated Plains Of Northern Italy, P Rotili, G Gnocchi, C Scotti, A Sererna

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the irrigated plains of Lombardy the continuous elimination of the permanent meadows and their replacement with the maize imposes the collection and conservation of Lolium multiflorum. Twenty seven populations, collected in the Milano-Lodi-Cremaarea, were evaluated in greenhouse, in concrete boxes 150 cm long, 40 cm high and 25 cm wide. Distance between the plants on the rows cm 2.5 (density 350 plants/m2). Dry forage yield, earliness and mortality were studied. Concerning dry forage yield there is not difference between the collected populations. On the contrary, a significant difference was observed between the whole set of collected populations and the …

Seasonal Growth Of Mediterranean Tall Fescue Populations, Y Ueyama, S Sato, K Nakajima

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Thirteen Mediterranean populations of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) including four cultivars originated from the same region with three check cultivars were evaluated for several characters relating to seasonal productivity. Mediterranean populations were depressed under hot and humid summer conditions, and were not restored until December. However, these entries showed good growth and little leaf burning in winter and early spring. Three hundred and fifty two individuals were screened with scores of vigor. Data of the individuals were subjected to principal component analysis. The first and second components were closely correlated to the variables relating to growth in summer and …

A Study Of Phenology, Herbage Yield And Crude Protein Content Of Native Ecotypes Of Red Bromegrasses (Bromus Tomentellus Boiss.) Of Iran, B Peymani-Fard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This research was conducted on ten ecotypes of red bromegrasses of Iran at Homand Range Experiment Station, near Damavand, Iran to asses: (a) the differences in phenological characteristics, (b) to evaluate differences in herbage yield, and (c) determine the crude protein percentage Parameters measured include duration of vegetative, heading, maturity stages, herbage yields, and crude protein. Variation in vegetative growth, heading and seed maturity stages among the ecotypes under study was very small

Therefore, there are no prefences in selection of a specific ecotype from the standpoint of utilization and harvesting time. There was a great fluctuation in annual herbage …

Scope For Breeding Miscanthus Sinensis Anderss. As Forage Crop, S Hoshino

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Miscanthus sinensis Anderss., an indigenous summer growing tussock grass species, has been utilized traditionally in Japan for many centuries as bulk herbage to feed livestock, material for thatching roof and snowshed etc, but this species does not survive well under frequent cutting. Experiments were conducted to select more vigorous strains among fifty clones collected from various meadows throughout Niigata Prefecture in 1967. Several clones were detected for better regrowth performance and their dry matter productions were compared for four years under three cuttings a year with fertilizer application scheme. Dry matter productions of the selected clones were comparable to those …

Performance Of Nine Mid-East Alfalfa Ecotypes And Seventeen Introduced Cultivars In Saudi Arabia, V L. Marble, A C. Wilton, A A. Cook

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A program designed to determine the productivity of nine middle eastern (ME) alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) ecotypes and 17 alfalfa cultivars from California, Australia, and New Zealand, is described. Selected harvests, representing performance characteristics during different seasons of the year, and the 13 cuts taken between March 31, 1983 and February 15, 1984 indicate that all but one of the ME entries were higher yielding (P = < .05) than all but one western alfalfa. By the 17th harvest taken May 28, 1984, three ecotypes from Egypt were superior (P = < .05) to all other entries including those commonly used in Saudi Arabia. In orthogonal comparisons, the mean of 17 western alfalfas was inferior to the mean of nine mideast ecotypes by the third and all subsequent cuts through the 17th. Two Saudi Arabian check entries, Hasawi I and Hasawi II, were similar yielding throughout the 17 harvests, but were significantly inferior to the other seven ME ecotypes in orthogonal comparisons between the two groups. The annual productivity potential of superior entries exceeded 38 metric tons per hectare (T/ha) of dry matter. Seasonal distribution of yield varied among entries with most ME entries significantly superior to most western entries in all four seasons. Middle eastern ecotypes had greater (P = < .05) height at cutting than western alfalfas. As a group they flowered earlier, and showed lower incidence of enation virus. Based on 17 harvests over an 18-month period, middle eastern ecotypes were better adapted to growing conditions in central Saudi Arabia than introduced western cultivars.

Mediterranean-Germplasm Trefoils In The Southeastern Usa Piedmont, C S. Hoveland, S L. Fales

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experimental birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) cultivars, selected from Mediterranean germplasm, were compared with northern trefoils in monoculture and in association with grasses to determine productivity and persistence in north Georgia where northern trefoils have not been successful. Productivity and forage quality of one trefoil was studied under four frequencies of defoliation. Mediterranean trefoils had higher total and earlier spring production, better stand persistence, and seedling vigor than a northern cultivar. The yield advantage of Mediterranean trefoils occurred in monoculture and when grown in association with tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) or orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata). Maximum yields …

Annual Legumes For Integrating Rainfed Crop And Livestock Production, A E. Osman, N Nersoyan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A program aimed at integrating rainfed crop and livestock production in West Asia and North Africa is described, where the objective is to introduce pasture and forage legumes in place of existing fallows. Research has identified that suitable species of Medicago, Pisum and Vicia are well adapted to the climatic conditions of North Syria. This article describes studies evaluating mixtures of common vetch (Vicia sativa) and forage peas (Pisum sativum) with barley, triticale and oats for hay production. Mixtures including the two legumes were also evaluated for early grazing by sheep followed by hay making in …

Fall Panicum (Panicum Dichotomiflorum Michx.) In Japan, K Ohta, M Ochi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.), which is a naturalized plants, is tolerant to high soil moisture and is highly productive. For the purpose of using it as a forage suitable to high soil moisture conditions, such as paddy fields, fall panicum strains were collected from various districts in Japan. The present experiment was undertaken to clarify the characteristics and the distribution of fall panicum. In order to define the groupings by compound characteristics, multivariate analysis (principal component and cluster analysis) was performed. It was concluded that fall panicum strains could be classified into five groups and their distribution could …

Selection For Seed Production And Dry Season Forage Yield In Panicum Maimum Germplasm, L Jank, Y H. Savidan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Panicum maximum cv. 'Coloniiio' is the most popular tropical forage grass in terms of cattle finishing in Brazil. It is, however, slowly being substituted by other species, because of its high demands for nutrients and poor dry season growth. The National Beef Cattle Research Center of EMBRAPA at Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, has underway a P. maximum breeding program, with the objectives of selecting cultivars which while maintaining the good qualities of the 'Coloniiio', are more drought-resistant and adapted either to the traditional fertile soils of 'Coloniiio', or to weak cerrado (savanna) soils. Preliminary results on seed production …

Preliminary Evaluation Of Panicum Maximum Germplasm In Brazil: An International Agronomy Research Program, Y H. Savidan, L Jank, F.H.D De Souza, A Boock

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Following former recommendations to leave traditional schemes of simultaneous evaluation of several species, and extensive program has been initiated as a result of an international agreement between French and Brazilian research organizations, to evaluate one single tropical forage grass species with wide genetic diversity. A field experiment was designed for preliminary evaluation of 400 accessions of Panicum maximum at two levels of soil fertility. Emphasis is placed on a fixed-interval cutting regime, seed production, and detailed morphological characterization of promising accessions. A list of the morphological descriptors is presented. Selected accessions will enter further phases of evaluation under grazing and …

Collection Of Germplasm Of Desmodium And Related Genera In Indonesia, K L. Mehra

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

17 species of Desmodium and 5 species of the related genera were collected from the islands of Sulawesi, Java, Timor and Sumba. The collection sites differed in rainfall, altitude, soil pH, vegetation and other eco-geographic characteristics. Several samples with good agronomic potential were collected from acid infertile soils. The collections differed in growth habit, biomass production, leafiness, seed setting and adaptation to problem soils. Promising collections for use in crop improvement programme were identified.

Collecting Germplasm Of Desmodium And Puerarua Phaseoloides In Thailand And Peninsular Malaysia, S Pattanavibul, R Schultze-Kraft

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A collaborative program to collect native legume germplasm in Thailand and peninsular Malaysia is described. Three collection expeditions were carried out in 1979, 1982, and 1984 with particular emphasis on broadening the genetic bases of Desmodium species and Pueraria phaseoloides. In total, 593 samples were collected: 60% were species of Desmodium and its allied genera Dendrolobium, Dicerma, Hegnera, Phyllodium, and Tadehagi, 12% were P. phaseoloides material and the remaining 28% were germplasm of other genera such as Abrus, Alysicarpus, Atylosia,Dunbaria, Flemingia, and Uraria. The importance of increased genetic variability within the species D. ovalifolium and P. phaseo/oides …

Development Of An International Collection Of Tropical Forage Germplasm For Acid Soils, R Schultze-Kraft

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

SUMMARY A Program conducted by the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical ( CIA T) to develop a collection of forage plant germplasm resources for tropical pasture research in acid, infertile soil areas is described. After an initial 5-year stage of preliminary work in germplasm collection and introduction, 28 major expeditions to collect native germplasm of tropical forage species were carried out in 10 countries on 3 continents, principally in regions with acid soils of low fertility during 1977 to 1984. Emphasis has been on legumes,mainly Centrosema, Desmodium, Stylosanthes, and Zornia, in tropical America, andDesmodium, its allied genera, andPueraria in Southeast …

A Global Plan For Forage Genetic Resources, W. Ellis Davies

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Initially the Board's work gave priority to major crops but latterly more attention has been given to forage plants. Forages now have a high priority in the following IBPGR regions: Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Central America, the Andean region, southern South America and Europe. One major difficulty with forage plants is the large number of genera/ species - numbering into thousands which have some forage value. For practical operational reasons the world forage genetic resources have been con­sidered under headings (a) Tropical and sub-tropical areas (b) Mediterranean and adjacent semi-arid/areas and (c) Temperate areas. Because …

Modification Des Facteurs Biotiques Par La Presence D'Arbres En Region Mediterraneenne Francaise: Effets Sur La Production Herbagere, B Msika, M Etienne

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

La region mediterraneenne franc;:aise se caracterise par !'im­portance de son territoire forestier qui, bien que souvent degrade, comporte une grande variete d'especes arborees. II s'agit principalement de peuplements forestiers spontanes geres en taillis ou de reboisements en resineux. Abandonnes depuis les annees 40, ces espaces sont devenus totalement improductifs et posent des problemes de protection contre Jes incendies ou de gestion sylvicole adaptee. Dans le contexte actuel, et dans ce type de milieu, la diversification des productions semble etre une voie interessante a creuser. Les amenagements sylvopastoraux pourraient done constituer une alternative interessante ; encore faut-il que Jes conditions opti­males …

Effect Of Mercury Dose Variation On Growth And Nitrate Reductase Activity In Aquarius Palifolius (Nees & Mart.) Christenh. & Byng, Tsurayya Nurhanifah, Dwi Umi Siswanti

Makara Journal of Science

Mercury, a byproduct of mining, can harm the environment. One method to reduce this impact is through phytoremediation. This study used the Mexican sword (Aquarius palifolius), a plant with the potential to absorb and accumulate mercury. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of mercury stress on nitrate reductase activity, which plays a role in plant productivity, and to assess its impact on growth parameters, including plant height growth rate, leaf length, and number of leaves. Three-month-old A. palifolius plants obtained from rice fields in Sleman were treated with mercury at doses of 0, 14, …

The Dynamics Of Daily Area And Depth Of Grazing And Herbage Intake Of Cows In A Five Day Paddock System, M H. Wade, J L. Peyraud, G Lemaire, E A. Comeron

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Optimisation of animal production per unit area results in a penalty to individual animal production and herbage intake. The objective of the present study was to examine the dynamic changes in a grass sward in relation to declining production and herbage intake in five day paddocks grazed by dairy cows. The study formed part of a larger project to examine the effects of stocking rate and grazing method upon milk production and herbage intake that is reported by Peyraud et al. (1989).

The Relationship Of Herbage Intake Of Cattle To Herbage Mass, And Its Utilization On Rotationally Grazed Pasture, T Okajima, K Sawada, H Noriike, H Yokota

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the central part of Honshu island in Japan, seasonal vari­ation of herbage mass is also large (Okajima et al., 1985). So, when the grazing managements, i.e. stocking rate, grazing intensity etc., were not appropriate, part of herbage produced was lost through standing dead and litter, or grazing cattle lose their body weight. Sward characteristics affect the grazing behaviour of cattle (Jamieson and Hodgson, 1979), and then affect the herbage production and utilization. Relative herbage intake of cows was related to sward height (Baker et al., 1981). So, sward height was used as the indicator of the grazing management in …