Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Effects Of Drop-Set And Pyramidal Resistance Training Systems On Microvascular Oxygenation: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Approach, Vitor Angleri, Ramon De Oliveira, Thais Marina Pires De Campos Biazon, Felipe Damas, Audrey Borghi, Renato Barroso, Cleiton Augusto Libardi

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1549-1562, 2020. Metabolic stress is a primary mechanism of muscle hypertrophy and is associated with microvascular oxygenation and muscle activation. Considering that drop-set (DS) and crescent pyramid (CP) resistance training systems are recommended to modulate these mechanisms related to muscle hypertrophy, we aimed to investigate if these resistance training systems produce a different microvascular oxygenation status and muscle activation from those observed in traditional resistance training (TRAD). Twelve volunteers had their legs randomized in an intra-subject cross-over design in TRAD (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% 1-RM), DS (3 sets of ~50-75% 1-RM) …

The Effects Of Concurrent Activation Potentiation On Bat Swing Velocity Of Division Ii College Softball Athletes, Alexis Mace, Charles Allen

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(1): 1630-1637, 2020. As an ethical and practical ergogenic strategy, concurrent activation potentiation (CAP), achieved by remote voluntary contractions (RVC) such as jaw clenching, has been proposed to acutely enhance muscular and athletic performance characteristics. The effects of CAP on bat swing velocity (BSV), an important component for successful hitting in sports such as baseball and softball has yet to be reported in the literature. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of maximal jaw clenching on BSV in collegiate division II softball players. Thirteen (n = 13) division II softball …

What Magnitude Of Force Is A Slopestyle Skier Exposed To When Landing A Big Air Jump?, Isak Löfquist, Glenn Björklund

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(1): 1563-1573, 2020. The purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude of force a slopestyle skier is exposed to when landing either forward or switch in a big air jump. Ten male freeskiers (age 23 ± 6 years; height 179.2 ± 5.4 cm; body mass 72.5 ± 8.6 kg; mass of equipment 16.7 ± 1.4 kg; total mass 89.2 ± 8.6 kg) participated and each performed five 180 jumps and five switch 180 jumps in a randomized order. Forces were quantified using pressure insoles. The results showed a force of 1446 ± 367 …

Relationships Between Anthropometry And Maximal Strength In Male Classic Powerlifters, Pierre-Marc Ferland, Antoine Laurier, Alain-Steve Comtois

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1512-1531, 2020. Several studies have determined the influence of physical characteristics on strength. The present quantified the relationships between anthropometry and maximal strength. Male classic powerlifters (n=59) were measured before a championship. Two-tailed Pearson correlation analysis was used. Powerlifters that presented higher relative maximal strength (RMS) in the squat and bench generally had higher body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), torso circumference (C), waist C/height, torso C/height (r=0.26 to 0.49, p<0.05), and smaller lower leg length (L)/height and forearm L/torso C (r=-0.31 to -0.45, p<0.05) ratios. Powerlifters with a higher % of their deadlift on their total generally presented a smaller BW, BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), waist and torso C, trunk L, waist C/height, torso C/height, trunk L/height, waist C/hip C, thigh L/ lower leg L, trunk L/thigh L ratios (r=-0.26 to -0.49, p<0.05) and higher lower leg L, lower leg L/height, reach/height, and forearm L/torso C ratios (r=0.32 to 0.51, p<0.05). Stepwise regressions revealed that a bigger torso positively predicted absolute maximal strength (AMS) in the squat (β=0.41, p=0.04), the bench (β=0.77, p<0.01), the deadlift (β=0.88, p<0.01) and the total (β=0.89, p<0.01), that a higher torso C/height ratio positively predicted RMS in the squat(β=0.48, p<0.01), the bench (β=-0.87, p<0.01) and the total (β=0.66, p<0.01), and that reach/height positively predicted RMS in the deadlift (β=0.37, p<0.01) and it’s % on the total (β=0.31, p<0.01), but negatively predicted RMS in the bench (β=-0.25, p=0.02) and its % on the total (β=-0.24, p=0.04) As all of the stronger correlations came from AMS, powerlifters should focus on increasing AMS (weight lifted) instead of RMS (Wilks pts).

Vo2, Liking, And Relative Reinforcing Value Of Cooperative And Competitive Exergame Play In Young Children, Jonathan B. Naylor, Beth J. Patton, Jacob E. Barkley

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(5): 1501-1511, 2020. The purpose of the current study was to examine physiologic response, liking, and relative reinforcing value (RRV) of children playing an exergame with a friend under two goal structures: competitive and cooperative. A sample of twenty participants (8.7 ± 1.3 years old) and a self-selected friend completed three conditions: rest, competitive, and cooperative play. During the competitive condition, participants played Nintendo Wii Tennis® against their friend. During cooperative play, participants and their friend played together against a computer avatar. During each condition, oxygen consumption (VO₂, ml∙kg-1∙min-1) and liking (visual analog …

Physiological Responses To Counterweighted Single-Leg Cycling In Older Males, Phil Lascola, C. Eric Heidorn, Brandon Pollock, Keith Burns, John Mcdaniel

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1487-1500, 2020. Single-leg cycling (SLC) allows for a greater muscle specific exercise capacity and therefore provides a greater stimulus for metabolic and vascular adaptations compared to double-leg cycling (DLC). The purpose of this investigation was to compare the cardiovascular, peripheral, and metabolic responses of counterweighted (10kg) SLC to DLC in a healthy older male population. Eleven males (56-86 years) performed two cycling modalities consisting of DLC and SLC. For each modality, participants performed 4-minute cycling trials (60rpm) at three work rates (25, 50, 75W). Repeated measures ANOVAs and paired samples T-test (α=0.05) were used …

Hydration Efficiency Of A Protein Beverage Consumed In A Bolus Vs. Metered Pattern During Recovery, Chris Mcbride, Tara Boy, Matt Green, Eric O'Neal, Lee Renfroe

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1476-1486, 2020. This study compared hydration efficiency of a carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) beverage consumed in a bolus (BOL) vs. a metered (MET) drinking pattern during recovery from exercise induced hypohydration. Participants (n = 10) lost 2 - 2.5% of body mass from sweating during a morning exercise session. Participants were then assigned to either consume a carbohydrate/electrolyte/protein beverage in a bolus (BOL) or metered incremental consumption (MET) (counterbalanced) pattern post exercise. Total rehydration beverage administered during recovery equaled 125% of fluid lost during exercise. BOL was administered within the first hour of recovery, MET …

Psychosocial Factors And The Effects Of A Structured Injury Prevention Workshop On Coaches’ Self-Efficacy To Implement The 11+ Exercise Program, Oluwatoyosi Owoeye, Carly Mckay, Anu Räisänen, Tate Hubkarao, Luz Palacios-Derflingher, Carolyn Emery

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(5): 1459-1475, 2020. Psychosocial factors have both direct and indirect influence on behavior change. Self-efficacy is a key psychosocial factor driving behavior change. It is an individual’s perceived capability of performing a desired action. Structured injury prevention workshops targeting improvements in psychosocial factors in coaches may enhance the dissemination and implementation of the 11+ program in community settings. This study describes baseline psychosocial factors in youth soccer coaches and the effects of a structured 11+ injury prevention workshop on coaches’ self-efficacy to implement the 11+. An adapted questionnaire based on the Health Action Process Approach …

Physiological And Perceptual Response To A Live Collegiate Esports Tournament, Thomas Andre, Shana Walsh, Silvio Valladao, Damon Cox

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(6): 1418-1429, 2020. Competitive esports has grown rapidly across the globe justifying a need to quantify the physiological stress response to this environment. The purpose of this study was to describe the physiological and perceptual responses in a live collegiate esports tournament. Male members of the University of Mississippi Esports team (n = 14; age = 19.8 ± 1.0 years; BMI = 24.1 ± 5.5) completed the study during the esports Egg Bowl. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HrV) were collected pre-, during, and post-competition. Rating of perceived exertion for the session …

Regulatory Fit: Impact On Anxiety, Arousal, And Performance In College-Level Soccer Players, Brianna N. Leitzelar, Lindsey C. Blom, Justin Guilkey, Jocelyn Bolin, Anthony Mahon

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(5): 1430-1447, 2020. Sport performance may be facilitated using regulatory fit, which is a match between individuals’ situational strategy and their chronic self-regulatory strategy. However, researchers have not examined the impact of regulatory fit on psychological and physiological components of sport performance, such as anxiety and arousal. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychophysiological reactions to regulatory fit by examining anxiety, arousal, and sport performance. Female college-level soccer players (n = 25) were randomly assigned to the regulatory match or regulatory mismatch conditions and completed anxiety (Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory- 2R, …

Verification Testing To Confirm Vo2max Attainment In Inactive Women With Obesity, Todd A. Astorino, Annie Bryers De La Rosa, Amy S. Clark, Jamie L. De Revere

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1448-1458, 2020. Incidence of obesity is increasing worldwide which is deleterious to health due to its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some cancers. Completion of regular physical activity in individuals with obesity increases maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max). However, whether individuals with obesity can exhibit ‘true’ VO₂max is unresolved. This study examined efficacy of verification testing (VER) to identify ‘true’ VO₂max in 17 inactive women with obesity (age, body fat, and VO₂max = 37 ± 10 yr, 48.7 ± 3.5 %, and 19.4 …

Ischemic Preconditioning Does Not Improve Time Trial Performance In Recreational Runners, Alexander Hk Montoye, Clara J. Mitchinson, Olivia R. Townsend, Conner H. Nemmers, Caroline N. Serkaian, Brian C. Rider

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(6): 1402-1417, 2020. Some evidence indicates that ischemic preconditioning (IPC) may positively affect endurance exercise performance, but IPC’s effect on running performance is unclear. This study’s purpose was to examine the effect of IPC on running performance in recreational runners. Participants (n=12) completed IPC, a sham (SH) condition, and a leg elevation without blood restriction (LE) control condition on separate days (order randomized). For IPC, blood was restricted using blood pressure cuffs inflated to 220 mmHg at the thigh. For SH, the cuffs were inflated to only 20 mmHg. For LE, participants positioned their legs …

Validity And Reliability Of The Vo2 Master Pro For Oxygen Consumption And Ventilation Assessment, Alexander Hk Montoye, Joseph D. Vondrasek, James B. Hancock Ii

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1382-1401, 2020. This study assessed validity and reliability of the VO₂ Master Pro portable metabolic analyzer for assessment of oxygen consumption (VO₂) and minute ventilation (VE). In Protocol 1, eight male participants (height: 182.6 ± 5.8 cm, weight: 79.6 ± 8.3 kg, age: 41.0 ± 12.3 years) with previous competitive cycling experience completed an hour-long stationary cycling protocol twice, progressing from 100-300 Watts every 10 minutes while wearing the VO₂ Master and a criterion measure (Parvomedics) for five minutes each, at each stage. In Protocol 2, 16 recreationally active male …

Evaluation Of Muscle Damage, Body Temperature, Peak Torque And Fatigue Index In Three Different Methods Of Strength Gain, Nathalie De Almeida Barros, Felipe J. Aidar, Dihogo De Matos Professor, Raphael Fabrício De Souza, Eduardo Borba Neves, Breno Guilherme De Araujo Tinoco Cabral, Enilton Aparecido Camargo, Victor Machado Reis

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 1352-1365, 2020. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare three different strength training protocols for the lower limbs by using biochemical indicators of muscle damage, thermographic analysis, and neuromuscular performance. In total, 10 men (age: 22.50 ± 2.84 years; weight, 75.45 ± 6.86 kg) completed the study. All the athletes were subjected to three methods of resistance training (RT): traditional, tension, and occlusion training. Serum concentrations of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were used as indicators of muscle damage. To measure muscle strength, the peak force, and …

Cross-Validation Of Ratings Of Perceived Exertion Derived From Heart Rate Target Ranges Recommended For Pregnant Women, Danilo F. Da Silva, Shuhiba Mohammad, Kelly Ann Hutchinson, Kristi B. Adamo

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 1340-1351, 2020. Currently, there are no established evidence-based rating of perceived exertion (RPE) targets for physical activity (PA) in pregnant women. Yet, a set of target heart rate (HR) ranges have been recommended. Using the Borg Scale, we aimed to determine and validate the RPE target ranges for different PA intensities derived from the recommended HR ranges in the 2019 Canadian Guideline for PA throughout pregnancy. We assessed 13 pregnant women (age: 31.2 ± 3.5 years; gestational age: 20.5 ± 5.0 weeks) using the following three phases: 1) the incremental submaximal walking test to …

High-Protein Diet Associated With Resistance Training Improves Performance And Decreases Adipose Index In Rats, Paula Caroline De Almeida, Thiago Da Rosa Lima, Eudes Thiago Pereira Avila, Geovane José Tolazzi, Letícia Pereira Cavalcante, James W. Navalta, Ramires Tibana, Roberto Lopes De Souza, Neuber José Segri, Édila Cristina De Souza, Roberto Carlos Vieira Jr., Fabrício Azevedo Voltarelli

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1366-1381, 2020. The study tested the hypothesis that a high protein diet based on isolated whey protein (IWP) associated with strength training improves performance and reduces body fat without promoting health damage. Male Wistar rats, 45 days old, were divided into four groups (n = 8 / group): normoprotein sedentary (IWP 14%; NS); hyperprotein sedentary (IWP 35%; HS); normoprotein trained (IWP 14%; NT) and hyperprotein trained (IWP 35%; HT). All groups performed the maximum load test at the beginning and after the vertical ladder training protocol for 6 weeks (3x/week). The performance improved …

Advising Physiology Students: Perceptions From The Programs, Anne R. Crecelius, Patrick L. Crosswhite

Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications

Academic advising outcomes can be linked to both student success and retention. Yet relatively little is known specifically related to advising in physiology programs. Pro- fessional organizations dedicated to academic advising in general, and more specifically advising future health professional students exist, yet, whether current physiology programs utilize these resources remains unknown, as does a number of other demographic informa- tion about advising in physiology programs. Here we present data gathered from a sample of physiology educators to inform what current advising practices of physiology students are. Forty-five re- spondents from a variety of institutions and programs provided information on …

The Case For Coordinating Efforts To Establish Program Guidelines And Strengthen Physiology Undergraduate Degree Programs, Erica A. Wehrwein, Lisa C. Anderson, Anne R. Crecelius, Claudia I. Stanescu, James M. Poteracki, John R. Halliwill, Nancy M. Aguilar-Roca, Jennifer Rogers

Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications

Undergraduate degree programs named “Physiology” have existed for over 50 yr. The number of programs and enrolled students have been growing since ~2005 (5, 9). There are many thousands of students currently enrolled in physiology pro- grams across the United States and indeed across the world. Despite the long history and current popularity of the physiol- ogy major, there is no coordinated plan articulated for the design, administration, or assessment of degree programs in physiology at the undergraduate level.

Although several professional societies have invested in under- graduate physiology education in various ways, none has under- taken the task of …

The Acute Effects Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Physical Activity And Sedentary Behavior In University Students And Employees, Jacob E. Barkley, Andrew Lepp, Ellen Glickman, Gregory S. Farnell, Jake Beiting, Ryan Wiet, Bryan Dowdell

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(5): 1326-1339, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has closed non-essential businesses which may alter individuals’ leisure behaviors. Consequently, physical activity and sedentary behavior may be negatively impacted as many fitness and recreational centers have been closed. This study aimed to examine the impact of the pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in a sample of university students and employees before and after the university cancelled face-to-face classes and closed campus. Participants (N = 398) completed the validated Godin physical activity questionnaire and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire which assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior …

Differences Between Males And Females In Determining Exercise Intensity, Jozelyn Rascon, Elizabeth Trujillo, Francisco J. Morales-Acuna, Alvaro N. Gurovich

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1305-1316, 2020. Even though there are physiological differences between males and females, heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), power output (PO), oxygen consumption (VO₂), and blood lactate (BL) levels have been used as measures of exercise intensity independently of sex. The purpose of this study was to determine differences between sexes in different exercise intensity models. Thirty (15 females) young, healthy individuals were scheduled for two testing visits 48-72 hours apart. During the first testing visit, a graded exercise test (GXT), with BL obtained at the end of each exercise …