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Articles 6931 - 6960 of 7823

Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection

Use Of Aluminum Phosphide Fumigants For Burrowing Rodent Control, Carl Snider Dec 1983

Use Of Aluminum Phosphide Fumigants For Burrowing Rodent Control, Carl Snider

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

This article is to inform you about aluminum phosphide, a new burrowing rodent fumigant. The history of aluminum phosphide is long, dating back to the mid-1930'x, but the first aluminum phosphide preparation was not introduced into the United States until 1955. The traditional usage of phosphine throughout the USA has been in the grain and food industry in fumigating raw agricultural commodities, processed foods, animal feed, stored tobacco, and certain non-agricultural commodities. Aluminum phosphide was not approved in the U.S. for burrowing rodents until 1981.

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Welcome, Fred D. Sobering Dec 1983

Welcome, Fred D. Sobering

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

It's a real pleasure to welcome you to Kansas and to this Sixth Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop. The Wildlife Resources Committee of the Great Plains Agricultural Council has always been one of the more active and productive committees of this Council.

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An Evaluation Of Burrow Destruction As A Ground Squirrel Control Method, Dennis C. Stroud Dec 1983

An Evaluation Of Burrow Destruction As A Ground Squirrel Control Method, Dennis C. Stroud

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Several researchers have suggested that the presence of burrows is a limiting factor for ground squirrel populations and that the destruction of these burrow systems can reduce the rate of reinvasion following control. However, no one has yet tested the potential value of burrow destruction as a control method.

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Efficacy Evaluations Of Ultrasonic Rodent Repellent Devices, Stephen A. Shumake Dec 1983

Efficacy Evaluations Of Ultrasonic Rodent Repellent Devices, Stephen A. Shumake

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Efficacy tests involving the use of simulated field and field structures have been developed to assess repellency of commercial ultrasonic rodent repellent devices.

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Keynote Address, Robert J. Pool Dec 1983

Keynote Address, Robert J. Pool

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Most modern environmentalists during their formative years have had little actual contact with wildlife under natural conditions. Their wildlife philosophies have been developed via the mass media and from experiences with animals as pets or confined in zoos. In general, modern environmentalists are sincere, dedicated, idealistic and enthusiastic, but they often lack realism and are blessed with the innocence of naivete. The majority of people in the United States now exhibit strong affection for wild animals and are deeply concerned over any actions perceived as causing pain to individual animals. These attitudes towards wild animals will impact on future wildlife …

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Behavioral Ecology Of Coyotes: Implications For Reducing Predator-Livestock Conflicts, William F. Andelt Dec 1983

Behavioral Ecology Of Coyotes: Implications For Reducing Predator-Livestock Conflicts, William F. Andelt

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

During the past 2 decades, numerous research projects have been conducted to gain a better understanding of coyote (Canis latrans) behavior and ecology which could be used to reduce livestock losses to predators. This paper synthesizes some of these investigations to provide some insight into methods of reducing livestock losses to coyotes.

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Fencing For Deer Control, William R. Bonwell Dec 1983

Fencing For Deer Control, William R. Bonwell

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Deer (odocoileus virginianus) depredations are a serious problem for many landowners and few landowners plan for these potential depredations. Fencing to restrict deer movements has become the most economical means of control. Several fence designs are available but the new electrified high tensile wire fences hold the most promise for deer control.

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Urban/Suburban Squirrel Control In Private Residences, Donald J. Franke Dec 1983

Urban/Suburban Squirrel Control In Private Residences, Donald J. Franke

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) damage to roofs is becoming a major concern to homeowners especially with the steadily increasing construction of houses with wood shingles. Besides causing roof damage (rain leaks), electrical wires are often gnawed. The gray squirrel is finding excellent nesting area in attics and overhang voids.

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Occurrence And Behavior Of Wild Dogs In Newly Established Agricultural Areas, Philip S. Gipson Dec 1983

Occurrence And Behavior Of Wild Dogs In Newly Established Agricultural Areas, Philip S. Gipson

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The 1976 Alaska State Legislature initiated a program to make substantial amounts of state land available for agricultural development. Approximately 150,000 acres (60,729 ha) were used for agriculture in Alaska during 1982. The state's goal is to have 500,000 acres (202,429 ha) in agricultural production by 1992. The largest agricultural development to date is the Delta Grain Project which opened approximately 60,000 acres (24,291 ha) of wilderness lands to barley production. Agricultural developments have far reaching impacts on native and feral wildlife. Wild dogs have responded positively to land clearing and the removal of wolves (Canis lupus) from newly settled …

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Wildlife Damage Control Problems And Concerns Of State Wildlife Agencies, F. Robert Henderson Dec 1983

Wildlife Damage Control Problems And Concerns Of State Wildlife Agencies, F. Robert Henderson

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Wildlife damage seems to be a greater concern today than 10 years ago. Controlling wildlife damage is a complex issue and the responsibility for its accomplishment has been given to diverse groups of private, local, county, state and federal entities. The types of programs vary from state to state, and often within a state several different programs are conducted by different agencies. It is the purpose of this paper to attempt to present information on the concerns of the state wildlife agencies regarding wildlife damage problems.

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Some International Approaches To Rat Control, Walter E. Howard Dec 1983

Some International Approaches To Rat Control, Walter E. Howard

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

There are many basic requirements concerning the political structure, financial support needed, proper organization, staff training, public education, laws and regulations, and the keeping of good records, which must be adequately considered before a rat control program can become successful. Likewise, there are also a number of basic principles concerning rodent control that must be understood and adhered to. Some villages in Korea and the country of Kuwait will be used as examples of new rat control approaches.

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The Use Of Ultralight Aircraft For Aerial Control Of Coyotes, James E. Knight Dec 1983

The Use Of Ultralight Aircraft For Aerial Control Of Coyotes, James E. Knight

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The changing complexion of modern animal damage control, coupled with the lack of funding available to government, has created the need for innovative methods of conducting control programs. Ultralight aircraft are presently being tested to determine their effectiveness, efficiency and safety for aerial gunning coyotes.

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Rancher Use Of Compound 1080 Toxic Collars In New Mexico, Gary A. Littauer Dec 1983

Rancher Use Of Compound 1080 Toxic Collars In New Mexico, Gary A. Littauer

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Twenty-three ranchers were trained and certified to use Compound 1080 in toxic collars to control coyote ( Ca nts l a tran s predation on sheep during a 2-year experimental program conducted by the New Mexico Department of Agriculture. Fifteen ranchers employed a total of 330 collars in field use. Two used collars in preventive control schemes and success was unknown. Thirteen used collars in corrective control (i.e. predation was in progress); 6 had collared lambs attacked and killed by coyotes; 4 had 1 or more collars punctured by coyotes and in 1 case a bobcat; 3 solved specific coyote …

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The Wildlife Society's Committee On Wildlife Damage Control, Terrell P. Salmon Dec 1983

The Wildlife Society's Committee On Wildlife Damage Control, Terrell P. Salmon

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

In 1982, the President of the Wildlife Society created a Committee to make recommendations on what the Society should do to be an attractive organization for wildlife professionals specializing in wildlife damage control. The Committee, composed of 7 professionals in wildlife damage control, made 13 recommendations to the Society. Which, if implemented will improve the Society's relationship with wildlife damage control professionals.

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The Viability Of Rabies In Carrion, Joseph M. Schaefer Dec 1983

The Viability Of Rabies In Carrion, Joseph M. Schaefer

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The viability of rabies virus in carrion is a major factor in affecting the chances that a scavenging animal could contact the disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the viability of rabies virus in brains and salivary glands of rabid striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis ) carcasses exposed to different controlled temperatures.

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Workshop-Discussion Session, Joesph M. Schaefer Dec 1983

Workshop-Discussion Session, Joesph M. Schaefer

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The purpose of the workshop-discussion session was to establish a list of ideas that would provide the best focus and direction to improve wildlife damage control programs. During this session the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) (Delbecq et al. 1975) was used to: 1) identify and rank obstacles that limit the effectiveness of wildlife damage control efforts, and 2) generate possible solutions to the most important obstacles. This format allowed equal and full participation and was successful in generating many original ideas.

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Reducing Goat Losses To Predators: Past Vs. Present Producers In Texas, Jerry H. Scrivner Dec 1983

Reducing Goat Losses To Predators: Past Vs. Present Producers In Texas, Jerry H. Scrivner

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The purpose of this study was to gather information regarding the application and economic implications of predator control and husbandry methods used by 104 past and 103 present Angora goat producers in Texas. Of 7 techniques [(1) predator control by ranchers, (2) support of private or government trappers, (3) night penning of livestock, (4) confinement or semi-confinement kidding, (5) extra checking on goats, (6) the use of guard dogs, and (7) the use of scare devices] ranchers use to reduce predation losses, present producers used significantly more techniques than did past producers. Also, present producers generally implemented each technique to …

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Rodent Populations And Crop Damage In Minimum Tillage Corn Fields, Richard E. Young, William R. Clark Dec 1983

Rodent Populations And Crop Damage In Minimum Tillage Corn Fields, Richard E. Young, William R. Clark

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

No-till and disked cornfields were examined in southwest Iowa to determine small mammal population densities, movements, and impacts of rodent depredations on corn seedlings. Two replicates of the treatments corn planted into. corn stubble, corn planted into chemically treated sod, and corn planted into spring-disked fields were studied during the 1982 and 1983 growing seasons. Grids of 100 Sherman live traps were established at the edge and middle of each field to determine rodent densities and document possible encroachment of small mammals from nearby habitats. Trapping experiments were conducted for 6 consecutive days during May, August, and November. To assess …

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Rodent Management On The Northern High Plains, Ardell J. Bjugstad Dec 1983

Rodent Management On The Northern High Plains, Ardell J. Bjugstad

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Rodent damage on the Northern High Plains has caused estimated economic losses of millions of dollars per year. The Columbian ground squirrel (Citellus columbianus) caused $800,000 damage in Montana during 1973, whereas prairie dogs (Cvnomvs ludovicianus) caused a loss of $2 million in South Dakota during 1980. Initial control of prairie dogs in South Dakota would cost approximately $1.2 million dollars and maintenance measures would be needed about every third to fifth year depending on percentage success of the initial control and management practices thereafter. Results of a cost-benefit study in South Dakota indicated that the annual maintenance control rate …

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Population Reduction Of Richardson's Ground Squirrels Using A Brodifacoum Bait, George H. Matschke, Steve F. Baril, Raymond W. Blaskiewicz Dec 1983

Population Reduction Of Richardson's Ground Squirrels Using A Brodifacoum Bait, George H. Matschke, Steve F. Baril, Raymond W. Blaskiewicz

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

On 6 study plots (3 treated and 3 control of 2.47. acres--1 ha), we evaluated the efficacy of a 50 ppm brodifacoum grain bait on Richardson's ground squirrels (spermophilus richardsonii Efficacy was measured by 3 methods: (1) radio-telemetry - 22 ground squirrels were live trapped on each treated plot and equipped with radio transmitters, (2) mark-recapture - by mark-recapture sampling methods and the computer program entitled CAPTURE, and (3) Tanaka's formula - by using only marked survivors retrapped posttreatment. Treatment began the day following the pretreatment trapping period by systematically baiting each burrow entrance with approximately 16-19 g of bait. …

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Sixth Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference Summary And What Lies Ahead, James E. Miller Dec 1983

Sixth Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference Summary And What Lies Ahead, James E. Miller

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

I want to begin by expressing appreciation to Ed Jones, Mike King, Greg Yarrow, Pete Bromley, John Heisterberg, and others on the program committee for hosting and conducting this Sixth Eastern Wildlife Damage Management Conference. I also want to express our appreciation to the exhibitors, the National Animal Damage Control Association, and The Wildlife Society (TWS) for their support. I think those of you who are still here will join me in congratulating these people, organizations, and TWS for helping ensure a successful conference. As one of the people who perceived the need for this conference in the early 1950’s, …

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The Microcomputer And Kansas Wildlife Damage Reports, Martin Ottenheimer Dec 1983

The Microcomputer And Kansas Wildlife Damage Reports, Martin Ottenheimer

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

When F. Robert Henderson, the Extension State Leader of Kansas' Wildlife Damage Control Program, asked me for assistance in setting up a microcomputer system that would enable him to organize and analyze wildlife damage reports, I was surprised. "Certainly," I thought, "it's not because I am a social anthropologist and in my travels around the world I deal with some pretty wild life" No, Bob knew about my work with microcomputers in Anthropology and since we have been friends for some years he also knew that I would talk with him about the problems in using microcomputers. He also knew …

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Guardian Dog Research In The U.S., John C. Mcgrew Dec 1983

Guardian Dog Research In The U.S., John C. Mcgrew

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Research on the use and effectiveness of guardian dogs has been conducted since 1977 at 3 locations in the U.S.: the Livestock Dog Project (Amherst, MA), the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station (Dubois, ID), and Colorado State University (Ft. Collins). Their findings are quite consistent: dogs guard sheep and goats directly, i.e., they respond aggressively to predators, chasing them away when necessary, then returning to the flock. This aggressive response toward predators is apparently defense of personal space rather than territorial defense. The development of attentiveness toward sheep, beginning early in life, is probably the most important aspect of training a …

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The Induction Of Tolerance To Heavy Metals In Natural And Laboratory Populations Of Fish, Wesley J. Birge, William H. Benson, Jeffrey A. Black Jun 1983

The Induction Of Tolerance To Heavy Metals In Natural And Laboratory Populations Of Fish, Wesley J. Birge, William H. Benson, Jeffrey A. Black

KWRRI Research Reports

Aquatic toxicity studies were performed on two natural populations of fathead minnows. One group of organisms was taken from a metal-contaminated flyash pond associated with a coal-fired power plant and the other group was collected from relatively uncontaminated hatchery ponds. Acute tests indicated that flyash pond fish were significantly more tolerant to cadmium and copper than were hatchery fish. At an exposure concentration of 6.0 mg Cd/L in moderately hard water, the median period of survival for flyash pond fish was 50.0 hr compared to 6.8 hr for hatchery fish. Both groups of organisms were about equally sensitive to zinc. …

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Economics Of Microtus Control In Eastern U.S. Orchards, Ross E. Byers Mar 1983

Economics Of Microtus Control In Eastern U.S. Orchards, Ross E. Byers

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Chemical methods were found to be less expensive for control of voles (Microtus spp.) in orchards than the use of clean culture (combinations of herbicides, mowing, and cultivation). Ground cover sprays of hexachloroepoxyoctahydro-endo-endo-dimethanaphthalene (Endrin) or 2-[(p-chlorophenyl) phenylacetyl-l,3-indandione (Chlorophacinone, CPN, Rozol) required greater equipment and pesticide costs than hand placed or broadcast baits. Since active ingredient rates for ground cover sprayed chemicals may be 100-400 times that for hand placement or broadcast baiting, the costs for any new ground spray will likely be too expensive to be practical. Broadcast baiting, while less labor intensive than hand baiting, was found to be …

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Economics And Control Of Damage Caused By Low-Density Populations Of Meadow Voles In Ontario Apple Orchards, Ronald J. Brooks, Stephen A. Struger Mar 1983

Economics And Control Of Damage Caused By Low-Density Populations Of Meadow Voles In Ontario Apple Orchards, Ronald J. Brooks, Stephen A. Struger

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Live trapping and questionnaires were used to evaluate amount, distribution, and costs of control of damage to Ontario apple trees by meadow voles (Microtus enns lvanicus) in 1981-82. In a sample of 180 orchards, 5802 (0.77%) trees were damaged or killed by voles. Orchards with high levels of damage (> 2.5%) were smaller than the average orchard in our sample. Application of rodenticides showed no relationship to levels of damage, but was effective in short-term population reduction. Growers spent an average of $17/ha on rodenticides and $38/ha on herbicides, and they estimated that voles destroyed 2% of their crop each …

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Effect Of 6-Mboa On Microtus Pinetorum And Microtus Pennsylvanicus Of Different Ages, J. A. Cranford Mar 1983

Effect Of 6-Mboa On Microtus Pinetorum And Microtus Pennsylvanicus Of Different Ages, J. A. Cranford

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Short-lived small rodents require environmental cues to synchronize their breeding with optimal environmental conditions. In the absence of such cues animals would waste a large portion of their reproductive effort when environmental conditions were unfavorable. Rowan (1938) noted that endocrine systems regulating mammalian reproduction responded to the environmental photoperiodic cues. Bodenheimer (1946) observed that major outbreaks of voles in Palestine could not be correlated with environmental factors such as climate, photoperiod, volume of food resources, or population density, acting either alone or in combination. From those studies he suggested that vole outbreaks were associated with an unknown factor or factors …

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Effect Of Group Size On Body Weight In Different Thermal Environments For Microtus Pinetorum, J. A. Cranford, N. N. Thumser Mar 1983

Effect Of Group Size On Body Weight In Different Thermal Environments For Microtus Pinetorum, J. A. Cranford, N. N. Thumser

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Seasonal variation in growth rates has been well documented in some small rodents (Kubik, 1965; Brown, 1973; Iverson and Turner, 1974; Peterborg, 1978; Pistole and Cranford, 1983). During winter juveniles tend to show little or no growth; however, Kubik (1965) found that Cleithronomys glareolus born in late fall went through a two-phase growth pattern. Growing rapidly until winter and then resuming rapid growth the following spring. Additionally, Brown (1973) has reported the same two-phase growth in Microtus pennsylvanicus. Iverson and Turner (1974) demonstrated that Microtus pennsylvanicus adults showed a loss of weight during winter, and Pistole and Cranford (1983) have …

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Effects Of Coprophagy In Microtine Rodents, Jack A. Cranford, E. O. Johnson Mar 1983

Effects Of Coprophagy In Microtine Rodents, Jack A. Cranford, E. O. Johnson

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Digestion and assimilation strategies of herbivorous mammals are diverse but fall into two major categories (Moir, 1968; Gartner and Pfaff, 1979; Hume and Warner, 1980). The most complex of which occurs in the lagomorphs and has been well studied. In contrast rodents exhibit great variability in diet and nutritional biology (Landry, 1970; Baker, 1971; Kenagy and Hoyt, 1980). Early reports of coprophagy by rodents were incidental or descriptive, and indicated it was infrequent (Howell and Gersh, 1935; Ingles, 1961; Wilkes, 1962; Hoover et al., 1969; Jarvis, 1981). Rats mechanically prevented from reingesting feces showed reduced growth rates (Barnes et al., …

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Regulation Of Reproduction In An Outbred Colony Of Pine Voles, John J. Lepri Mar 1983

Regulation Of Reproduction In An Outbred Colony Of Pine Voles, John J. Lepri

Eastern Pine and Meadow Vole Symposia

Pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) cause economic losses to orchardists in the eastern United States by gnawing on the roots of fruit trees. Although they are small in body size, their impact on orchards can be quite substantial: in 1979 half of the annual mortality of apple trees in Henderson County, North Carolina, was attributed to vole damage (Sutton et a1 1981). Rodenticide application integrated with cultural management is currently regarded as a good combination for controlling vole populations in orchards. However, this solution to the vole problem is incomplete because poisons may unintentionally harm non-target organisms (Hegda1, Gatz & Fite …

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