Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons^™

Estimation Of The Extent Of Bacterial Contamination In Bag Residues And Its Influence On In Sacco Measurements Of Forage Nitrogen Degradation In Rumen, Brigitte Michalet-Doreau, M Y. Ould-Bah

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The nylon bag technique has been used for many years to explain variations in intake and/or digestibility between forages (Van Keuren and Heinemann, 1962; Demarquilly and Chenost, 1969). More recently, this technique has appeared a relatively simple method to estimate the extent and rate of feeds (particularly protein) degradation in the rumen (Mehrez and Orskov, 1977; Madsen and Hvelplund, 1985). In all these studies, it is implicitely accepted that the nitrogen remaining in bags after a stay of variable duration in the rumen corresponds to non degraded feed nitrogen. However, in recent years, sev­eral authors (Mathers and Aitchison, 1981 with …

Effect Of Forage Conservation Methods On In Sacco Nitrogen Degradability In The Rumen, M Y. Ould Bah, Brigitte Michalet-Doreau

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Harvest and conservation of forages cause physico-chemical changes in plant proteins which have variable effects on their digestion in the rumen (Thomson and Beever, 1980). Studies of in sacco degradation have been made on fresh forages (Le Goffe, 1988), hays (Alvir et al., 1988) and silages (Madsen and Hvelplund, 1985; Nocek and Grant, 1987). However, no trial has concerned both fresh· forage and the corresponding conserved forms. It therefore appeared of interest to study modifications in nitrogen degradation resulting from different conservation methods.

Ruminal Disappearance Of Detergent - Fiber Nitrogen In Alfalfa Stems, M A. Sanderson, W F. Wedin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Accurate estimates of herbage nitrogen (N) that is rurninally degradable are essential to new systems for estimating rumi­nant protein requirements. It has been suggested (Van Soest and Sniffen, 1984) that partitioning herbage N into neutral (NDFN) and acid (ADFN) detergent soluble and insoluble portions may be used to estimate ruminally degradable and undegradable N. Our objective was to determine the in situ degradability of total N, NDFN, ADFN, and available fiber nitrogen (AFN) in alfalfa stems.

Set Up On Nirs Calibration Populations For Predicting Protein And Net Energy Content In Forage Grasses And Legumes, C Paul

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The performance of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) depends critically on the sample set used in the cali­bration process (e.g. Hruschka and Norris, 1987; Paul, 1988). In forage quality testing a particular problem exists in that nar­row based sample sets comprising only single botanical species may give equations of limited value under practical conditions. Broad based sample sets may, however, lead to equations with reduced analytical precision as compared to the former. The present work aims at a spectroscopic interpretation and a statistical validation of NIRS equations for protein and energy concentration developed from broad based and narrow based sets …

Comparative Study And Validation Of Three Methods To Estimate Apparent Digestibility Of Forages, A D. Cerda, B H. Manterola, A L. Sirhan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Laboratory methods for predicting in vivo digestibility are affected by a diversity of factors, giving a high variation in results. It is important that each laboratory standardizes and validates the different methods in order to have confidence in their predictive capacity. The main objective of this study is to quantify the most important factors affecting the methods, to obtain the best predicting equations and to set the ranges where those methods fit better.

Nir Spectroscopy For Forage Analysis, F E. Barton Ii

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Near Infrared Reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to measure the composition of forages for over 10 years (Norris et al., 1976). The National NIRS Agricultural Research Network has published their ARS Handbook# 643 Near Infra­red Reflectance Spectroscopy for Forage Analysis to summa­rize the research findings (Marten et al., 1985). This document has become the definitive source for information on how to use NIRS to measure forage quality. With these as a starting point there were two areas which needed major research efforts. The first was certification of NIRS as an Official Method by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists …

Comparison Of Laboratory Methods For Estimating Herbage Digestibility, Francoise Riviere, P Maupetit, G Blanchard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forages are an important source of nutrients for ruminants and recently interest has been shown in using forages for a greater proportion of the nutrients in ruminant production. The feeding value of forages mainly depends on their digestible organic matter contents. Feeding of forages to animals is the most accurate method of evaluation but such trials are expens­ive and very slow. Many laboratory procedures have been developped for esti­mating forage nutritive value. Recently, near infrared reflec­tance has been developped to provide a fast and reliable alter­native method. The aim of the study is to compare laboratory methods of forage evaluation …

Determination Of Forage In Vivo Digestibility By Nirs, R Biston, P Dardenne, C Demarquilly

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The forage energetic value determination has always been and remains a important issue. It consists in predicting the Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD). Measuring In Vivo OMD on animals is time and money consuming. To predict OMD in laboratory, different chemical, microbiological and enzymatic methods are used. The articles published on the use of Near InfraRed Spec­trometry (NIRS) indicate that this method can improve OMD determination efficiently (Norris, 1983; Shenk, 1977; Biston, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1988). The research work carried out in the Station de Haute Belgique in collaboration with INRA in Theix, has defined the efficiency of these technics for …

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy For Estimation Of Digestible Organic Matter Intake And Body Weight Gain, H Lippke, F E. Barton Ii, W R. Ocumpaugh

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

High correlations have been reported between data from near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and the protein and fiber contents, as well as the intake and digestibility, of forages (Norris et al., 1976). The finding in some studies that sample sets for calibration and unknown samples should be restricted to relatively narrow populations (Marten et al., 1983) has limited the usefulness of NIRS. However, in experiments with legumes, correlations with NIRS data were almost as good across species as among species (Marten et al., 1984). The experiment reported here was conducted to discover quantitative relationships between NIRS spectra and chemical composition, …

Enzymatic Solubility And Other Analytic Parameters Predicting Digestibility In Grasses Of Middling Food Value, J Silva Colomer, M Zarate, J C. Guevara, C Fransinelli

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

For a long time, laboratories techniques have been applied to predict "in vivo" digestibility. Among the biological methods, those basing on rumen fluid are the most used in the nutrition laboratories (Osbourn and Siddons, 1980). These techniques, however, present difficulties as the necessity of maintaining rumen-fistulated donor animals, variations in ruminal activity and high cost. For these reasons, the capacity of enzymatic solubility to predict digestibility has been studied in the last few years in different forages : hays, cereal straws, silages and pellets (Aerts et al., 1977 ; Rivero Yeas, 1985), agri­cultural byproducts (Aerts, 1977; Aguilera and Molina, 1986) …

Use Of Near Infrared Spectroscopy To Assess Nutritional Status Of Cattle Diets On Rangelands, J W. Stuth, E D. Kapes, R K. Lyons

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There are two principal means for assessing the quality of grazing ruminant diets, analysis of extrusa from esophageally fistulated animals or indirect estimates from fecal analysis. Wet chemistry methods are well documented for the former but have proven to be of limited value regarding the latter. It is the purpose of this research to determine the suitability of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for estimating diet crude protein (%) and organic matter digestibility (%) directly from extrusa and indirectly from feces.

Predicting Degradability Of Hay Protein By Chemical Or Enzymatic Methods, Jocelyne Aufrere, Brigitte Michalet-Doreau, Dominique Graviou, R Verite

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The amount of dietary protein which reach the small intes­tine depends on the crude protein content of the feed and the degradability of crude protein in the rumen. The second characteristic is generally in France (Verite et al., 1987) esti­mated from in sacco degradation of the feed protein in the rumen. Simpler and less costly laboratory methods have been developed to predict protein degradability : - Chemical methods involving protein solubility in solvents of differents types, pH and extraction temperatures (Pichard and Van Soest, 1977; Crawford et al., 1978). - Enzymatic methods. Although promising, these methods are at present studied …

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy As A Universal Forage Evaluation Technique, G C. Marten, W R. Windham

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a nonconsumptive instrumental method for fast evaluation of the chemical composition, associated quality attributes, and physiological properties of forage plants. Norris et al. (1976) reported that NIRS (scanning mono­chromator instrument) could predict chemical composition, dry matter digestibility, dry matter intake, and digestible energy intake of grass and legume forages fed to sheep. Since then, voluminous evidence has been published that confirms the utility of NIRS for analysis and evaluation of forages and other feedstuffs for essentially any organic constituent or qual­ity attribute that can be quantified with an adequate range of concentration in a …

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy As An Analytical Tool For World Agriculture, J S. Shenk

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Agriculture produces the food and fiber needed for human existence. In the past 100 years, it becames apparent that nutri­ent content and quantity measurements of feed were necessary in livestock feeding programs. During this 100 year period, scientists developed and refined laboratory reference methods for the industry. However, nutritional evaluation of these products was and still is expensive and time consuming. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis offered the promise of rapid low cost analysis of nutrient composition. This analytical method has the potential to overcome the analytical problems facing world agriculture. First reports of NIRS in the literature occured as …

Monitoring The Nutrition Of Grazing Cattle With Near-Infrared Analysis Of Feces, S W. Coleman, J W. Stuth, J W. Holloway

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The nutrition of grazing animals is difficult to assess because of the difficulty in determining the amount and quality of the ingested forage. Although many techniques have been proposed for sampling the grazed forage, none offer quantitat­ive estimates of diet quality and intake for individual animals in large numbers. The feces excreted by animals contain undigested residues of the diet consumed along with products of animal and microbiological origin. The objective was to determine if near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) could be used to developed spectral indices from feces which describe the quantitative and qualitative attributes of the diet over a range …

Prevision De La Valeur Nutritive Des Fourrages Ingeres Sur Parcours Naturels Par Les Ruminants Domestiques Saheliens Et Soudaniens, H Guerin, D Richard, P Lefevre, D Friot, N Mbaye

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Les herbivores domestiques eleves sur Jes parcours naturels saheliens et soudaniens consomment des proportions variables d'especes herbacees annuelles en vegetation pendant 3 a 4 mois puis a l'etat de paille sur pied, ainsi que des feuilles ou des fruits d'especes ligneuses disponibles durant toute l'annee. L'objectif de l'etude est d'etablir des equations de previsions de la digesti­bilite de la matiere organique (DMO) ou de la teneur en matieres azotees digestibles (MAD) de ces fourrages en fonc­tion de leur composition chimique ou de celle des feces des ani­maux qui Jes consomment.

Predicting Organic Matter Digestibility Of Forage By Two Pepsin-Cellulase Methods, Jocelyne Aufrere, C Demarquilly

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In vivo organic matter digestibility (OMd) of forage is very variable. That of standing forage varies, depending on species, growth cycle number and more especially stage of development or forage age, between 49 and 86 p. 100 according to the 1 719 samples of grasses, legumes and permanent pastures studied on sheep in our Laboratory (Demarquilly and Andrieu, 1987). Variation may also be caused by conservation method, particu­larly hay-making. Since net energy value depends closely on OMd, a good knowledge of the latter is indispensable in the preparation of animal diets. It is also important in the choice of crop …

Prediction Of The Digestible And Metabolizable Energy Content Of Forages From Their Chemical Composition And Organic Matter Digestibility, J Andrieu, C Demarquilly

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In France, the 'net energy' system (INRA, 1978) permits cal­culation of the net energy (NE) of a feed in an analytical manner: NE = GE x Ed x ME/DE x k

where GE, DE and ME are respectively the gross, digestible and metabolisable energy contents, Ed the energy digestibility and k the net availability of ME for lactation, maintenance or fattening. The publication of Feed Tables (Demarquilly et al., 1978) and their revision (Andrieu et al., 1988) led to re&.earch on whether it is possible to predict the different terms of this formula, at least as far as the ME, …

Evaluation Of King Grass Clones (Pennisetum Purpureum) Obtained By Tissue Culture. Iii. Quality Of The Mutants, R S. Herrera, J Lauzan, R O. Martinez, M Monzote, R Cruz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two ofthe main aspects of the forages used in bovine cattle nutrition are yield and its quality. More recently, Martinez et al. (1986) observed the possibility of modifying some indices by the in vitro tissue culture. Thus, the objective of the present work was to evaluate some quality indice of Pennisetum clones obtained by tissues culture.

The Effect Of Plant Population Density And Fertilizer Nitrogen On The Performance And Quality Of Maize For Silage, E O. Asare, A.A K. Adjepong-Yamoah

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ghanaian soils are inherently low in Nitrogen (N) content especially in grassland areas and where the forest has been cleared for cultivation. The diet of Ghanaians is very low in protein, and more meat protein is needed. Livestock pro­duction is empeded when during the long dry season livestock lose weight, get diseased or die because of insufficient forage. This limits animal protein available for Ghanaians. Forage conservation in the rainy season for use during the drought period is suggested, and for this, silage preparation has been found most practicable .. Means of improving the yield and quality of forages in …

Changes In The Nutritive Value And In The Nutritive Value Yield /Ha Of Some Fodder Grasses During The First Growing Season, D Ferenc

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In Hungary, and also in the areas with similar geographi­cal and climatic conditions, about 40 - 60 per cent of grass yields per year is harvested from the first growth. For the deter­mination of the optimal harvest time it is very important to know the changes in the nutritive value and volume of the first growth. These changes are influenced by the traits of the different varieties too.

Le Lupin (Lupinus Sp.) Dans L'Alimentation Animale: Note Preliminaire Sur La Composition Chimique Et La Valeur Energetique De Cultivars Pauvres En Alcaloides, Angelina Cavaliere, Andrea M.R Lanza, L Postiglione, F Intreieri

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Le Lupin est une plante qui contient un taux eleve d'alca­loi:des. Ceux-ci ont constitue jusqu'a present la plus importante limite a l'emploi des graines de cette espece dans l'alimentation du betail. Ces dernieres annees, des recherches ont ete effectuees qui tendent a la selection de varietes de lupin doux, parmi les­quelles se distinguent celles obtenues par Postiglione et al. Les resultats du present travail portent sur la composition chimique et sur la valeur energetique de ces lignees et varietes.

Etude De Quelques Facteurs De Variation De La Digestibilite De Prairies Permanentes Durant La Pousse Printaniere, M Duru, A Gibon

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pour disposer de bases simples de prevision de la qualite des fourrages de prairies permanentes, on propose generalement de ramener les variations de digestibilite a !'age du fourrage indexe sur une date fixe du calendrier (Andrieu et Weiss, 1981) ou aux stades phenologiques du dactyle, pris comme plante de refe­rence (Fleury et al., 1988). Nous etudions ici les variations de digestibilite de prairies permanentes de montagne (Pyrenees) en fonction des types de prairies et de leurs modalites de gestion, afin de discuter ces bases de prevision.

Inhibitory Effect Of Penicillin Like Metabolites Of Paecilomyces Carneus On In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility Of Grasses, T Eiriksson, O Gudmundsson, S Olafsson, A Taylor

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Insufficient growth of lambs grazed on lowland mires in Ice­land is well documented but not clearly understood (Gudmundsson, 1988). It is also well established world wide that toxic substances which occur on grassland pastures can cause ruminal disorder and retard animal growth (Culvenor, 1987). Such toxins may be inorganic in nature, but more fre­quently, they are organic metabolites, for example fungal toxins either on the topsoil either on or within the plant. In Nova Scotia, Canada, where ill-thrift is common, researches have confirmed an interaction between fungal flora of soils and metabolism of rumen bacteria (Brewer et al., 1979; Liss …

Quantitative And Qualitative Changes Of The Chryosopogonetum Grylli Community Under The Long Term Npk Fertilization, J Pavesic-Popovic, D Kolarski, N Tancic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Natural communities Chrysopogonetum grylli of low pro­ductive xerotherm grass Chrysopogon gryllus (1) Trin., have spread in the mountainous regions of Serbia (Kojic, 1958), so that even with a low productivity, 1-2 t/ha dry matter (Ocokoljic et al., 1983) represents an important source of fodder. In order to increase yield of thermophylic communities, different doses and combinations of mineral fertilizers NPK were used between 1965 and 1988.

Evaluation Of New Varieties Of Fodder Beet (Majoral And Poly Productiva) As New Summer Forages In Egypt, M S. Nowar, S M. Abd El-Baki, I F. Marie, A A. Zaki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Interest in fodder beet has increased dramatically in many parts of the world. Owing to its yield during summer season in Egypt, time during which shortage of green and succulent for­age occurs, interest in its cultivation started early (Ghoneim, 1967 and Abou El-Hassan et al., 1971). Fodder beet has improved cows condition and milk yield and quality (Kocisova, 1976; Burckhardt, 1979; De Brabander et al., 1981 and Pearce, 1983). Fodder beet can considerably increase the farm total energy production. However, to grow it successfully the farmer must have an « arable» mentality (Pearce, 1983). The present research was conducted to …

Chemical Regulation Of Growth And Quality Of Orchardgrass/Alfalfa Mixtures, S L. Fales

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Although mixtures tend to provide a better balance of nutrients and can produce higher forage yields, they are more difficult to manage than either grasses or legumes alone (Baylor, 1974). Furthermore; quality can be variable, due to species differences in rates of maturation, and this commonly ��results�� in wastage because one of the mixture components typ­ically 1s harvested at a later than ideal stage of maturity. If the growth and chemical composition of one component could be manipulated by the producer, improvements in efficiency could result. This may be possible with plant growth regulators. Recent developments in herbicide chemistry have …

Nutritive Value Of Some Grass Species In Hungary, J Varhegyi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Demarquilly and Weiss (1970), Becker and Nehring (1969), Aman and Lindgren (1983) etc. reported data for the digesti­bility and nutritive value of different grass species. The present paper reports the chemical composition and the digestibility of the following species grown in Hungary: smooth brome-grass (Bromus inermis), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), orchard­grass (Dactylis glomerata), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundin­acea), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum). The data were obtained during long term investigation from 1975 to 1983, but crested wheatgrass from 1980-83.

Influence Of The Level Of Feeding And Hay Addition On The Apparent Digestibility Of Whole Crop Sorghum Silage Based Diets, M Ogawa, A Oshibe, T Mashubuchi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dairy cows have to have a large feed intake for abundant milk production. It is generally known that a decrease in digestibility of rations is associated with an increased level of feeding (Schneider and Flatt, 1975). When a ration is almost all roughage, it appears that the difference in digestibility between an abundant ration and a scanty one may not be large, but a decrease in ration digestibility with increasing intake is large markedly as the proportion of concentrate in the ration is increased. A ration consisting of whole sorghum plant silage and con­centrate develops a tendency to increase the …

Influence Of Temperatures On The Earliness Of Heading And Nutritive Value Of Two Grasses During The First Growth Cycle, J Andrieu, M Berekoutou

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The two objectives of this study were: I) to see if the method of the sums of temperatures allowed for a correct prediction, not only of the earliness of heading but also of the quality of spring growth whatever the surrounding conditions ; 2) to check that the criteria, suggested jn the feed Tables published by INRA in France (INRA 1981; INRA 1988) to predict the quality of spring growth, could be used for the whole of France. This study is drawn from the thesis ofM. Berekoutou (1986).