Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Psychosocial Factors Related To Children’S Active School Travel: A Comparison Of Two European Regions, David Mcminn, David A. Rowe, Shemane Murtagh, Norah M. Nelson, Ivan Čuk, Almir Atiković, Mojca Peček, Gavin Breslin, Elaine M. Murtagh, Marie H. Murphy

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(1) : 75-86, 2014. Inequalities in health-behaviors exist between regions of Europe, along a North West/South East axis. This study investigated whether prevalence of walking to school and associated psychosocial antecedents differed between these two European regions. Participants were 1,263 children aged 7-11 years, from five countries. Children from North West Europe (n = 641) and South East Europe (n = 622) completed a school travel questionnaire that measured demographics, school commuting mode, travel companion, feelings about their local area, and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables related to walking to school. Multivariate analysis of …

The Lived Experience Of An In-Season Concussion Amongst Ncaa Division I Student-Athletes, Matthew S. Moreau, Jody L. Langdon, Thomas A. Buckley

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(1) : 62-74, 2014. The clinical presentation and recovery from a sports-related concussion has been well-documented in the sports medicine literature; however, the post-injury experience of the injured individual has been largely unexplored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine collegiate student-athletes’ lived experiences of an in-season concussion. Four NCAA Division I student-athletes who suffered an in-season concussion were interviewed utilizing an existential phenomenological approach to capture the lived experience of the injury. Five major themes developed from the participants’ experiences: 1) symptoms and emotional response to injury, 2) experiences of concussion testing, …

The Effect Of Music As A Motivational Tool On Isokinetic Concentric Performance In College Aged Students, Maurice M. Godwin, Ronnette T. Hopson, Carley K. Newman, Timothy J. Leszczak

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(1) : 54-61, 2014. Music has been identified as a motivational tool in physical activity and associated with improved performance in aerobic and anaerobic exercise. However, the effects of music on isokinetic strength testing have not been examined. The purpose of this study was to measure the difference in lower limb isokinetic force output in males and females when exposed to a motivational environment (arousing music) and non-motivational environment (silence). A 2 x 2 analysis of variance (group x gender) was used with participants (n = 19; 12 male, 7 female) serving as their …

Determination Of Anaerobic Threshold By Heart Rate Or Heart Rate Variability Using Discontinuous Cycle Ergometry, Sung Wook Park, Michael T. Brenneman, William H. Cooke, Alberto Cordova, Donovan L. Fogt

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(1) : 45-53, 2014. The purpose was to determine if heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) responses would reflect anaerobic threshold (AT) using a discontinuous, incremental, cycle test. AT was determined by ventilatory threshold (VT). Cyclists (30.6±5.9y; 7 males, 8 females) completed a discontinuous cycle test consisting of 7 stages (6 min each with 3 min of rest between). Three stages were performed at power outputs (W) below those corresponding to a previously established AT, one at W corresponding to AT, and 3 at W above those corresponding to AT. The W at …

Effect Of Upper- And Lower-Body Vibration On Recovery, Muscle Soreness And Performance, Svetlana Nepocatych, Gytis Balilionis, Phillip A. Bishop

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(1) : 33-44, 2014. The purpose of this study was to compare three types of recovery methods: control (CON), lower-body vibration (LBV) and upper-body vibration (UBV) on upper-body performance, perceived recovery, and muscle soreness. Eight physically active male volunteers participated in the study. In a crossover study design, participants completed three sets of push-ups to fatigue, a given recovery treatment, and two upper-body Wingate Anaerobic Tests to assess peak and mean anaerobic power. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate (HR) were measured after fatiguing exercise, the recovery treatment and maximal performance test. In …

Wii, Kinect, & Move. Heart Rate, Oxygen Consumption, Energy Expenditure, And Ventilation Due To Different Physically Active Video Game Systems In College Students., Krista C. Scheer, Sarah M. Siebrandt, Gregory A. Brown, Brandon S. Shaw, Ina Shaw

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(1) : 22-32, 2014. Nintendo Wii, Sony Playstation Move, and Microsoft XBOX Kinect are home video gaming systems that involve player movement to control on-screen game play. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that playing Wii is moderate physical activity at best, but Move and Kinect have not been as thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate, oxygen consumption, and ventilation while playing the games Wii Boxing, Kinect Boxing, and Move Gladiatorial Combat. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and ventilation were measured at rest and during a graded exercise test in 10 …

The Effects Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching On Post-Exercise Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness In Young Adults, Ryan P. Mcgrath, James R. Whitehead, Dennis J. Caine

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(1) : 14-21, 2014. Until recently, the scientific community believed that post-exercise stretching could reduce delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), but recent reviews of studies on the topic have concluded that pre- or post-exercise static stretching has no effect on mitigating DOMS. However, the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) post-exercise stretching on preventing DOMS has not been adequately studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of post-exercise PNF stretching on DOMS. Young adult participants (N=57) were randomly assigned to a PNF stretching group (n=19), a static stretching group (n=20), and …

Comparison Of Academic And Behavioral Performance Between Athletes And Non-Athletes, James Eldridge‡, Ty B. Palmer†, Kyle Gillis†, Richard Lloyd‡, William G. Squires‡, Tinker D. Murray‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(1) : 3-13, 2014. The Toronto Charter for Physical Activity (2010) and several national physical activity plans advocate sports participation as an important part of population targeted physical activity for youth. Emerging research evidence also suggests that sports participation during adolescents is linked to significant positive correlations with academic and behavioral performance. The purpose of this study was to compare academic and behavioral performance between male and female public school athletes (Total N=11,139; 38% Female) and non-athletes (Total N=23,891; 52% Female) in a convenient, ethnicity diverse, sample (grades 7 -12) from the state of Texas …

2013 International Journal Of Exercise Science Reviewer List

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(1) : 1-2, 2013.

Effects Of Acute Exercise On Expressions Of Functional Receptors On Cd56dim And Cd56bright Natural Killer Cells, Masatoshi Suzui, Kazuyoshi Takeda, Hideo Yagita, Pang N. Shek, Roy J. Shephard, Ko Okumura

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Mobilization and cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells are regulated by cell surface receptors such as adhesion molecules and activating/inhibitory receptors. In this study, we examined the effects of acute exercise on the expression of these cell surface molecules and receptors.

METHODS: Six healthy male college students (22.8 ± 0.8 years olds) exercised on the cycle ergometer for 30 min at intensities corresponding to the individual onset of blood lactate accumulation level (70-85%VO₂max). Venous blood samples were collected at rest (PRE); just before the end of exercise (END) and 30 (POST 30), 60 (POST 60), 120 (POST …

Reproducibility Of Creatine Kinase: How Useful Is This Measurement Tool?, Bryna Cr Chrismas, Lee Taylor, Sean Carroll, Alexander Smith, Philip Pemberton, Jason C. Siegler, Adrian W. Midgley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Establishing the reproducibility of a measurement is essential for repeated testing to ensure that any systematic change is a result of an external influence (i.e. intervention), as oppossed to normal random variation. Although some degree of error is inherent in any measure, a measurement tool should yield consistent results that do not fluctuate to an unacceptable degree from one test to another. Creatine kinase (CK) is consistently measured in the blood as a marker of exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD). However, its usefulness as a predictive tool to examine the temporal pattern, and magnitude of muscle damage has been questioned. …

Effects Of Whole Body Cryotherapy And Cold Water Immersion On Immune And Inflammatory Markers Following Exercise Induced Muscle Damage, Matthew A. Summers Mr, Corinne Caillaud, Kenneth S. Graham, Jason C. Siegler, Kate M. Edwards

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Cold therapies are used regularly in medicine for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) involves exposure to air maintained between -110 and -160^oC, and is hypothesised to reduce pain, local and systemic inflammation. WBC has recently become popular in an exercise and sporting context as a recovery method after skeletal muscle damage. However, research examining the efficacy of WBC in an athletic context is minimal, in particular, studies comparing WBC to currently accepted recovery methods are lacking. Cold water immersion (CWI) is a widely researched and applied method of skeletal muscle recovery in sport science. …

Whole Body Cryotherapy And Recovery From Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review, Matthew A. Summers, Kate M. Edwards, Jason C. Siegler, Kenneth S. Graham, Corinne Caillaud

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction

Cold therapies are used regularly in medicine for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) involves exposure to air maintained between -110 and -160^oC, and is hypothesised to reduce pain, local and systemic inflammation. WBC has recently become popular in an exercise and sporting context as a recovery method after skeletal muscle damage, however, research examining the efficacy of WBC in an athletic context is minimal. This review seeks to summarise the evidence for the effects of WBC on exercise recovery measures.

Methods

Electronic database searches were conducted from March to April 2013. Six large online …

Effects Of Carbohydrate And Green Tea Co-Ingestion On Performance, Metabolism And Hormone During Cycling Exercise, Shih-Hua Fang

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

It has been known that carbohydrate intake during exercise can improve athletic performance, and caffeine can extend exercise endurance. Green tea containing caffeine and various polyphenols has been suggested beneficial to athletes due to anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of carbohydrate and green tea co-ingestion on the performance, metabolism and hormone during high-intensity road cycling exercise.

Nine well-trained male cyclists, aged 17.8 ± 1.0 yr, participated this acute-treatment, double-blind, crossover study that included 6.4-km cycling time trial. Participants ingested carbohydrate (240 mg/kg body mass fructose and 120 mg/kg body mass glucose) without (CHO group) and …

Releasing The Anti-Inflammatory Potential Of Paralysed Skeletal Muscle: The Circulating Cytokine Response To Voluntary Upper-Limb Exercise With/Without The Addition Of Functional Electrical Stimulation (Fes)-Evoked Lower-Limb Contractions, Thomas Aw Paulson, Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey, Brett M. Smith, Nicolette C. Bishop

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Skeletal muscle is a rich store of inflammatory mediating ‘myokines’. Following release from contracting muscle, the myokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotes a circulating anti-inflammatory environment associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The metabolic and functional consequences of lower-limb paralysis, including the gain in relative adiposity and physical inactivity, result in a high prevalence of CVD in individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the magnitude of any contraction-induced myokine response in this population may be limited by the small active muscle mass of the upper-limb. The combination of voluntary, upper-limb exercise and involuntary, functional electrical stimulation (FES)-evoked …

Preventive Effect Of Tribulus Terrestris Extract On Exercise-Related Immunosuppression And Its Mechanism, Liang Yin, Gui Liu, Xiaohui Wang

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: To investigate preventive effect of Tribulus terrestris extract (TT) on exercise-related immunosuppression in rats and explore the mechanisms- the role of Glucocorticoid (GC), Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) and NF-kB inhibitor protein alpha (IkBa). Methods: Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, over-trained group and over-trained plus TT group. The last two groups were trained on a motor-driven treadmill with a progressively increased load for 6 weeks. The over-trained plus TT rats took the medicine by gastric irrigation while the others ingested the same amount of saline. The numbers of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and …

Does Caffeine Influence Salivary Iga Responses In A Dose-Dependent Manner Following High-Intensity Treadmill Exercise?, Deborah K. Fletcher, Chloe A. Gibson, Andrew Kilding

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Caffeine ingestion is associated with enhanced athletic performance, with doses as low as 2 mg.kg^-1 body mass (BM) proving ergogenic. Bishop et al. (2006) have shown that ingesting a 6 mg.kg^-1 BM dose of caffeine 1 h prior to 90 min of cycle exercise at 70%causes a transient increase in saliva Immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration both during and immediately following exercise. However, no research has identified if the same response occurs with either lower or higher doses of caffeine. As such the purpose of this study was to examine the dose-response effects of caffeine ingestion on salivary …

Effect Of Extracted Garlic Powder Ingestion For Two Months On Exercise-Induced Immunological Responses, Ayaka Sunami, Hiroshi Tamura, Mikako Sunaga, Naoki Katori, Akira Yokota, Syuichi Kusano, Toshiaki Kodama, Takahiro Yoshizaki, Yuri Yokoyama, Ayumi Nakai, Jyun Yasuda, Yuki Tada, Azumi Hida, Yuko Hasegawa, Yukari Kawano

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction. Exhaustive exercise is associated with an increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection. Previously, allicin supplementation has been reported to reduce the incidence of common cold symptoms and production of exercise-induced interleukin (IL)-6. However, it is not clear if daily ingestion of the edible portion of whole garlic (Allium sativum) alters the exercise-induced immunological response. The present study investigated the effects of extracted garlic powder ingestion for 2 months on immune cell counts, natural killer cell activity (NKCA), as well as changes in cytokines, cortisol, and lactic acid in response to high-intensity cycling exercise.

Methods. The present …

The Effect Of Voluntary Exercise Training On Lps-Induced Tnf-Alpha After Exhaustive Exercise, Hiromi Kitamura, Masataka Uchida, Eri Oyanagi, Hiromi Yano

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

OBJECTIVES: Acute strenuous exercise attenuates inflammatory cytokine production. The attenuation after strenuous exercise is due to the effect of catecholamine. Voluntary exercise training has many beneficial effects, for example enhanced immune function at rest. However, little is known that the influence of voluntary exercise training on pro-inflammatory cytokine in response to pathogen. In this study, we investigated the effect of voluntary exercise training on production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after strenuous exercise.

METHODS: Female F344 rats were divided into two groups, voluntary training and sedentary. The voluntary trained rats engaged in wheel running for …

Effects Of Maternal Separation On Brain Stress Systems: Modulation By Voluntary Exercise In Male Rats, Erin J. Campbell, Morgan H. James, Deborah M. Hodgson, Chris V. Dayas

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Early life stress (ELS) has been shown to predispose animals to anxiety- and depression-like behaviour in adulthood. Recent evidence suggests that repeated stress in adulthood dysregulates the hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin system. The current study examined the effects of maternal separation (MS), a well validated rodent model of ELS, on the expression of anxiety-like behaviour following the re-exposure to stress in adulthood. The pattern of Fos-expression in hypothalamic orexin neurons and stress sensitive brain regions was also characterised. Finally, this study examined whether the effects of this double-hit of stress could be reversed using a voluntary exercise intervention during early adulthood.

Male …

Relationship Between Macrophage Differentiation And The Chemotactic Activity Toward Damaged Muscle Cells, Hiromi Yano, Masataka Uchida, Eri Oyanagi, Akira Yamauchi, Michael J. Kremenik

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Aim: We investigated the effect of macrophage differentiation on the chemotactic activity to invade local damaged muscle using in vitro models of muscle injury. Methods: C2C12 cell myoblasts, and J774 cell macrophages were used. The “killed-C2C12” cells were combined with live C2C12 cells (live:killed C2C12 = 1:0.5) as a partially damaged muscle model. The J774 cells were stimulated with LPS and DEX. The chemotactic activity of J774 cells was examined using TAXIScan device. Results: Although the velocity of J774 cells was little affected by each type of C2C12 cells (live, killed and combination), the directionality of the J774 cells was …

The Relationship Between Percent Change In Salivary Α-Amylase Activity And Fitness Level (Vo2peak And Anaerobic Threshold) Following Maximal Cycling Exercise In Moderately Trained Male Individuals, Nobuo Yasuda

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Salivary α-amylase has been proposed as a biomaker for autonomic nervous system activity as well as mucosal immune function given that its realase into saliva is elicited by the stimulation of the salivary glands by sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. Clarifying how a individual’s fitness level will influence on the secretion of salivary α-amylase in response to exercise is a critical biological determinant of vulnerability to psychological and physiological stress. Although previous studies have shown the correlation between salivary α-amylase and exercise intensity, the relationship between autonomic nervous system activity and fitness level such as peak oxygen uptake (VO_{2 …}

Auto Anti Oxldl, Igm And Igg: Comparison Between Sedentary And Athletes, Juliana M B Santos, André L L Bachi, Francisco J O Rios, Tiago L. Capel, Pedro H C Vaisberg, Gislene R. Amirato, Mauro Vaisberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: The practice of regular physical activity contributes to reduce the prevalence of coronary hearth disease (CHD) and aerobic exercises are associated with beneficial changes in the profile of circulating lipids and lipoproteins. However in the past years the oxidative hypothesis assumed great importance in the pathogenesis of CHD. During exhaustive exercises there is a greater possibility of oxidation of LDL, forming oxidized LDL (oxLDL) that has a key role in atherogenesis. However the incidence of coronary events in athletes is lower than in sedentary persons. It is described in the literature that we can found in serum auto autoantibodies …

Inflammation And Resolution In Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury: The Effect Of Nsaid Treatment On Pro-Inflammatory And Anti-Inflammatory/Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators., James F. Markworth, Luke Vella, Krishna R. Maddipati, David Cameron-Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Current approaches in the treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury rely on the inhibition of pro-inflammatory pathways to alleviate cardinal signs of inflammation; redness, swelling, heat and pain. However, recent research suggests that the cellular events which occur early in acute inflammation engage an active and coordinated inflammatory resolution program characterised by a switch from pro-inflammatory mediators to production of active pro-resolution factors that govern the withdrawal of inflammation whilst facilitating tissue healing. This led to the identification of novel classes of anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving lipid mediators, including the lipoxins (LX), resolvins (Rv), and protectins (P), which may provide new targets in the …

The Impact Of Match-Play Tennis On Indirect Markers Of Oxidative Stress And Antioxidant Status, Wade L. Knez, Mohammed Farooq, Julien Périard

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Research has shown that both heat stress and endurance exercise can result in an increase in oxidative stress; however, there is limited information regarding the impact of the combination on oxidative balance, in particular an exercise bout characterised by high-intensity long-duration intermittent activity such as tennis. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant status in response to two simulated tennis matches undertaken in cool (≈22° and 70%RH) and hot (≈36° and 35%RH) environments. Methods: Twelve high level (ITF rank 2-3) male tennis players volunteered to participate in the matches …

Adaptation Of Upper Airways In Urban Runners To Air Pollution, Matheus C. Sá, Naomi K. Nakagawa, Juliana M B Santos, Tomas S. Carvalho, Marina L. Nicola, Paulo H N Saldiva, Mauro Vaisberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Air pollution continues to be a matter of concern in public health, despite falling levels of some of the major pollutants in industrial and overcrowded cities. The practice of aerobic exercise in urban environments is necessary to keep a health life, despite the increased inhalation or air pollutants. The aim of this research was to investigate the immune adaptations of the upper airways in amateur runners, who live and practice aerobic exercise in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Forty healthy amateur male runners without any acute or chronic upper airways disease. The subjects trained four times a week, 50 …

Relation Between Tnf-Alpha And Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction, Juliana M B Santos, Luiz A. Luna Jr, Ana P R Sierra, Luiz A R Costa, André L L Bachi, Mauro Vaisberg

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) describes an acute airway narrowing that occurs as a result of exercise. EIB is associated with a hyperosmolar environment that lead to airway smooth muscle contraction. The proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, has a prominent role in the development of airway hiperresponsiveness (AHR). A single bout of heavy exercise can trigger EIB. The aim of this research was to compare the response of TNF-alpha over time with the presence or absence of EIB in marathon runners. Methods: Thirty-eight male runners, who did not have any chronic or acute airway disease, performed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill …

Exhaustive Exercise Enhances Immune Response To Flagellin Via Adrenaline-Mediated Up-Regulation Of Tlr5 Expression, Uchida Masataka, Oyanagi Eri, Miyachi Motohiko, Kremenik J. Michael, Onodera Sho, Yano Hiromi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Objective: We already reported that lipopolysacchride (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production as a bacterial infection model to induce immune response, was inhibited by exhaustive exercise. However, it remains unclear whether or not the immune response to flagellin (FG), which binds to toll like receptor 5(TLR5) and induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production, is also inhibited by this severe exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not exhaustive exercise affects TNF-α productions after FG injection in mice. Methods: Both exhaustive-exercised (EX; n=12) and non-exercised (N-EX; n=12) male C3H/HeN mice were injected with FG (1 mg/kg, i.v), and blood …

Γδ T Cell Response To Prolonged Heavy Endurance Exercise, Michael W. Kakanis, Bon Gray, Jonathan Peake, Michael Simmonds, Ekua Brenu, Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The focus of this study was to assess exercise-induced alterations in circulating γδ T cell subpopulations and memory phenotypes after a prolonged heavy-intensity exercise bout. Ten highly-trained endurance cyclists (mean ± SEM: age 24.0 ± 1.3 years; height 1.81 ± 0.02 m; body mass 73.3 ± 1.8 kg; peak oxygen uptake 60.7 ± 1.5 mL.kg-1.min-1) performed 2 h of cycling exercise at 90% of the second ventilatory threshold. Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately post-exercise, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h post-exercise. Flow cytometry was used to examine γδ T cell subsets, memory phenotypes and receptor …

Changes Of Cytokines In Mouse Skeletal Muscle And Plasma By A Single Bout Of Endurance Exercise., Minjung Lee, Noriaki Kawanishi, Koichi Yada, Yungli Hung, Tsubasa Mizokami, Hiroyuki Niihara, Katsuhiko Suzuki

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Exercise influences some cytokine levels, which is considered the body’s reaction against endogenous stress. Previous human studies demonstrated that high intensity exercise contributes to a dramatic increase of plasma cytokines like Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) immediately after exercise. Recently, it has been identified that skeletal muscle produces cytokines and peptides and they exert both paracrine and endocrine effects. However, the sequential changes of cytokine production according to exercise conditions such as intensity, types and working time are still unclear. In this study, we identified the sequential changes of cytokines in both skeletal muscle and plasma after …