Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

Application Of Image Analysis To Recycled Fiber Characteristics, Evert W. Vanderberg

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to determine if crimp could be measured in virgin and recycled Kraft softwood. Comparisons of the physical property data and the crimp values were also to be done.

The results for this thesis showed that crimp is not an important property of the softwood used. Because of this the comparisons of data could not be done. More research must be done to determine if the sampling methods that used are valid and if crimp can be found in other fiber types.

The Effects Of Over Drying, Before The Size Press On Strength Properties, William A. Granger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis was designed to determine the effects of moisture variations before the size press, and its effects on strength properties. This experiment involved laboratory experimentation along with a paper program pilot plant two day trial.

The results from the laboratory data revealed that an increased moisture content into the size press resulted in an increase in overall strength content for tests including tear, burst, and fold. The pilot plant trial data showed a specific window effect, in that at very low/high moisture levels entering the size press, a significant decrease in strength could be seen.

It was also found …

"Supercalendering: The Blackening Reaction And Its Effect On Strength And Optical Properties Of Rotogravure Paper", Valerie Bland

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This senior engineering problem is the study of the mechanism of blackening and methods of measurement for blackening. The effect of blackening is the loss of color and opacity in the sheet. The loss of color results as a darker sheet. There are 3 major variables which cause blackening: moisture content, nip pressures, and roll temperatures. The increase in any of these variables results in blackening. In this experiment, the increase of moisture content produced the most significant blackening. The increase of pressure and increase of temperature produced slight blackening effects. The most blackened sheet occurred at 10% moisture, 200 …

Pulp Viscosity Vs. Zero Span Tensile For Determining Pulp Strength, John P. Shulstad

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Pulp viscosity and zero span tensile tests can be used to predict the ultimate fiber strength of pulp fibers. A project to compare the traditional test with the newer zero span tensile test was completed. In order to compare both tests for precision, bleached softwood kraft pulp was disintegrated and made into handsheets. The handsheets were exposed to ION HCL vapor from a few minutes to a few hours to get a range in fiber strength since the HCl degrades the cellulose. Pulp viscosity and zero span tensile tests were completed on the handsheet paper samples. It was observed that …

The Analysis Of Wiremark, Karen L. Birks

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Wire Mark is the impression left on the paper web by its initial forming fabric. Wire Mark can be explained as differing levels of density in a sheet. By definition, the ideal formation is a sheet which has completely uniform density. Many changes have occurred in forming fabrics over the years to resolve this problem. The development of double and triple layer wires for a smoother surface have come about. This thesis takes these forming wires and further modifies the surfaces to reduce wire mark patterns. The action is analyzed by several common paper tests, along with the aid of …

The Effect Of Ph Variation On The Evolution Of Non-Condensible Gases From Hardwood Black Liquors, Gregory Allen Goode

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A distillation process utilizing hardwood black liquor samples from Mead in Escanaba was used to determine the effect of ph on non-condensible gas evolution.

Ph was found to be highly negatively correlated to the volumetric production of non-condensible gas. The correlation for all the black liquor samples tested was found to be greater than -.990. This indicates that as ph increases the volumetric production of non-condensible gas decreases.

Ph was found to be more correlated to the effect of gas volume reduction in the ph range of I 1.5 to 12.5.

Non-condensible gases produced in the fifth and sixth effects …

A Pilot Plant Evaluation Of Selected Hardwood Pulps For Supercalendered Grade B Paper, Devendra Kumar Srivastava

Masters Theses

The proliferation of wood free printing and writing papers suggests the evaluation of hardwood kraft and chemithermomechanical pulps for the manufacture of uncoated rotogravure paper. In this study 100% aspen kraft, 100% eucalyptus kraft, and 50% aspen chemithermomechanical with 50% kraft pulps were used to produce rotogravure paper on as 32" trim Fourdriner paper machine under alkaline papermaking condition.

The machine runnability was smooth using 100% hardwood furnish for the production of rotogravure paper. The paper produced was found suitable for supercalender grade B applications, such as Sunday magazines, inserts, and flyers. The tensile index and tear index values were …

A Study Of Alkaline Sodium Sulfite Pretreatment Of Spruce During Thermomechanical Pulping, Nagaraju Dendukuri

Masters Theses

A review of literature relating sodium sulfite pretreatment during thermomechanical pulping to pulp physical properties revealed many contradictions. Thermomechanical pulping variables were studied for their effect on pulp physical properties. An improvement in pulp physical properties was observed above 1% sodium sulfite treatment. Regression analysis and analysis of variance showed that there was a significant effect of sodium sulfite on the reduction of shive content, pulp brightness, and tear index. Fiber length, tensile, burst, and density were not found to be significantly affected by the amount of sodium sulfite. Sodium sulfite treatment during thermomechanical pulping showed a negative relationship with …

The Effects Of Furnish And Supercalendering On Rotogravure Printability Of Uncoated Papers, David M. Diekelman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A comparison was made of the surface and printing properties of eucalyptus and loblolly handsheets which were subjected to different supercalendering conditions. Supercalendering nip pressure was kept constant (2000 pli). The different supercalendering conditions investigated were the effects of the steel and filled rolls on the paper quality produced. The differences between the two pulps were large and this was attributed to the compressible nature of the two different fiber network structures. The more compressible eucalyptus sheet obtained better surface and printing properties at a given nip pressure. The eucalyptus sheet also showed no significant change in properties obtained under …

Design Of A Secondary Headbox For The Wmu Pilot Plant Fourdrinier Paper Machine, James Robert Spranger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A secondary headbox has been designed for the WMU pilot plant fourdrinier papermachine to facilitate research into the formation and final sheet properties of two-ply webs. A thorough literature search was undertaken to determine the design criteria of a headbox and the means used to meet those goals. The result was a hydraulic secondary headbox. The stock for the second ply enters the headbox, passes over one baffle and under another, then flows through a closed channel with eight bends in it. The stock then flows through a short straight section, makes a 90° turn, and then flows to the …

Douglas-Fir Beetle (Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae Hopkins, Coleoptera : Scolytidae) Brood Production On Douglas-Fir Defoliated By Western Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura Occidentalis Freeman, Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) In Logan Canyon, Utah, S E. Fredricks, M J. Jenkins

The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography

Douglas-fir beetle brood production was studied on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) trees defoliated by the western spruce budworm between 1983 and 1985. Tallies were made of the number of attacks, total length and number of egg galleries, number of eggs deposited, number of larval tunnels, number of pupal chambers, and number of emerging beetles (per female and per unit area). Data analysis showed no significant differences among the three years studied. The number of emerging beetles per female parent was 0.59, and emergence per 90 cm2 was 2.32 beetles. Egg, larval, and pupal survivals were 47.5%, 30.0%, and 15.5%, …

Lodgepole Pine Vigor, Regeneration, And Infestation By Mountain Pine Beetle Following Partial Cutting On The Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, Gene D. Amman, Gene D. Lessard, Lynn A. Rasmussen, Curtis G. O'Neil

The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography

Lodgepole pine stands were thinned in the Shoshone National Forest of northwestern Wyoming in 1979 and 1980 using different forms of partial cutting. Average losses of trees 5 inches diameter at breast height and larger to mountain pine beetles during the 5 years following thinning ranged from less than 1 percent in spaced thinnings to 7.4 percent in the 12-inch diameter limit cut, compared to 26.5 percent in check stands. Residual trees increased radial growth significantly, but change in growth efficiency is slow. Regeneration 5 years after thinning ranged between 1,160 and 3,560 seedlings per acre, with pine being favored …

Seedling Response In A Greenhouse To Four Rates Of Old And New Paper Mill Sludge, Jimmie L. Yeiser

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Four rates (0, 36, 75, and 11 2 DT/A)of both old and new pulp-mill sludges were tested in a greenhouse for impact on survival and growth of seedlings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L). After one growing season no meaningful differences were detected for seedling survival and growth, number off lushes, and decomposition rate for old and new sludges regardless of rate. Seedling foliage showed increases in Mg and Ca and sludges exhibited high pH and increased salinity.

Host Selection In Subterranean Termites: Factors Affecting Choice (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), Deborah Ann Waller

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

The effects of block size and species on preference were examined for the subterranean termite Reticulitermes sp. (Rhinotermitidae) in choice and no-choice tests. Termites significantly preferred Douglas fir over Ponderosa pine and red oak, irrespective of block size. The less-preferred woods were eaten in large amounts in no-choice tests, and all three woods appeared to be favorable for the termites and their gut protozoans. In single species tests, termites ate significantly more from larger blocks of Douglas fir, but ate similar amounts from large and small blocks of Ponderosa Pine and red oak. These results suggest that several factors can …

The Effect Of Anthraquinone In The Kraft Pulping Process, Carl W. Stoll

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Due to current attitudes arid regulations concerning the odorous emission of mercaptans from the Kraft pulping process, new technology must be developed to enable the process to be run at lower sulfide levels. The use of cyclic-keto compounds, as pulping catalyst, could be a major step in the reduction of sulfide levels in Kraft pulping, while acting to increase the pulping yield through a mechanism that stabilizes the carbohydrates during the process and catalyzes delignification.

The objective of this research project is to evaluate the performance of one cyclic keto compound that has recently received the attention of many researchers …

The Effect Of Film Forming Agents In A Size Solution On Silicone Holdout, Michael D. Stang

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In the production c>f base papers for silicone coating, one of the most important variables is the holdout capability of the ' base sheet. The holdout is primarily affected by the surface characteristics of the sheet relating to the smoothness and surface structure.

An experiment was designed to look at the effects of several different commercial film forming agents in a standard size solution on the holdout properties of the sheet. A laboratory size press coater was assembled and used for application of the size solutions. After supercalendering, the sheets were silicone coated with an aqueous silicone solution and …

The Application Of Chitosan To Composite Boxboard For Plybond Development, Tracy O. Drier

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The area of study during this research was the effect of the marine polymer chitosan addition rate on strength properties, and retention characteristics. Two machine trials were run on the WMU twin ply former using old corrugated container (O.C.C.).

Machine run # 1 consisted of running a 1% chitosan solution at 0, 6, 16, 18#/ton. Run # 2 also used a 1% chitosan solution but lower addition rates of 0, 2, 5#/ton. The chitosan was added to the thick stock prior to the fan pump for both runs. No comparisons between the runs were made.

Conclusions from both runs include: …

Application Of Geligam Software To The Analysis Of X-Ray Spectra, R. S. Saunders, Harold L. Pray, H. B. Eldridge

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

The Effects Of Molecular Weight And Degree Of Substitution Of Cationic Starch On The Sizing Efficiency Of Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride, George T. Nebel

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) is a cellulose reactive size used in neutral to alkaline papermaking. Since ASA exists as an oil at room temperature, it must be emulsified in cationic starch to make it compatible with the aqueous wet and environment.

The advantages of using a cationic starch in an ASA sizing system include improved retention of fines, filler, and size; improved sizing efficiency; and improved strength. Mill and laboratory experience has shown, however, that cationic potato starch is superior to corn starch. Their are two main differences between potato starch and corn starch: (1) potato starch typically has a …

Proceedings : A Forest Based Economy - Carrying A Tradition Into The Future, Blaine House Conference On Forestry (December 6-7, 1984)

Maine Collection

Proceedings : A Forest Based Economy - Carrying A Tradition Into the Future

Blaine House Conference on Forestry (December 6-7, 1984)

Department of Conservation, State House Station 22, Augusta, Maine 04333, August 1986.

Contents: Table of Contents / Letter of Transmittal / The Forest 2020--Visions Of A Sustainable Forest / Forestry Resurvey: What Does It Say? How Can We Use It? / Can We Improve Maine's Timber Supply? / Atmospheric Deposition And Forests Of The Northeast / A National Perspective: What Is Maine's Competitive Niche? / The Future of Hardwood Markets / The Future of Softwood Markets / The State …

The Determination Of An Optimum Brownstock Washwater By Laboratory Analysis, Bradley D. Berger

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The optimum displacement of black liquor in a Kraft pulp by a washwater can mean greater chemical recovery, reduced environmental impact, and less evaporator steam consumption. A laboratory apparatus was developed and used to test various washwaters to determine if any were more efficient at displacing the black liquor in a pad of Kraft pulp. These washwaters included tapwater, tapwater with varying amounts of a polyacrylamide polymer, and washwaters collected from various areas of a paper mill. The data generated in this project were used to calculate substance yield, dilution factor, and mobility ratio. There appeared to be no significant …

Sticky Control During Pulping Of Secondary Fibers, Gary Lancour

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The thesis:: experiment attempted to show the effect talc and bentonite had on reducing the reagglomeration of sticky particles, and to discover which of the 2 fillers was more effective.

Trials were made using the mechanical action of the blender and heat to break up and disperse the hot-melt adhesive. Talc or bentonite was then added and tested to determine their effectiveness on the subsequent reagglomeration of sticky particles during mixing.

It was shown that as addition of either talc or bentonite gave a significant reduction in the reagglomeration of the hot-melt adhesive particles.

Results showed that bentonite gave better …

A Study Of The Staining Techniques Of Secondary Fibers For The Qualitative Analysis Of Contaminants, Susan M. Soltis

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Identification of the contaminants present in secondary fibers would aid in the reduction of the stickies problem common to the secondary fiber Industry. Presently, Identification and quantitative analysis of stickies is difficult. The staining characteristics of the hotmelts and latexes were studied and used to complete a flow chart analysis of a sample to determine the type and quantity of contaminants. Dupont '4 and Superlitefast Brilliant Blue dyes were shown to stain the hotmelts. Analysis of a sample through the flow chart developed for this thesis would determine the type and quantity of contaminants present. These results may be used …

The Effects Of Alum At Different Ph Levels On Asa Sizing, James A. Farrand

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) is a cellulose reactive size used in neutral to alkaline sizing. ASA is emulsified in cationic starch to help retain the ASA on the fiber and to protect the ASA from hydrolysis. The stability of the ASA emulsion is largely dependent upon temperature, pH, and shear.

While one of the advantages of alkaline papermaking is the elimination of aluminium from the process water, the addition of small amounts of alum has proven beneficial to some mills running ASA size. The advantages claimed by using alum are: improved sizing, improved retention, and improved runnability.

The aluminum species …

Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks In The Rocky Mountains: Effects On Fuels And Fire In Lodgepole Pine Forest (Abstract), W H. Romme, D H. Knight, J Fedders

The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography

Changes in fuels were studied in northwestern Wyoming by sampling a sequence of ten stands that had been heavily damaged by beetles from 1 to 20 years earlier. Leaf litter increased only slightly (3-6%) for six years, and large woody fuels (which contribute much less to flammability) increased steadily and substantially (up to 16 x) for at least 20 years. Other fuel categories did not change significantly. While flammability may be increased during the first year or two after a beetle infestation because dead leaves are still on the trees, the risk of destructive fire during years 2-20 may be …

Microencapsulation As An Alternative To Emulsification For Preparing As A For Use In Papermaking, William J. Corriveau

Masters Theses

The sizing chemical ASA is emulsified to make i t compatible with the papermaking process. Unfortunately, emulsified ASA is chemically reactive with water at the elevated temperatures found in papermaking systems. As an alternative, encapsulated ASA was made and investigated for its stability towards water at elevated temperatures.

A handsheet procedure was developed to analyze emulsified and encapsulated ASA. It was concluded that the procedure gave statistically reproducible results. Investigations with the procedure revealed important variables concerning the laboratory and m ill application of ASA. Evidence indicated that retention of ASA was critical to sizing development.

Encapsulated ASA made for …

Entrained Air In A Beloit Uniflow Cleaner And Its Effect On Removing Neutral Density Contaminants, Mark E. Powell

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this study, the Beloit Uniflow Cleaner is evaluated to determine the effects that entrained air has on the removal of neutral density contaminants. Various levels of air are injected at the inlet header. The results of this project are that, at 0% air entrainment, the removal of efficiency is at its maximum. Introducing air causes the removal efficiency to fluctuate between 0% and 0.5%. Results, though, are inconclusive,. Recommendations for further research include exploring particle size and shape, vary stock temperature and consistency, and determine the maximum particle size before cleaning and efficiency is adversely affected.

The Effect Of Varying Degrees Of Carboxylation On Picking Resistance - A Study Of Carboxylated Latexes, Jackie K. Cody

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A carboxylated latex is formed by substituting carboxylic acid groups onto styrene/butadiene latex particles, thus displacing the emulsifying agent to a certain degree. This will lead to a more stable system with increased binding power for use in coating systems. The purpose of this study was to determine how variations in the degree of carboxylation affect the IGT picking resistance of a coated sheet.

The experiment consisted of making nine different coating formulations with both latex addition level and degree of carboxylation being varied. These formulations were applied to a paper substrate by the use of the Keagan coater. Testing …

The Effects Of Temperature And Ph In Flotation Deinking Of Ultraviolet-Cured Inks, Jeffrey A. Downing

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Since 1974, the use of ultraviolet-cured inks and coatings has become popular with the printing industry. Unfortunately for the deinking industry, removal of these inks is difficult using conventional methods in the U.S. Theory and laboratory work suggests these special inks may be removed using the flotation process.

It was discovered that the optimum flotation cell temperature for UV-cured inks is not significantly different than the optimum temperature for normal emulsifiable inks. However, optimum cell pH was found to be different between the two inks, and most effective at low pH for UV-cured ink.

Sulphonation Of Tmp Fibers, Alfonso Bello

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Paper made from TMP fibers offers good opacity and stiffness, but its use is limited because of its low strength. Chemical post-treatment of TMP offers possibilities of improving strength. Sulphonation of lignin appears to be the most economically feasible treatment. This thesis was oriented toward finding out if sulphonation of TMP fibers would improve the strength properties of TMP handsheets. Southern pine TMP fibers were treated with sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃). The chemical concentration to be used was between 3-27% in alkali solution between pH 7-9. The temperature was between 90°-150°C. Pulp was consistency was 10%. Handsheets …