Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons^™

Increasing The Hardwood Content On The Furnish By Separate Refining, David K. Finn

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

It is an old papermaker's adage that paper is made in the beater. This means that the performance and the physical properties of the paper are determined by the type and the extent of the mechanical action to which the fibers are subjected before they are joined to form paper. The terms used to describe the function of refining; free beaten, wet beaten, et al are all traditionally vague, by reason of the complicated structure of the fibers and the even more complicated changes these fibers undergo during the refining process.

Supercalender Variables For Release Liner, Douglas A. Lamb

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This senior engineering design project studies the effect of increased steel roll temperature and increased sheet moisture on the supercalendering of uncoated release backing paper. Sheets were supercalendered using a Beloit Wheeler laboratory supercalender fitted with a temperature controller. The moisture of the sheets was adjusted using 20 and 80% R.H. humidity chambers.

An increase in gloss, densometer and reduction in caliper were evident with the increase of both the steel roll temperature and sheet moisture. Increased sheet moisture seemed to have little effect on the Sheffield Smoothness values. However, the increase in steel roll temperature did product improved smoothness.

The Effects Of Residual Surfactant On The Retention Of Fines, Steve L. Myers

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Research was conducted to determine if small amounts of non-ionic surfactants present in the papermaking furnish would effect fine particle retention.

The Britt Jar was used for the first part of this experiment to determine if the surfactant would affect the retention. The surfactant was tested at six different concentrations and no detrimental effects were seen.

Subsequent Britt Jar experiments were used to determine the effects of shear, and the effects of retention aids. These experiments were conducted primarily to see if they were interacting some way with the surfactant. The results showed no interaction.

The final part of the …

The Effect Of The Mixing Ratio Of Fly Ash And Paper Industry Sludge On Hydraulic Conductivity, Christine J. Lupu

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Groundwater contamination is a large concern for everyone. Because of this many precautions are being taken to protect the groundwater. In addition, the availability of landfill area is decreasing because of the difficulty in siting new landfills due to the latest legislation. Therefore, landfill and/or design alternatives must be created to reduce the increasing cost of landfilling.

Two of the major sources of waste produced by the pulp and paper industry are wastewater treatment sludge and fly ash from the combustion of wood waste and coal. The current disposal method of these two wastes are in landfills. Alternatives are …

The Cross Flow Filtration Concept Used As A Deinking Method, Gregory E. Gourlay

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The cross-flow filter was used to deink a 70% news and 30% coated section furnish. This has never been attempted before so the main objective was to determine if it would work. The secondary objective was to find the highest operating consistency possible. The filter can be used to remove ink, fines and filler from a stock suspension. The feed, accept and effluent samples were analyzed for percent ash, brightness, clark classification, Kajanni fiber length analysis and image analysis. The effluent had a 29.81% ash compared to the feed ash of 8.32%. The accept brightness was 42.9 while the feed …

The Effect Of Coating Lubricants On Boxboard Hot-Melt Glueability, James R. O'Brien Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Coating lubricants are commonly used in the folding boxboard industry to reduce dusting, improve gloss, increase dried coating flexibility, and modify coating slurry viscosity. Hot-melt adhesives are becoming increasingly popular among boxboard converters due to the strong bonds developed with very little set time. Very little is known about the interaction between the lubricants on the coating surface and adhesion developed with hot-melt adhesives.

In this study 100% recycled boxboard was coated on an air knife coater with a base coating and with 1%, 2%, 4%, and 8% calcium stearate and polyethylene glycol lubricants. The board was tested for Gardner …

The Effects Of Ph And Time On Fiber Surface Area, Daniel R. Norey

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In an effort to integrate some of the diverse approaches to pulp swelling evaluation, this study incorporated various test to reveal the possible swelling changes occurring in a fiber. The scope of this report is to study the effects of pH and time of soaking in water on secondary fiber swelling and surface area.

For each trial, fibers were soaked for different times ranging between 0 and 25 hours. The trials consisted of three different samples which has pH's of 7.2, 9.2 and 11.5. This study involved three tests to help analyze any changes in the fiber. They are the …

Reducing The Amount Of Microbiological Growth Using Ultrasonic Treatment, Mark Gill

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This thesis explored the possibility of using ultrasonic treatment to reduce the amount of microbiological growth in a sample of contaminated mill wastewater. It was found that ultrasonic treatment reduces microbiological growth through the mechanism of cavitation. percent inhibition increases with both time of treatment and applied power. The most economical conditions were high power and a short treatment time.

The increase in cell volume had an inverse effect on the percent inhibition. The increase in consistency of the treated solution also had an inverse effect on the percent inhibition and 6% was the maximum treatable consistency.

Ultrasonic treatment was …

Feeding By Reticulitermes Spp., Deborah A. Waller

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Characterizing Fines To Predict Their Performance In A Sheet Of Paper, Rodney W. Tibboles

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Many studies have been performed with the purpose of determining the effects of fines on paper properties. However, many of these studies fail to develop characterizations of the fines themselves before relating the presence of these fines to sheet properties. This study first developed complete characterizations of fines and then related the properties of the fines to properties of paper containing these fines.

Bleached kraft, unbleached kraft, and TMP pulps from a southern pine were used in this project. Characterization of the fines included determination of physical features of the fines, size distribution, water retention value (WRV), drainability, and compressibility. …

An Analysis Of Chemithermomechanical Pulp (Ctmp) In The Production Of Rotogravure Paper, Christine L. Harrington

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Current trends in the printing industry are shifting towards rotogravure printing processes. Today, rotogravure printing is responsible for 20% of the printing industry and is growing rapidly. The printing industry is moving towards rotogravure processes for high print quality for long run jobs.

The most commonly found examples of the rotogravure printing process are: "cheaper" catalogues, periodicals, tabloids, directories, newspaper inserts and the "Sunday supplement." Some of America's most popular magazines, for example, Reader's Digest, TV Guide, Better Homes and Gardens, Women's Day and many others are printed using rotogravure processes (1).

As the main supplier to the printing …

Non-Chlorine Bleaching Of Soda-Anthraquinone Pulp, Kevin D. Miller

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

The objective of this project is to apply the soda-anthraquinone pulping process and non-chlorine bleaching sequences in the formation of a pulp with market brightness levels. The bleaching sequences applied in this project will be evaluated from pulp brightness and brightness reversion. The non-chlorine bleaching sequences evaluated include the ODEP, ODED, and OPEP.

Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Of Ctmp To Optimize Brightness, Donald S. Kasik

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizing bleaching agent that is utilized extensively in the pulp and paper industries to bleach cellulosic fibers to high brightness levels. The main advantage of hydrogen peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulps is the high yield. Peroxide used under mild alkaline conditions can significantly increase brightness 10-20 points by oxidizing lignin constituents without actual lignin degradation. Due to peroxides' inherent quality of lignin preservation, it is an excellent bleach for application to CTMP. This allows a high yield process like BCTMP to compete with kraft pulp in application to many grades of paper.

Peroxide is an expensive …

The Effects Of A Formation Shower And Serrated Slice On A Pilot Plant Papermachine, Jeffrey M. Cady

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a formation shower and serrated slice on formation, with comparison of an existing fourdrinier shake, at normal operating headbox consistencies and higher than normal consistencies. By replacing the shake with one of the other methods, metal fatigue could be stopped at the pivot point of the oscillating fourdrinier. The high consistency was used to determine if one of these alternative devices would eliminate flocculation tendencies and allow the reduction of water removal demand.

The papermachine used in this study was a pilot plant machine running at 60 FPM and …

Improved Useage Of Recycled Board In Corrugating Medium, Ramon J. Altobelli

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Research was conducted to determine the optimum furnish of corrugating medium with the intentions of increasing the amount of recycled fiber in this furnish.

Furnishes were made up of various ratios of a recycled fiber source to a virgin fiber source, along with three different levels of refining. A starch additive was also used on a second set of these groups to help increase some of the properties by increasing the interfiber bonding.

The results indicated that increased recycled fiber produced the sheet with the optimum conditions. Also, with an addition of starch as a dry strength additive, the results …

The Role Of Degree Of Substitution Of Cationic Starch On Optimizing Retention, Christopher C. Gross

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of my work was to show experimentally with the use of statistics whether it is more beneficial to optimize the degree of substitution of a cationic starch rather than the addition rate to maximize retention.

Fines retention as measured using the Dynamic Retention/Drainage Jar (Britt Jar), served as the method of experimental evaluation. Three starches were studied ranging in degree of substitution from 0.014 to 0.0833 at a constant molecular weight. Calcium carbonate was used as the filler fraction because it can be quantitatively analyzed via an EDTA titration. Starch furnish used was four, eight, and twelve pounds …

The Economic Optimization Of Baffles To Disperse Tio2 In Open Impeller Agitators, Steve C. Ratliff

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This project began with an observation of a coating make-down tank at a nearby paper mill. The make down tank, a cowles dissolver, was being used to disperse and mix pigment and other common coating ingredients. Because the tank was unbaffled, the circulating suspension climbed the walls of the vessel, and could only be half filled to prevent overflowing.

There is a view held by some people that good dispersion cannot be obtained when baffles are used in these tanks. This paper mill obviously held this view.

The basic motivation for this thesis was the fact that the paper industry …

Drainage Dynamics In A Linerboard Furnish, Craig D. Iman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Predicting the performance of drainage aids in a linerboard furnish is a difficult task. Existing tests such as the Canadian Standard Freeness test, Schopper-Riegler, and drainage tube are not adequate tests. These tests only simulate one-half of the paper machine. Unfortunately the section they model is of minor importance in linerboard.

The findings of this project suggest that linerboard is more dependent upon the vacuum induced drainage zone than it is on the free drainage zone. The vacuum zone is dependent upon the formation of the sheet. Therefore, if the formation of the sheet is improved the couch solids will …

A Study Of Bleach Effluents From Oxidative Extraction, Thomas R. Slusarczyk

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

During the 1970's oxygen delignification was primarily undertaken before the bleaching stages in a pulp mill. However, towards the end of the 1970's further research was done to promote the use of oxygen as a decoloring agent within the bleaching stages. This was warranted because oxygen delignification was known to promote decreased chemical consumption, mainly chlorine. The process that was developed came to be known as oxidative extraction. This process has become very popular due to the fact that it is easier to install and operate than the conventional oxygen delignification system. Some other advantages that this process offers are …

An Ester Chemirefinermechanical Pulping Feasibility Study, Glenda Lea Sneden

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Conventional pulping processes (kraft and sulfite) utilize sulfur compounds which pose pollution problems for the environment. This environmental issue has served as a driving force in the development of a feasible sulfur-free pulping process which can deliver pulp of equal (or better) quality as compared to pulps from conventional pulping processes.

An answer to this problem has been searched for in the area of solvent pulping. A recent and promising extension of solvent pulping technology is the ester pulping process.

The Effect Of Fines And Filler In Forward Centricleaners On Contaminant Removal Efficiency, Alan R. Kaczanowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In this study, the effect of fines and filler content on a forward centricleaner's contaminant removal efficiency is evaluated. The paper industry has assumed that centricleaner contaminant removal efficiency is not influenced by the presence of clay or fines. However, it has never been documented. Thus, at the paper machine, centricleaners operate at the same efficiency at 1.0% consistency with 15 or 30% clay. The same assumption has also been made with fines content in the white water loop, which can vary from day to day depending on what specific grade is being made. This thesis has concentrated on whether …

Prediction Of Release Properties Of Silicone Coated Paper Through Analysis Of Coating Particle Size And Distribution, Kent Bartholomew

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Silicone release coatings are gaining in popularity. The use of water-borne emulsions is seeing its way into the production of release coatings as well as pressure sensitive applications.

Thermoset silicone release coatings systems consist of a reactive polymer, a crosslinker, and a catalyst. A condensation reaction takes place to form the low surface energy silicone film which is primarily what gives good release property.

It is believed that an emulsion's stability, and hence quality, can be related to the particle size and distribution.

It was the goal of this study to quantify the relationship between particle size/distribution and release properties …

An Analysis Of The Wash And Flotation Deinking Processes, Brian L. Felgner

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The purpose of this paper is to obtain data, so that we may compare the ability of Floatation vs. Wash deinking to produce a paper of equal standards as the original unprinted base-stock.

It was determined that both flotation and wash deinked stock with the addition of 40% fresh pulp can produce a paper of equal physical and optical properties as the unprinted stock from which it was made.

Floatation deinked stock was found have a higher materials cost, however, it displayed better strength and opacity properties than wash deinked stock. The difference is thought to result from a large …

Design Specifications And Requirements Of Paper For Flexographic Printing, Martha L. Stankey

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Flexographic printing is a direct printing from the plate to the paper. This process has been growing during the last few years, especially in the newspaper area. One of the problems in the industry today, however, is the lack of good paper specifications for the flexographic printing process. The objective of this project was to gather samples of good flexographic newsprint, and to test them for paper properties in order to determine a set of paper specifications for flexographic newsprint. Also, lithographic (the predominant printing process in the newspaper industry) newsprint samples were gathered in order to compare between the …

Electrokinetic Treatment Of Sludge, Matthew G. Kwiatkowski

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Disposal of sludge has become a major issue in the pulp and paper industry because of the decreased space in landfills and the possibility of pollution from the sludge. By increasing the amount of solids in the sludge (dewatering), the sludge could be disposed of using less land or by incineration, composting, or other method. The dewatered sludge is easier to handle also because of its decreased volume. The method of dewatering which was used for the experiment was by electrokinetics. Electrokinetics is the technology of separating solids and liquids from suspensions of finely divided solids or colloidal particles using …

The Effect Of Carboxylation Of Styrene-Butadiene Latex On Binder Migration, Peter James Rudy

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature review was conducted concerning material related to carboxylation of styrene-butadiene latexes, binder migration, and binder migration measurement. Theory showed the process by which styrene and butadiene monomers contribute to make up the polymer chain and the effect of S/B ratio, particle size, crosslinking and carboxylation by vinyl acid addition type, level and location on the chain. Binder migration parameters related to coated surface and base sheet migration were addressed, as was viscosity control to reduce migration. Measurement types including attenuated total reflectance (ATR) using the fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was reviewed.

Based on the literature an experimental procedure …

Optimization Of The Bleached Optical Properties For Southern Pine Sulphonated Thermomechanical Pulp, Steven Thomas Six

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The object of this thesis was to determine if the addition of Anthraquinone to sulphonated CTMP process would increase the optical properties without decreasing the strength properties. Along with the AQ addition, the percent refining done on the fibers was increased to see what effects it would produce on the optical properties.

The pulp used was southern pine and was obtained from American Fibrit Company, Battle Creek, Michigan.

The distinction that sulphonated thermomechanical pulps produce a outstanding material for inexpensive paper such as newsprint has been known for a long time. With the introduction of high brightness newspaper, like USA …

The Role Of Fiber Mechanical Treatment On The Retention Of Cationic Starch, David A. Glass

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Cationic starches possess a positive or cationic charge. Because of this charge, they have found widespread use at the wet end of the papermachines. When applied properly, cationic starches have been found to increase filler and fines retention, improve interfiber bonding, increase pick resistance and reduce BOD in mill effluent. In order to obtain these benefits, it is first important to retain the cationic starch in the sheet.

Several factors have been determined to affect cationic starch retention. These factors include - pH, starch molecular weight, starch charge density, rate of application, retention aid used, furnish type and degree of …

The Effect Of Aluminum Species And Cationic Starch On Retention, Kathleen R. Rutledge

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Aluminum sulfate, commonly know as alum, undergoes hydrolysis when placed in water and a variety of aluminum species are produced. The ionic charge of the species is dependent on pH. Research has shown that maximum adsorption occurs in the presence of Al₈ (OH)₂₀⁺⁴. Alum competes with other positively charged particles such as cationic starch for adsorption sites on fibers. Starch charge density and molecular weight govern the extent to which cationic starch adsorbs and bridges to fibers. This project is a study of the influence of cationic starch molecular weight and charge density, and aluminum species …

Utilizing The Horizontal And Vertical Size Presses For Optimum Two-Sided Color Correction Under Acid And Neutral Conditions, Charles E. Dickens Jr.

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This Engineering Problem investigates the utilization of the horizontal and vertical size presses for optimum two-sided color correction.

This was accomplished by making paper at the Western Michigan University Pilot Plant Fourdrinier papermachine. Paper was made under an acid system and a neutral system. A red anionic direct dye was added at the wet-end to internally dye the sheet. Color two-sidedness was induced by manipulating and wet-end vacuum elements, as well as the Fourdrinier shake. In addition, the red anionic direct dye that was used is known for it's "topsided" characteristics.

The paper was then surface colored using the size …