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Full-Text Articles in Agriculture

Late Byzantine And Early Islamic Bathhouse Remains And Vestiges Of Earlier Periods At Azor (With A Contribution By Raz Kletter) (Pp. 73–124), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Lev Kapitaikin, Yehudah Rapuano Jan 2025

Late Byzantine And Early Islamic Bathhouse Remains And Vestiges Of Earlier Periods At Azor (With A Contribution By Raz Kletter) (Pp. 73–124), Edwin C.M. Van Den Brink, Lev Kapitaikin, Yehudah Rapuano

'Atiqot

Excavations at Azor revealed architectural remains of a bathhouse that functioned over a long timespan, extending from the late Byzantine (fifth–first third of the seventh centuries CE) to the Early Islamic (ninth century CE) periods. The finds include plastered and tiled walls, hypocaust remains, cement water conduits, segments of clay pipes and ceramic tiles. These bathhouse remains are an important addition to the few known ancient bathhouses within the greater Tel Aviv area from this period. Sporadic finds recovered from fills point to the likely presence of a late EB I settlement and an Iron I–II occupation, including two cult …

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Ḥorbat Basha: A Roman–Byzantine-Period Site In The Hinterland Of Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 25*–69*; English Summary, Pp. 166–168), Ilan Peretz Jan 2025

Ḥorbat Basha: A Roman–Byzantine-Period Site In The Hinterland Of Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 25*–69*; English Summary, Pp. 166–168), Ilan Peretz

'Atiqot

The salvage excavation conducted at Ḥorbat Basha exposed traces of a building, walls, floors and habitation levels from the Roman period (second–late third/early fourth centuries CE), as well as two phases of a simple and complex winepress with secondary surfaces, dating to the Late Roman–Byzantine periods (late third/early fourth–sixth centuries CE). The finds include potsherds, glass fragments and coins. The site is part of an array of settlements in Ashqelon’s agricultural hinterland, whose occupants evidently produced wine. Ḥorbat Basha underwent abandonment and destruction during the late Byzantine period, probably following a local large-scale disaster, such as a plague in the …

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The Coins From Ḥorbat Basha (Pp. 65–71), Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From Ḥorbat Basha (Pp. 65–71), Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

The excavations at Ḥorbat Basha yielded 53 coins, 24 of which were identified. All the coins are bronze, except for a silver fraction of a dirham. The bulk of the numismatic evidence comprises Late Roman minimi, dating from the first quarter of the fourth century until the mid-fifth century CE; five were discovered at the bottom of a collecting vat of a winepress. The absence of sixth-century CE coins at the site stands in contrast to the abundance of pottery and glass vessels from this period—a phenomenon previously recorded at other sites in the region.

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The Inscriptions On The Milestones From The Bet Neṭofa Valley (Pp. 61–64), Benjamin Isaac Jan 2025

The Inscriptions On The Milestones From The Bet Neṭofa Valley (Pp. 61–64), Benjamin Isaac

'Atiqot

Three milestones, inscribed in Latin, were found in the excavations in the Bet Neṭofa Valley. Two milestones are attributed the reign of Hadrian, one is dated to the beginning of his reign, in 120 CE, and the other, to his visit to the region in 130 CE. The third milestone dates to the days of Constantine the Great and his sons, between 333 and 337 CE. These milestones are important evidence of the earliest and latest recorded stages of systematic road-planning in Judea-Palestina.

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A Milestone Station In The Bet Neṭofa Valley, North Of Ẓippori, And Its Place In The Roman Imperial Road System In The Galilee (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–24*; English Summary, Pp. 163–165), Yotam Tepper Jan 2025

A Milestone Station In The Bet Neṭofa Valley, North Of Ẓippori, And Its Place In The Roman Imperial Road System In The Galilee (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–24*; English Summary, Pp. 163–165), Yotam Tepper

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation in the western Bet Neṭofa Valley exposed a square foundation, three large stone bases and three milestones. The three milestones are inscribed in Latin and seem to have been erected along a road that ran from north to south in two main phases: during the days of Hadrian (120 CE and 130 CE), and later, during the reign of Constantine (333–337 CE). The stone-built foundation dates to the fourth century CE. One of its stones bore a worn relief of an animal, probably a lion in profile. Its location beside the road suggests that it was a …

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Five Incised Stone Slabs From Maresha (Pp. 45–60), Yael Young Jan 2025

Five Incised Stone Slabs From Maresha (Pp. 45–60), Yael Young

'Atiqot

A group of five fragmentary stone slabs, each bearing incised or engraved figures, was unearthed within Subterranean Complex 57 at Maresha in the Judean Shephelah. The incisions belong to two categories based on their composition: arbitrary (i.e., graffito art) or planned. It is difficult to attribute graffito-art to a specific period on stylistic grounds alone; however, based on comparisons with graffito art previously documented at the site and its vicinity, the slabs probably date to the Hellenistic period (third or second centuries BCE).

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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Burial Caves From The Intermediate Bronze, Middle Bronze And Iron Ages At Nazareth (Pp. 1–44), Yardenna Alexandre Jan 2025

Burial Caves From The Intermediate Bronze, Middle Bronze And Iron Ages At Nazareth (Pp. 1–44), Yardenna Alexandre

'Atiqot

Four partially preserved burial caves (A–D) were excavated near the Church of the Annunciation in the center of Nazareth. All the caves comprised a vertical shaft and a central burial chamber, hewn in the Intermediate Bronze Age and reused in the transitional Middle Bronze Age I–II. Cave D was reused in the Iron Age after a long chronological gap. The burial caves contained large quantities of pottery, some metal artifacts and a few other small finds.

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Tiberias, Aviv Hotel: Domestic And Industrial Pottery From The Abbasid And Crusader Periods (Pp. 193–216), Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

Tiberias, Aviv Hotel: Domestic And Industrial Pottery From The Abbasid And Crusader Periods (Pp. 193–216), Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

This article presents the pottery from the Abbasid and Crusader periods uncovered in Area B of the Aviv Hotel excavations in Tiberias. The site is situated within the precincts of the Abbasid town, but outside the walled city of the Crusader period. The Abbasid-period assemblage consists mainly of types well-known in Tiberias, reinforcing other evidence concerning pottery production in Tiberias during this period. The pottery from the Crusader period (mid-twelfth–early thirteenth centuries CE) includes glazed bowls from the Aegean region, and possibly cooking ware and glazed bowls from Beirut. Among the imported glazed bowls are two examples of broad-incised sgraffito, …

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Remains From The Roman Until The Crusader Periods In Tiberias, Aviv Hotel (With A Contribution By Yael Gorin-Rosen) (Hebrew, Pp. 63*–88*; English Summary, Pp. 231–233), Oren Zingboym, Aharon Amitai, Dina Avshalom-Gorni Jan 2025

Remains From The Roman Until The Crusader Periods In Tiberias, Aviv Hotel (With A Contribution By Yael Gorin-Rosen) (Hebrew, Pp. 63*–88*; English Summary, Pp. 231–233), Oren Zingboym, Aharon Amitai, Dina Avshalom-Gorni

'Atiqot

Two excavation areas (A, B) were opened in the precincts of the Aviv Hotel in Tiberias. Five strata were identified: architectural remains from the Roman period (Stratum 5; 50 BCE–late third century CE); part of a mosaic pavement, the remains of a building and a plastered pool from the Byzantine–Umayyad periods (Stratum 4; fourth–eighth centuries CE); wall segments from the Abbasid period (Stratum 3; ninth–eleventh centuries CE); a reservoir and the corner of a building from the Crusader period (Stratum 2; twelfth–thirteenth centuries CE); and remains of a modern building and refuse (Stratum 1; twentieth century). The finds included pottery …

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A Greek Curse Tablet From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 167–174), Robert Daniel, Yosef Porath Jan 2025

A Greek Curse Tablet From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 167–174), Robert Daniel, Yosef Porath

'Atiqot

Excavations along the spina of the Eastern Circus at Caesarea revealed six folded lead tablets: five near the meta prima, one near the fallen obelisk and one west of the meta prima, nailed down to the arena surface by a long iron nail. Tablet No. 3 bears a Greek inscription, comprising a curse directed against unnamed charioteers who would compete against a charioteer named Domninus and his horses. The curse tablet was found close to one of the circus’s turning-posts, where it would have been most efficacious.

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Anastylosis Of The Obelisk In The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 175–192), Yoram Sa‘Ad Jan 2025

Anastylosis Of The Obelisk In The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 175–192), Yoram Sa‘Ad

'Atiqot

In the center of the Eastern Circus at Caesarea, a fallen obelisk was found broken, in three parts. Considering its importance and special nature, it was decided to raise it on its original location. To do so, a committee of experts, including historians, archaeologists, architects, engineers and conservators, was consulted. The article illustrates the engineering plan, the decision-making processes and the outcome of the anastylosis.

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The Coins From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 161–166), Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 161–166), Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

During the excavations at the Eastern Circus, 44 coins were discovered, 31 of which were identifiable. The coins range in date from the first until the ninth century CE. All the Roman Provincial coins discovered at the site were struck in Caesarea.

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The Oil Lamps From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 137–140), Yosef Porath Jan 2025

The Oil Lamps From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 137–140), Yosef Porath

'Atiqot

An intact lamp and several lamp fragments were found within fills which were part of the Herodian city dump or were brought to the site to level the area for the erection of the circus. The oil lamps date to the Early Roman period, indicating that the construction of the Eastern Circus (Stratum III) was initiated not earlier than the beginning of the second century CE, corresponding to the date of the pottery and the coins.

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Statues From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 141–159), Rivka Gersht Jan 2025

Statues From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 141–159), Rivka Gersht

'Atiqot

Fragments of four statues were uncovered during the 2001–2004 excavations in the Eastern Circus at Caesarea. These were clearly part of the decoration scheme of the spina. Three of the fragments are of human figures—two belong to draped female figures—and the fourth is a fragment of an animal (a bull?). This article attempts to interpret each of the sculpted images within the environment of the circus. It appears that the Eastern Circus was affluently decorated, in accordance with the findings from other circuses throughout the Roman Empire.

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The Spina (Barrier) Of The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–62*; English Summary, Pp. 217–230), Yosef Porath Jan 2025

The Spina (Barrier) Of The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–62*; English Summary, Pp. 217–230), Yosef Porath

'Atiqot

The IAA excavations at the Eastern Circus of Caesarea were limited to two excavation areas (VI and VIa) and the anastylosis of the obelisk. Area VI was opened parallel and perpendicular to the obelisk, and Area VIa was opened 150–185 m south of the obelisk, revealing the remains of the spina, meta prima and arena floor. Four architectural strata were revealed in both areas: Stratum IV comprises pre-circus remains; Stratum III, the construction of the Eastern Circus in the second century CE until its abandonment in 640 CE; and Strata II and I attest to post-circus activity at the site, …

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A Chronological Revision Of The Date Of The Pottery Finds From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 105–136), Peter Gendelman Jan 2025

A Chronological Revision Of The Date Of The Pottery Finds From The Eastern Circus At Caesarea Maritima (Pp. 105–136), Peter Gendelman

'Atiqot

The pottery recovered from the IAA excavations in the Eastern Circus originated from stratigraphic contexts related to four major stages: Stratum IV—pre-circus remains; Stratum III—the construction phase of the circus subdivided into three phases (a–c); Stratum II—post-circus activities; and Stratum I—modern topsoil. The pottery associated with the pre-circus remains was dated to between the end of the first century BCE and the second half of the first century CE, and included imported and locally produced vessels. The pottery from the foundation trench of the spina and from sandy fills below the earliest arena (Phase IIIc) dates the erection of the …

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The Fauna From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 93–104), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

The Fauna From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 93–104), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

The small faunal assemblage from Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat contains a diverse assortment of bones that were affected by subaerial weathering. A high frequency of cattle was noticed for the Roman strata, suggesting that the economy of the settlement focused on agricultural production. During the transition to the early Byzantine period, a shift was observed, whence sheep and goats became more dominant than cattle, possibly due to an economic shift from agricultural production to a consumption economy that relied on sheep and goats for meat. In the latest occupation at the site, three camel mandibles were found, exhibiting burning patterns that could …

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The Glass Finds From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 69–82), Tamar Winter Jan 2025

The Glass Finds From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 69–82), Tamar Winter

'Atiqot

The excavation in the dwellings and agricultural installations at Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat in the Lower Galilee yielded nearly 400 glass fragments, about half of which were diagnostic. The finds range in date from the Early Roman to the late Ottoman periods. Most of the finds date from the fourth–early fifth centuries CE (Strata IV and III), comprising bowls, beakers, bottles and jugs, and from the sixth–seventh centuries CE (Strata II and I), including bowls, wineglasses, bottles and lamps. The glass vessels shed light on everyday life in a rural settlement in the Lower Galilee.

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The Coins From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 83–92), Gabriela Bijovsky Jan 2025

The Coins From Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat (Pp. 83–92), Gabriela Bijovsky

'Atiqot

This article constitutes a report on the numismatic finds from the IAA 2008 excavations at Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat, as well as on a hoard found near the site in 1962, and another small hoard discovered at the same spot in 1972. In the 2008 excavation, 31 bronze coins, 6 of which were unidentifiable, were found, predominately dating to the fourth century CE (Stratum IV). Three coins precede this period: a ‘year two’ pruṭa of the Jewish War and two antoniniani of Gallienus and his wife Salonina. The 1962 hoard dates from the mid-fourth century CE. The coins from the 1972 excavation …

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Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat In The Late Hellenistic, Roman And Byzantine Periods (Pp. 1–68), Yardenna Alexandre Jan 2025

Ḥorbat ‘Ofrat In The Late Hellenistic, Roman And Byzantine Periods (Pp. 1–68), Yardenna Alexandre

'Atiqot

At the site, located near Shefar’am in the Lower Galilee, six architectural strata (VI–I) were discerned. Their dates range from the late Hellenistic to the late Byzantine/Early Islamic periods. During the late Hellenistic period (Hasmonean period; second century BCE), there was a small village at the site, which was possibly settled by Judean colonizers. The finds from the Early Roman period include Kefar Ḥananya wares and a few chalkstone vessel fragments, which hint at the Jewish identity of the inhabitants. In the Middle Roman period (third–fourth centuries CE), there was renewed activity at the site; the pottery forms, including Kefar …

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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Mosaic Floors, Liturgical Furniture And Architectural Sculpture From The Church At Ḥorbat Ḥadat (Hebrew, Pp. 119*–134*; English Summary, Pp. 145–146), Lihi Habas Jan 2025

Mosaic Floors, Liturgical Furniture And Architectural Sculpture From The Church At Ḥorbat Ḥadat (Hebrew, Pp. 119*–134*; English Summary, Pp. 145–146), Lihi Habas

'Atiqot

Excavations within the Ḥorbat Ḥadat church revealed several mosaic floors, a marble chancel screen post and a limestone column capital. The mosaic floors were laid in the early phase of the church and continued in use during its later phase. All the carpets and panels exhibit geometric and floral patterns made in a variety of colored tesserae. The low chancel screen post has a groove for fitting a chancel screen panel and two holes with metal remains, probably for fitting an offerings table. The capital bears an engraved cross within a circle.

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A Greek Inscription From The Church At Ḥorbat Ḥadat (Pp. 121–126), Leah Di Segni Jan 2025

A Greek Inscription From The Church At Ḥorbat Ḥadat (Pp. 121–126), Leah Di Segni

'Atiqot

A three-line Greek inscription was uncovered in the church at Ḥorbat Ḥadat, set within the mosaic pavement of the nave, at the foot of the bema. The inscription includes a unique quotation from Psalms and an invocation to Christ. The inscription is dated to the fifth century CE, most likely in its second half, based on the shape of the letters.

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A Byzantine-Period Church At Ḥorbat Ḥadat (Hebrew, Pp. 93*–118*; English Summary, Pp. 141–143), Uzi ‘Ad, Orit Segal, Oren Shmueli, Rudolph Cohen Jan 2025

A Byzantine-Period Church At Ḥorbat Ḥadat (Hebrew, Pp. 93*–118*; English Summary, Pp. 141–143), Uzi ‘Ad, Orit Segal, Oren Shmueli, Rudolph Cohen

'Atiqot

Excavations at Ḥorbat Ḥadat revealed a church paved with colorful mosaic floors. Two phases of construction were discerned: an early phase, comprising a basilica-type church and a complex of adjacent rooms; and a later phase, when the plan of the church was altered and reduced in size. The construction of the church is dated according to a Greek inscription in a mosaic floor to the second half of the fifth century CE. It is plausible that the church belonged to a large agricultural monastery that was in use from the mid-fifth or early sixth century through the seventh or mid-eighth …

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Roman-Period Wall Paintings From The Western Quarter At Gamla (Pp. 83–120), Yoav Farhi, Lena Naama Sharabi Jan 2025

Roman-Period Wall Paintings From The Western Quarter At Gamla (Pp. 83–120), Yoav Farhi, Lena Naama Sharabi

'Atiqot

The colored wall-painting fragments presented in this article were retrieved from the Western Quarter at Gamla. The fragments are of excellent quality, most of them colored red, yellow-ochre and green, often bordered by black or red bands. Several patterns were noticed among the fragments: molding and marble imitations, geometric patterns, meanders, vegetation, thin pilasters and decorative borders. These fresco and secco fragments complement the previously published stucco fragments from Gamla and serve an important role in the reconstruction of the decorative schemes of the houses.

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The Coins From The City Of David (‘Ir David), Siloam Road (Hebrew, Pp. 89*–91*; English Summary, P. 140), Donald T. Ariel Jan 2025

The Coins From The City Of David (‘Ir David), Siloam Road (Hebrew, Pp. 89*–91*; English Summary, P. 140), Donald T. Ariel

'Atiqot

The excavation in the southeastern part of the City of David yielded 27 coins, 20 of which were identified. All the coins are made of bronze and were minted in Jerusalem. They were all dated to the last 110 years before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE, the latest dating from “Year 4” of the First Jewish Revolt (69/70 CE).

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Radiocarbon Dating Of The Plaster Of Siloam Pool In The City Of David (Pp. 79–81), Elisabetta Boaretto Jan 2025

Radiocarbon Dating Of The Plaster Of Siloam Pool In The City Of David (Pp. 79–81), Elisabetta Boaretto

'Atiqot

Plaster samples were collected from the outer face of the dam wall of the Siloam Pool in the City of David. The age obtained corresponds to the Persian and Hellenistic periods. The discrepancy between this date and the date based on the archaeological material and stratigraphy (seventh century–586 BCE) is currently difficult to explain.

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A Second Temple Period Registration Tag From The City Of David (‘Ir David), Siloam Road (Hebrew, Pp. 87*–88*; English Summary, P. 139), Ronny Reich Jan 2025

A Second Temple Period Registration Tag From The City Of David (‘Ir David), Siloam Road (Hebrew, Pp. 87*–88*; English Summary, P. 139), Ronny Reich

'Atiqot

The excavation in the southeastern part of the City of David yielded a body fragment of a clay jar bearing a Hebrew inscription. The inscription seems to represent the agricultural produce of dried figs, probably from one of the many agricultural farms that existed around Jerusalem in the late Second Temple period.

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A Scarab And Two Scaraboids From Ḥorbat ʻAlona (Khirbat El-‘Alawina) (Pp. 75–78), Ianir Milevski Jan 2025

A Scarab And Two Scaraboids From Ḥorbat ʻAlona (Khirbat El-‘Alawina) (Pp. 75–78), Ianir Milevski

'Atiqot

One scarab and two scaraboids were found in the excavation at Ḥorbat ʻAlona. The scarab is adorned with the well-known ʻnude goddess’ pattern, probably originating in an MB IIB building. The two scaraboids are very eroded; they were found out of context and therefore, are impossible to date.

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