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Articles 9031 - 9060 of 36597

Full-Text Articles in Art and Design

Beyond The Body: Moving Past The Metricised Bodily Goal In Self-Tracking, Kim Snooks, Roger Whitham, Daniel Richards, Joseph Lindley Jun 2022

Beyond The Body: Moving Past The Metricised Bodily Goal In Self-Tracking, Kim Snooks, Roger Whitham, Daniel Richards, Joseph Lindley

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Currently self-tracking systems, that sense and infer data about an individual or ‘the self’, focus on gathering quantitative data about the body. The social features present in these systems measure data about the body against other bodies or ‘the other’. However, focus on these metrics is causing harm. In this paper we discuss relations between the self and the other and more-than-human perspectives to pose questions for moving beyond the body and acknowledging potential harm in self-tracking systems. Throughout we draw on work from across Design Research, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Philosophy and Sociology, to high-light challenges and opportunities for Designers …

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Are Short Product Lifetimes Ineluctable? An Exploration Of Consumers’ Perceptions Of Lifetime Extension Strategies, Lise Magnier, Ruth Mugge Jun 2022

Are Short Product Lifetimes Ineluctable? An Exploration Of Consumers’ Perceptions Of Lifetime Extension Strategies, Lise Magnier, Ruth Mugge

DRS Biennial Conference Series

There is consensus that product lifetimes are generally decreasing. To create a sustainable society, the circular economy promotes slowing down the use of resources by lengthening product lifetimes. This is especially important for electronic products that are energy-intensive in their production phase and create vast amounts of waste after use. While design strategies have been proposed to lengthen product lifetimes, it is unclear whether consumers deem them effective. This paper proposes an overview of lifetime extension strategies for electronic products and reports the results of a quantitative study with 617 participants who were asked to evaluate the extent to which …

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Participatory Iot Policies: A Case Study Of Designing Governance At A Local Level, Louise Mullagh, Naomi Jacobs, Nuri Kwon, Milan Markovic, Ben Wainwright, Kirsty Chekansky Jun 2022

Participatory Iot Policies: A Case Study Of Designing Governance At A Local Level, Louise Mullagh, Naomi Jacobs, Nuri Kwon, Milan Markovic, Ben Wainwright, Kirsty Chekansky

DRS Biennial Conference Series

As IoT devices proliferate public spaces, it is vital that adequate governance structures and policies are designed and implemented in order to enhance trust, and protect privacy and security of citizens. At a local level, smaller towns and cities that are not part of the ‘smart city’ movement, but instead are connected through IoT devices, also need to consider how these devices are governed. This research explores how two novel methods (design fiction and walkshops) can be combined and embedded in the design of policy for IoT governance at a local level. The contribution of the work lies in wider …

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Shitty Stories: Experimenting With Probiotic Participation Through Design, Tau Lenskjold, Danielle Wilde Jun 2022

Shitty Stories: Experimenting With Probiotic Participation Through Design, Tau Lenskjold, Danielle Wilde

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The Shit! project brings focus to the human-gut microbiome, to consider how we might move towards more harmonious coexistence with the uncountable microscopic entities that inhabit our gut. The work recognizes humans as multi-species assemblages, and the Western scientific models that form how we conceptualize, measure and engage with ourselves as embodied species, insufficient to account for the multiplicity of relational scales at play. We present a workshop undertaken with the Danish Colitis and Crohn’s Patient Association that converges food, fæces and performativity. We position this work as an exploration of what we provisionally term probiotic participation through design. Framed …

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Investigating The Design Opportunities For Mood Self-Tracking And Regulating, Renate Overdijk, Deniz Iren, Armağan Karahanoğlu Jun 2022

Investigating The Design Opportunities For Mood Self-Tracking And Regulating, Renate Overdijk, Deniz Iren, Armağan Karahanoğlu

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Many studies have demonstrated the positive impact of self-tracking technology on people’s health and wellbeing. Research on the effects of the tools for tracking moods to create awareness of people’s affective health is also gaining attention. In addition, studies show that people are open to using tools that contribute to sharing their moods and reflecting on them. In this paper, we aim to contribute to this emerging field. We carried out a three-phase study (i.e., exploratory survey, co-creation, and testing) with a total of 46 participants to explore preferred ways of mood tracking and the ways design can support these …

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A Co-Design Method For Museums To Engage Migrant Communities With Cultural Heritage, Vanessa Cesário, Valentina Nisi Jun 2022

A Co-Design Method For Museums To Engage Migrant Communities With Cultural Heritage, Vanessa Cesário, Valentina Nisi

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This chapter presents an experimental method designed to engage migrant participants with local cultural heritage. The initiative was part of an exploratory field study conducted in the context of the European-funded project MEMEX, a research effort promoting the social wellbeing of communities at risk of exclusion through the narration and collection of memories and stories related to cultural heritage. To engage members of such communities with the topic of cultural heritage, we deployed a two-stage intervention: a five-day photo-challenge, where participants were asked to photograph sites that they felt connected to, and a four-hour co-design workshop in which they explored …

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A Study On Strategic Activities To Foster Design Practices In A Local Government Organization, Ahmee Kim, Mieke Van Der Bijl Brouwer, Ingrid Mulder, Peter Lloyd Jun 2022

A Study On Strategic Activities To Foster Design Practices In A Local Government Organization, Ahmee Kim, Mieke Van Der Bijl Brouwer, Ingrid Mulder, Peter Lloyd

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In recent years, governments have increasingly pursued innovation by embed-ding design into their organizations. One particularly common approach to em-bedding design in government organization is to establish public sector innova-tion labs. These labs are described as contributors and facilitators of innovation in policymaking processes; however, less light has been shed on the role of in-house designers (including these labs) in fostering and managing the changes made by design practices within government organizations. In the current study, design management has been used as a theoretical lens to study the strategic activities of in-house designers in a Dutch municipality to embed design …

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Design For Patient Empowerment: Guidelines To Design For Supporting The Self-Management Of People Living With Chronic Conditions, Teksin Kopanoglu, Katie Beverley, Dominic Eggbeer, Andrew Walters Jun 2022

Design For Patient Empowerment: Guidelines To Design For Supporting The Self-Management Of People Living With Chronic Conditions, Teksin Kopanoglu, Katie Beverley, Dominic Eggbeer, Andrew Walters

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Management of a chronic condition can be challenging, yet expectations from patients towards self-management have been increasing. Patient empowerment in chronic condition care has been gaining attention as a way of increasing the quality of life of patients and sustaining the limited resources of healthcare services. Design has the potential to facilitate empowerment through the designed products and services, yet how this can be achieved has not been fully explored. In this paper, we investigate empowerment from the patient’s perspective and present design guidelines to facilitate empowerment. A design research approach was followed utilising design probes. Research methods include observation, …

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Disciplinarity And The Modes Of Legal Design, Michael Doherty Jun 2022

Disciplinarity And The Modes Of Legal Design, Michael Doherty

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper examines the emerging field of Legal Design through a critical reflection on the literature on academic disciplines and disciplinarity and argues that Legal Design does meet the criteria for recognition as an emerging academic sub-discipline. Its central contention is that Legal Design academics (together with their collaborative partners) have a timely opportunity to intentionally design the modalities of their nascent discipline. Academic disciplines can be understood in various ways. Whether this is, for example, from a sociological or an anthropological perspective, Legal Design has the chance to examine the human experience of disciplinarity and to consciously build an …

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Service Journeys As Boundary Objects In Participatory Processes For Multi-Stakeholder Engagement: The Case Of The Easyrights Journeys, Maria Vitaller Del Olmo, Nicola Morelli Jun 2022

Service Journeys As Boundary Objects In Participatory Processes For Multi-Stakeholder Engagement: The Case Of The Easyrights Journeys, Maria Vitaller Del Olmo, Nicola Morelli

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Design disciplines are increasingly using journeys as a tool that addresses multiple purposes. Also known as Journey Maps, User Journey, Customer Journey, Experience Journey, or Service Journey, they represent the interaction of a person with a product or service step-by-step. This compilation of data reveals valuable insights for companies, organizations, decision-makers, managers, and service-owners to empathize with their users, triangulate their pain points and identify opportunities for improvement and innovation. Consequently, it is easy to understand the popularity of this method. This paper describes the case of the use of journeys in the easyRights project and presents their value as …

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Tinder And Heartbeats: Wellbeing In The Use Of Dating Applications, Petra Salaric, Rebecca Cain, Emilene Zitkus, Valentijn Visch Jun 2022

Tinder And Heartbeats: Wellbeing In The Use Of Dating Applications, Petra Salaric, Rebecca Cain, Emilene Zitkus, Valentijn Visch

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Currently, there are more than 1500 dating applications, allowing people to connect with a single swipe. However, there is a rising concern about the behaviour encouraged by these digital forms of interactions in relation to negative effects on user wellbeing. Using an evocative autoethnographic approach combined with literature review, this study aimed to explore potential connections between the interaction design, user interactions, and user experiences within dating applications by following weekly experiences over four dating applications. The experiences were recorded with a journal, then explored using emotion capture cards, and visualised in emotionally mapped timelines. It was found that even …

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Exploring The Complexity And Agency Of Play Through Co-Design And Experiential Design With And For Adults, Lorna Powell Jun 2022

Exploring The Complexity And Agency Of Play Through Co-Design And Experiential Design With And For Adults, Lorna Powell

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper investigates the notion of designing opportunities for adult play in public space. The project responds to a changing landscape of play, within a context of worsening national mental health and a need for building resilience in our current climate. Following a methodology that includes co-design, social innovation and craft, the design intervention is a curated play walk in a local urban environment, inviting participation, exploration and creative expression. Through a qualitative evaluation of the intervention’s impact, there is an emergence of insights related to designing for play in public space, leading to the elaboration of a set of …

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How Consumers Interpret Visually Similar Packaging, Ezgi Oguz, Jamie Marsden Jun 2022

How Consumers Interpret Visually Similar Packaging, Ezgi Oguz, Jamie Marsden

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This study explored how leader brands might use design to better manage the challenge of copycat packaging. Online semi-structured interviews incorporating photo-elicitation were conducted with 37 interviewees to understand how consumers perceive and differentiate between visually similar packaging from fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) categories. Our findings show that participants find similarity in colour scheme and similarity in product name more likely to lead to mistaken purchases of copycat brands. These findings suggest that leader brands could minimise the impact of copycat brands by using their packaging designs to emphasise the protectable characteristics of their brands. This research contributes to the …

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Soundscapes For Storytelling And Meaningful Activity In Dementia Care, Maarten Houben, Melvin Van Berlo, Gail Kenning, Rens Brankaert Jun 2022

Soundscapes For Storytelling And Meaningful Activity In Dementia Care, Maarten Houben, Melvin Van Berlo, Gail Kenning, Rens Brankaert

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Researchers are investigating how soundscapes can reduce agitation and contribute to the well-being of people with dementia. We advance this research by exploring further how to incorporate the personal background and preferences of individuals with dementia in soundscapes to evoke storytelling and meaningful activity in their everyday surroundings. In this study, we assembled personal soundscapes that were evaluated in individual participatory workshops with six care home residents with dementia. The workshops provided insights into the experiences of people in the mid to advanced stages of dementia listening to personal sounds. The results demonstrate how these soundscapes evoked: interaction with surroundings; …

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Optiwash: A Constructive Inquiry On Maintenance Of Washing Machines As An Everyday Practice, Kamila Kunrath, Anna Sophia Sørensen, Petra Kerepecká, Kartikeya Satish Acharya Jun 2022

Optiwash: A Constructive Inquiry On Maintenance Of Washing Machines As An Everyday Practice, Kamila Kunrath, Anna Sophia Sørensen, Petra Kerepecká, Kartikeya Satish Acharya

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Electrical and electronic equipment is the fastest growing waste stream globally, and large appliances such as washing machines significantly contribute to this environmental problem. Therefore, we look into maintenance as a practice to improve the lifecycle and circularity of washing machines. To inquire into maintenance practices, we undertook the development of a series of prototypes with a constructive design research approach. The design of the prototypes incorporated nudge and persuasive technologies as part of the inquiry. We present this inquiry for understanding the gap between an everyday engagement with the washing machine and the necessary maintenance practices for prolonging the …

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Re-Framing Design And Designers: Studying Design Processes Through A Pragmatist Lens, Kristiane Marie Lindland Jun 2022

Re-Framing Design And Designers: Studying Design Processes Through A Pragmatist Lens, Kristiane Marie Lindland

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Becoming a competent professional entails both developing scholarly knowledge, learning the craft, and developing the social skills demanded in the profession. In this paper I provide insight into how studying professionals at work can be understood as a continuous social inquiry where both researcher and the professionals reflect on reflection-in-action. Embedded in a performative process approach based on the temporal and transactional understandings of John Dewey and George Herbert Mead, and Donald Schön’s understanding of the reflective practitioner, research on product design processes are discussed and explored as a mutual process of becoming. This paper proposes that studying professional work …

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Hyaku: A Qualitative Negotiation-Through-Interaction Interface To Support Runners In Achieving Balanced Training Sessions, Juan Restrepo, Steven Vos, Evert Verhagen, Carine Lallemand Jun 2022

Hyaku: A Qualitative Negotiation-Through-Interaction Interface To Support Runners In Achieving Balanced Training Sessions, Juan Restrepo, Steven Vos, Evert Verhagen, Carine Lallemand

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Wearable systems and apps for recreational running provide awareness of one’s performance and activity and aim for increased engagement. Yet, these systems focus on sensor-generated data and do little to integrate subjective and contextual factors as meaningful insights. Their interaction and feedback mechanisms mostly rely on numbers and do not always match users’ real-life needs. To address these gaps, we explore human-computer negotiation as an interactive mechanism to enable recreational runners to adjust the recommendations delivered by a system. We do so by designing tangible qualitative interfaces la-belled “Tradeables” (whose label is inspired by the idea of “trading” with a …

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A Meta-Design Research Project To Enhance The User Experience Of University's Digital Services Ecosystem, Federica Colombo, Alice Paracolli, Venanzio Arquilla Jun 2022

A Meta-Design Research Project To Enhance The User Experience Of University's Digital Services Ecosystem, Federica Colombo, Alice Paracolli, Venanzio Arquilla

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Digitalisation is essential in contemporary institutions. Politecnico di Milano started to re-think its digital services to design an application that could help students manage every aspect of their daily university life, starting from their own goals and unmet needs, while considering the complexity of the university system. The Meta-design approach was adopted to redefine a public university's digital services, assuring the users' centrality in the research and design process. Meta-design is a circular and reflective method that enables the designer to continuously provide innovative solutions, updating the product to the ever-changing user needs. This methodology is the basis of User …

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Designing Qualitative Interfaces: Experiences From Studio Education, Dan Lockton, Carine Lallemand, Daphne Menheere Jun 2022

Designing Qualitative Interfaces: Experiences From Studio Education, Dan Lockton, Carine Lallemand, Daphne Menheere

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Interaction designers tend to use quantification as a default to present information and a way to enable interactions with technologies. There is a notion that quantification is valued to be the most actionable and legitimate form of presentation, while our actual experiences of the world are largely qualitative. But can we design ‘qualitative interfaces’? What would they be like? In this paper, we explore insights and experiences from four years of applying the notion of qualitative interfaces in interaction design student projects in two countries. We introduce, review, and compare projects across different application areas ranging from running training schemes …

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Alternative Hedonisms And Earth Practices: Design And Degrowth In The Capitalocene, Rachel Harkness Jun 2022

Alternative Hedonisms And Earth Practices: Design And Degrowth In The Capitalocene, Rachel Harkness

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This design anthropology piece contributes to thinking on how to decouple design practices from neoliberal globalised capitalism, economic growth and consumerism. Drawing on the Marxist philosopher Kate Soper’s theorising around patterns of work and consumption in affluent countries (such as the UK) and her post-growth theory of the alternative hedonisms or pleasures of a less harried and acquisitive living, the paper argues that one way to achieve this decoupling could be to consider how more pleasure and greater well-being could be one of the ‘opportunities through reduction’, if you will. Illustration is provided by ethnography with natural builders working with …

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Democratic Design Literacy Research, Ingvill Gjerdrum Maus Jun 2022

Democratic Design Literacy Research, Ingvill Gjerdrum Maus

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper presents ideas about education and democracy embedded in studies on de-sign literacy for sustainability. The descriptions of one semi-structured group interview study and one action research study provided in three research papers are analysed in light of three different conceptions of education and democracy. The analysis outlines how the research methods used in situations in which students (1) engage in questions, introductions and tightly structured tasks developed from research-based knowledge; (2) interact with and share their thoughts and reflections in groups; and (3) respond to open-ended questions contribute to research enabling design education for democracy, design education through …

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Designing Experiences For Iot Products: A Case Study Testing Existing Ux Frameworks, Zidong Lin, Ashley Hall, Bjorn Sommer Jun 2022

Designing Experiences For Iot Products: A Case Study Testing Existing Ux Frameworks, Zidong Lin, Ashley Hall, Bjorn Sommer

DRS Biennial Conference Series

IoT products are believed to be a new type of things that combine both material and immaterial resources. Their unique attributes can result in user experiences strongly differing from traditional products, imposing new design challenges. This study aims to 1) test whether existing UX frameworks are applicable to IoT products in design practices, 2) identify essential elements in experience design for IoT products, and 3) explore new associated experience design opportunities. We conducted a workshop including 25 design-engineering students testing two UX frameworks. The participants designed new experiences for a representative IoT product (i.e., smartwatch) in the workshop and presented …

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Identifying Inclusive Design Goals For The Blind And Visually Impaired In Venice, Luca Casarotto, Pietro Costa, Erika Cunico, Maria Manfroni, Calogero Mattia Priola Jun 2022

Identifying Inclusive Design Goals For The Blind And Visually Impaired In Venice, Luca Casarotto, Pietro Costa, Erika Cunico, Maria Manfroni, Calogero Mattia Priola

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The aim of this paper is to understand how the use of inclusive design methodologies can contribute to the creation of projects for mobility and access to cultural information. Specifically, the research focuses on visual disabilities in a unique context such as the city of Venice. Starting from ethnographic research and a comparison of different case studies, the purpose of this paper is to identify some Design Goals useful to visually impaired users in the Venetian context. The Design Goals definition allowed us to investigate how the use of inclusive design methodologies for visually impaired users can contribute to the …

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Gamified User Interface Design For Dysphagia Rehabilitation Based On Common Mental Models, Malika Gabbas, Kwanmyung Kim Jun 2022

Gamified User Interface Design For Dysphagia Rehabilitation Based On Common Mental Models, Malika Gabbas, Kwanmyung Kim

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Dysphagia is a term for swallowing difficulties. It is usually caused by another health condition, such as stroke, or dementia. Exercise-based training with biofeed- back is commonly practiced in dysphagia therapy. Existing gamified solutions for bio- feedback devices provide scenarios that conflict with natural mapping of the swallow- ing activity. In this study, we have identified and addressed these conflicts based on mismatches with common mental representations to create a more well-matched training experience. Our study showcases an example of designing a gamified user in- terface for dysphagia rehabilitation, while also defining important UI principles for gamified training. It also …

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Making Posters To Understand Statistics: Towards A Didactical Approach In Communication Design, Michele Mauri, Simone Vantini, Beatrice Gobbo, Tommaso Elli, Elena Aversa, Andrea Benedetti, María De Los Ángeles Briones Rojas, Gabriele Colombo Jun 2022

Making Posters To Understand Statistics: Towards A Didactical Approach In Communication Design, Michele Mauri, Simone Vantini, Beatrice Gobbo, Tommaso Elli, Elena Aversa, Andrea Benedetti, María De Los Ángeles Briones Rojas, Gabriele Colombo

DRS Biennial Conference Series

The paper describes a didactical approach to introducing statistics to communication design students at the master level. The approach helps them develop a critical attitude toward data manipulation and information visualization, acknowledging a lack of education in such areas despite their growing relevance in the communication design field. In previous experiences, we observed how theoretical lessons in statistics were inefficient because they were perceived as distant from the communication design practice. We, therefore, adopted a “thinking-through-doing” approach: instead of asking students to study statistical methods, we asked them to design a poster explaining them. In the paper, we present the …

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Evaluating Social Innovations: How Creative Evaluation Can Help Articulate Their Values And Impacts, Violet Owen, Pınar Ceyhan, Leon Cruickshank, Elisavet Christou Jun 2022

Evaluating Social Innovations: How Creative Evaluation Can Help Articulate Their Values And Impacts, Violet Owen, Pınar Ceyhan, Leon Cruickshank, Elisavet Christou

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Locally, nationally and internationally, Social Innovations (SI) are increasingly seen as a way to address the complex problems posed by society. Emphasised by both funding bodies and in UK legislation and initiatives such as Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012 and Social Impact Bonds, there is a greater urgency in evidencing the value generated by SIs. However, the process of measuring and evidencing social value is still underdeveloped. This necessitates developing evaluation approaches that are adaptive, responsive to context, and able to demonstrate value beyond financial return. This paper presents an overview of the current evaluation methods employed to capture …

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How Smart Clothing Can Mediate The Space Between Users And Their Environment, A Case Study Using Face Masks, Stijn Ossevoort, Miguel Bruns Jun 2022

How Smart Clothing Can Mediate The Space Between Users And Their Environment, A Case Study Using Face Masks, Stijn Ossevoort, Miguel Bruns

DRS Biennial Conference Series

Augmenting clothes with sensors and actuators and turning them into smart clothes, offers new possibilities to mediate the space between users and their environment. The current COVID pandemic provides an ideal research opportunity, given that it challenges conventional norms of personal distance. We developed hairs with LEDs showing six types of dynamic behaviour as a research vehicle and mounted them onto face masks, commonly used during the pandemic. A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted with six subjects. The interview data from their experiences was analysed using the ‘framework of context’ from environmental psychology. We uncover three modes by which smart …

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Design Meets Death: A First Systematic Mapping Review Of Design Contributions To End Of Life Field, Andrew Tibbles, Farnaz Nickpour Jun 2022

Design Meets Death: A First Systematic Mapping Review Of Design Contributions To End Of Life Field, Andrew Tibbles, Farnaz Nickpour

DRS Biennial Conference Series

This paper, for the first time, maps and interrogates the contributions towards the emerging field of design and death, through a systematic mapping review. Key databases and grey literature publications are searched and 183 design contributions are analysed, categorising results according to death spectrum; type of contribution; interventional complexity; design approach; and stakeholder involvement. Findings show an increasing trend of design contributions towards death between 2000-2021. The field is being progressed by a triad of Healthcare, Computer Science and Design disciplines, often siloed in their efforts. Design approaches and methods including Human Centred Design and Co-design are popular, particularly within …

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Reframing The Narrative Of Privacy Through System-Thinking Design, Laura Ferrarello, Andrea Cavallaro, Rute Fiadeiro, Riccardo Mazzon Jun 2022

Reframing The Narrative Of Privacy Through System-Thinking Design, Laura Ferrarello, Andrea Cavallaro, Rute Fiadeiro, Riccardo Mazzon

DRS Biennial Conference Series

We present a transdisciplinary approach to the problem of careless privacy be-haviour manifested when people publish images online. Combining the disci-plines of Design and Computer Vision, we developed an interface and a narrative by modelling privacy in a socio-technical context. Building on Gordon Pask’s The-ory of Conversation, we designed an experiential dialogue between people and algorithms, and we used this dialogue as a platform to observe people as a sys-tem composed of the reactions to the stimuli received from profiling algorithms. Through this platform we assessed any changes in awareness and proactivity in mitigating the risk of algorithmic profiling. Integrating …

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A Service Design Perspective On Examining The Business Process Of Customized Services, Yu-Hui Lu, Hsien-Hui Tang Jun 2022

A Service Design Perspective On Examining The Business Process Of Customized Services, Yu-Hui Lu, Hsien-Hui Tang

DRS Biennial Conference Series

In the post-pandemic era, consumer behavior patterns have changed, and digital transformation has become a hot topic. With high-touch service features, the Taiwanese custom furniture industry has been depending on manual operations, and the inconsistent internal business processes have resulted in the slow progress of digital transformation plans. Therefore, the study aims to propose a more practical planning model using service design thinking on business process perspectives. By establishing explicit guidelines on back-of-stage interactions, the study intends to standardize the sequence of the operations and reduce the improvements gap among stakeholders. Meanwhile, through studying the service network of the case, …

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