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Articles 4921 - 4950 of 36559
Full-Text Articles in Art and Design
Proposing A Tangible Interaction Framework For The Design Of Industrial Robot Teaching Systems: Enhancing User Efficiency In Learning Operations, Chaomin Ma, Chenqi Wang, Feng Zou
Proposing A Tangible Interaction Framework For The Design Of Industrial Robot Teaching Systems: Enhancing User Efficiency In Learning Operations, Chaomin Ma, Chenqi Wang, Feng Zou
DRS Biennial Conference Series
In the industrial robotics field, mastering the operation of traditional industrial robot teaching systems requires operators to undergo intricate training, hindering production efficiency. To address this challenge, we proposed an interaction design framework for industrial robot teaching systems based on tangible interaction theory. This study outlined how our proposed framework, anchored in tangible interaction paradigms, provided architectural direction for the design of these teaching systems, markedly enhancing operators' efficiency in learning operations. We utilized this framework to direct the interaction design of a welding robot teaching system and validated the framework's feasibility through experimentation. Experimental results revealed a notable enhancement …
Rethinking 'Terms Of Service' Through Programmatic Time Travel, Seda Özçetin, Johan Redström
Rethinking 'Terms Of Service' Through Programmatic Time Travel, Seda Özçetin, Johan Redström
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The contexts of design are constantly changing, sometimes to the extent that once a ‘good’ designerly response to an issue, over time becomes increasingly problematic. Therefore, there is often a need to rethink design and its concepts. Programmatic design research may provide an exploratory space for inquiry through specific examples in relation to certain theoretical and conceptual framings. In this paper, we explore [dis/re]orientations towards design histories for creating alternative programmatic research spaces. We work through an everyday challenge, ‘Terms of Service’ (ToS), a regulatory mechanism amplifying power asymmetries in relating to data-intensive things. Disorienting design by making an odd …
Exploring The Design Opportunities For Conversational Agents As Reflection Partners In Domestic Environments, Pelin Karaturhan, Egemen Ertuğrul, Ecem Arıkan, Kemal Kuşcu, Asım Evren Yantaç
Exploring The Design Opportunities For Conversational Agents As Reflection Partners In Domestic Environments, Pelin Karaturhan, Egemen Ertuğrul, Ecem Arıkan, Kemal Kuşcu, Asım Evren Yantaç
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Reflection is a core element of our everyday lives for higher self-insight and better well-being. Guided conversation is one of the methods that supports reflective thinking. The increasing abilities of conversational agent systems make them potential reflection partners for the future. Home is suitable for engaging in reflective conversations with conversational agents on daily experiences since it provides a private space. We explore the user expectations and design considerations for reflection with conversational agents through a mixed-method approach with design/HCI researchers. We first explored a psychology-based reflection approach with a diary study. Then, we designed a future-oriented methodology, adapted our …
Past, Present And Future Of Design Ethics, Helle Vesti, Linda N. Laursen, Christian Tollestrup
Past, Present And Future Of Design Ethics, Helle Vesti, Linda N. Laursen, Christian Tollestrup
DRS Biennial Conference Series
With the ever-more present climate crisis, resource shortage and the expansion of AI, the core question of the ethical aspects of our development of new products and solutions becomes unavoidable. But which topics are commonly discussed in design ethics literature and how has it evolved? To answer this question and to understand the existing underpinnings and foundation of ethics in design, we adopted a structured literature review searching literature across 42 renowned scientific design journals. A systematic search revealed 1177 academic publications relating to the topic. After filtering and reviewing the titles, abstracts and keywords of these publications, a total …
Paradigm Shifts In Research Assessment For Scientific Publishing: Emerging Models In A Pluriverse Perspectivs, Lorela Mehmeti, Elena Maria Formia, Eleonora Lupo
Paradigm Shifts In Research Assessment For Scientific Publishing: Emerging Models In A Pluriverse Perspectivs, Lorela Mehmeti, Elena Maria Formia, Eleonora Lupo
DRS Biennial Conference Series
In the realm of design, research publication undergoes a transformative shift in evaluation and emerging forms that prompt investigation into the distortive impact of the current assessment framework on publication diversity. The complexity of assessing research quality within institutional frameworks and career metrics hinders innovation, and globally, debates on impact factors drive a shift to qualitative, responsible evaluation. The article explores how collaborative methodologies enable new assessment practices for design communities in the Global South, challenging Western-centric peer-review norms to adopt a more pluriversal perspective. It includes an introduction problematising the status of publication assessment in the general scientific domain. …
Utopian Visions Or Cautionary Tales? Drifting Through New Babylon In Search Of Future Living, Yuxi Liu, Johan Redström
Utopian Visions Or Cautionary Tales? Drifting Through New Babylon In Search Of Future Living, Yuxi Liu, Johan Redström
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Although contemporary technologies are inherently systemic, much design still focuses on individual interactions rather than on effects of collective action across space and time. Current imaginaries of the smart city, where massive assemblages of humans and nonhumans co-perform, have largely focused on the optimization and automation made possible by new technological advances. As we humans contend with our collective earthly survival, the question of how to design desirable futures has become imperative. In this paper, we explore both possibilities and problems associated with the construction of futurist visions. Departing from a story set in the present-day, we move to examine …
Unlocking Innovation Through Enhanced Collaboration Between Universities And Industry, Nicholas Chia, Blair Kuys
Unlocking Innovation Through Enhanced Collaboration Between Universities And Industry, Nicholas Chia, Blair Kuys
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in local economic growth, representing 99.5% of all businesses in Australia. However, product development poses a challenge for SMEs due to their limited resources and barriers to readily invest in Research and Development (R&D). To overcome these constraints SMEs often outsource R&D activities to higher education institutions, emerging as vital partners. While university-industry collaboration offers mutual benefits to industry and academia, Australia is underperforming compared to other OECD countries. This research delves into the dynamics of Australian SMEs' micro-level interactions with universities, uncovering the barriers and enablers in their collaborative New …
Designing Systemic Resilience In The Face Of Looming Black Swans Through A Seminar-Style Wargame, Alexander Nieuwborg, Nicolas Salliou, Jesse Geurtsen
Designing Systemic Resilience In The Face Of Looming Black Swans Through A Seminar-Style Wargame, Alexander Nieuwborg, Nicolas Salliou, Jesse Geurtsen
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Black Swans have become the norm rather than the exception. These unimaginable events with massive consequences seem to be a by-product of our society ruled by complex systems. As more Black Swans are looming, an interest in becoming more resilient is rising. However, achieving resilience against Black Swans remains an ambiguous endeavour. Looking into academic literature, “wargaming” Black Swans is often proposed as an antidote since it explores decision-making in an adversarial and unimaginable context. However, how these Black Swan-focused wargames can take shape is unclear. In response, this paper proposes a design of a wargame addressing systemic resilience in …
A Tangible Toolkit To Uncover Clinician's Ethical Values About Ai Clinical Decision Support Systems, Ilse Faber, Loes Van Renswouw, Sara Colombo
A Tangible Toolkit To Uncover Clinician's Ethical Values About Ai Clinical Decision Support Systems, Ilse Faber, Loes Van Renswouw, Sara Colombo
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Machine Learning (ML) has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enhancing risk prediction and reducing clinical workloads. However, as it impacts risk assessment, integration of ML into clinical practice presents several ethical challenges. This study focuses on enabling clinicians to express their ethical values about ML-powered clinical decision support systems, to facilitate their consideration during the design phase. Grounded in human-centered AI and value-sensitive design, we introduce a tangible toolkit that assists clinicians in visualizing interaction stages with an AI decision support system in their daily practice, and in articulating ethical values and concerns emerging in each step. Preliminary tests …
Significance Of Everyday Group Conversations In Defin-Ing Design Problems: Affordances Of Group Chat Room For Discursivity In Design Process, Jen Yoohyun Lee
Significance Of Everyday Group Conversations In Defin-Ing Design Problems: Affordances Of Group Chat Room For Discursivity In Design Process, Jen Yoohyun Lee
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper explores the ongoing and nonlinear nature of everyday group conversations afforded by a mobile messaging app. Understanding such interactions can facilitate the awareness of different viewpoints and the emergence of group decisions on elucidating design problems. The exploration is done by analyzing stakeholders' group chat conversations through the lens of small stories, which acknowledges overlooked aspects of everyday communication. Communicative interactions are increasingly relevant to participatory processes of coordinating knowledge, needs, and goals among multiple stakeholders in designing. Meanwhile, communication in goal-oriented workshops and interviews aims for an effective sense-making process and compels the definition of problem and …
Navigating Ethics-Informed Methods At The Intersection Of Design And Philosophy Of Technology, Deger Ozkaramanli, Merlijn Smits, Maaike Harbers, Gabriele Ferri, Michael Nagenborg, Ibo Van De Poel
Navigating Ethics-Informed Methods At The Intersection Of Design And Philosophy Of Technology, Deger Ozkaramanli, Merlijn Smits, Maaike Harbers, Gabriele Ferri, Michael Nagenborg, Ibo Van De Poel
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The idea that technologies influence society—both positively and negatively—is not new. This is mainly the terrain of the philosophy and the ethics of technology research. Similarly, design research aims to help create new technologies in line with individual, social, and societal needs and values. Against this backdrop, it seems essential to expose relations between design and philosophy of technology research, particularly from a methodological perspective. The main goal of this paper is to suggest a preliminary overview of methods and approaches that can inspire and inform interdisciplinary collaboration and, with that, systematic engagement with ethics in design processes. Through interdisciplinary …
Research And Practice Of Digital Narrative Design Method Of Cultural Relics Based On Aigc, Hongze Cai, Tie Ji, Yinman Guo
Research And Practice Of Digital Narrative Design Method Of Cultural Relics Based On Aigc, Hongze Cai, Tie Ji, Yinman Guo
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Digital narrative has great potential in the field of cultural relics. This visual paper proposes an AI-based digital narrative design method for cultural relics and visualizes their contexts. Based on the study, this method constructed the narrative by taking cultural relics as the main body and referencing historical materials such as literature, ancient paintings, film, and television works. Midjourney was used to generate contextual images, and digital narrative scenes were constructed using mental canvas. Added sketch notes in post-synthesis to complete the work. Finally, in the design practice of "The Silk Road around Chang'an", feedback was collected through the Likert …
The Future Of Digital Care_Drafting Design Spaces, Venere Ferraro, Carmen Bruno, Silvia Maria Gramegna
The Future Of Digital Care_Drafting Design Spaces, Venere Ferraro, Carmen Bruno, Silvia Maria Gramegna
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The paper presents the findings of a scoping review to explore the key themes within the digital care domain. The study not only encompasses the research methodology employed, which adheres to established guidelines for scoping reviews—research questions, screening, data charting, and visualization—but also explores the principal themes that emerged in the field of digital care. These themes include Distributed Care, Self-Care, and Health Booster Technologies, each of which is expounded upon in detail. The paper emphasizes how digital technologies, such as mobile applications, wearable devices, and IoT systems, have the potential to reshape the care paradigm by improving and enhancing …
The Heritage Language And Graphic Landscape Of London's Chinatown, Robert George Harland, Angelina Hang Pan, Alison Barnes
The Heritage Language And Graphic Landscape Of London's Chinatown, Robert George Harland, Angelina Hang Pan, Alison Barnes
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The preservation of minority heritage through language is widely recognised as an important means for safeguarding ethnic identity within multicultural settings. This paper investigates the visibility of "heritage language" through the lens of graphic heritage within the distinctive ethnic enclave of London's Chinatown. Located in the City of Westminster, Chinese identity is officially designated on street nameplates that demarcate geographic boundaries as well as depict a shift in the cultural influence of this migrant community. In this study, the visual analysis of 209 retail signs displays 313 instances of language. The research findings indicate the extent of retention of heritage …
Design For ‘Extraordinary’ Well-Being: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis To Understand The ‘Lived Experience’ Of Women Living With A ‘Dys-Appearing’ Body Through Materials, Lisa Shawgi
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper sets out to view disability from a medical construct to a multi-faceted approach, considering biological, psychological and social factors. This helps us understand the need for a phenomenological approach to address disability from a ‘lived’ perspective, acknowledging the personal experiential dimension. A perspective this research adopts to underpin an argument that aesthetics from a cultural perspective plays a role in ‘Extraordinary’ wellbeing, as the study explores how the condition Raynaud’s shapes a ‘dys-appearing’ body through material experience. This paper presents research that investigates how women living with Raynaud’s negotiate their impairment through the mediums of clothing and fashion. …
Counterism And Trust; From Critical To Tactical Design, Fernando Galdon
Counterism And Trust; From Critical To Tactical Design, Fernando Galdon
DRS Biennial Conference Series
In this paper we explore the emerging qualities of Counteristic Design practises as they depart from Discursive models. In this process, Counterism is under-pinned as an emerging field of study that seeks to design trust. Counterism offers a way of resistance by creating systems of autonomy, accountability and repara-tion that values difference and creativity. The two projects analysed vary in ap-proach, with some developing new methods by incorporating new technologies, while others reimagine existing methods. These approaches can offer interesting ways towards a new future for citizens at the intersection of social justice, and technology. Counteristic practises operate within the …
Vovousa 2048: A Design Fiction Workshop Imagining The Future In A Rural And Remote Area In Greece, Costas Bissas
Vovousa 2048: A Design Fiction Workshop Imagining The Future In A Rural And Remote Area In Greece, Costas Bissas
DRS Biennial Conference Series
In July 2023, the author carried out a design fiction workshop over a 4-day span in Vovousa, a village of 132 inhabitants by the banks of the wild river Aoos/Vjosa, in the heart of the Pindus range, in the area of Epirus, Greece. In a location with a history of tensions regarding the creation of hydroelectric dams, the workshop participants were invited as a group to consider and discuss different scenarios for the future of the settlement, set in the year 2048. As a group, they publicly presented artefacts from one selected future with the discussions following indicating that the …
Unleashing Collective Imagination Through Controversies: Lessons From A Smart City Project, Julieta Matos-Castaño, Corelia Baibarac-Duignan, Michiel De Lange, Anouk Geenen, Mascha Van Der Voort
Unleashing Collective Imagination Through Controversies: Lessons From A Smart City Project, Julieta Matos-Castaño, Corelia Baibarac-Duignan, Michiel De Lange, Anouk Geenen, Mascha Van Der Voort
DRS Biennial Conference Series
We explore the role of futures-oriented design interventions in leveraging socio-technical controversies to foster collective imagination. We elaborate on a practical application of a speculative and scenario-based design tool called Future Frictions. Our study focuses on the use of Future Frictions to engage citizens in the development of an assessment framework for implementing sensors in Amsterdam. By employing the "controversing" framework to operationalize controversies through design, we explore how Future Frictions provides an interface that bridges speculative and real-life urban contexts. This interface facilitates recontextualizing controversies in daily life, fostering sensemaking, and making space for collective agency. This, we argue, …
Transformational Practices; Aligning Governance And Design., Fernando Galdon, Ashley Hall
Transformational Practices; Aligning Governance And Design., Fernando Galdon, Ashley Hall
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper introduces the concept of ‘Transformational Practises’ as a prospective design-led integrative space to conduct multidisciplinary research aiming at ex-ceptionally innovative and/or unconventional research aiming for a high trans-formational impact. Based on a range of selected examples, the authors underpin the fundamental principles of this new framework to propose a criteria to assess prospective and multidisciplinary design-led transformations. In the process, it places design as a distinctive and fundamental activity to develop transforma-tional impact in research that aligns the applied arts (arts and design), with the prospective sciences (e.g., AI and synthetic biology), and prospective sociology (e.g., economics and …
Transitioning To A Circular Economy: A Gender- Sensitive Exploration Of Circular Consumption In Denmark And Southern Sweden, Tereza Keprdová, Diana Mîinea, Amalia De Götzen
Transitioning To A Circular Economy: A Gender- Sensitive Exploration Of Circular Consumption In Denmark And Southern Sweden, Tereza Keprdová, Diana Mîinea, Amalia De Götzen
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The dominant model of a resource-intensive linear economy has resulted in excessive production and consumption, leading to the depletion of natural resources and significant waste generation. Transitioning to a circular economy (CE) is crucial for achieving more sustainable production-consumption systems. However, the CE discourses have been dominated by technological and manufacturing solutions, with relatively less attention to developing circular consumption practices and establishing pathways for everyday participation. This article presents the findings of a Master's thesis that explored the gendered aspects of circular consumption and its challenges for individuals in Denmark and Southern Sweden. The research shows that a gender- …
A Systematic Review Of People-Centred Healthcare Services For People With Arthritis, Yaohan Xing, Mersha Aftab, Joanne Brooke
A Systematic Review Of People-Centred Healthcare Services For People With Arthritis, Yaohan Xing, Mersha Aftab, Joanne Brooke
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The aim of this paper is to explore the practice of people-centred design using design thinking in healthcare for people with arthritis. People-centred design has significantly progressed in the healthcare industry, including the management of arthritis. This paper reports a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Framework. It explores the research and practice in the person-centred design of healthcare services for people with arthritis. Six databases were searched: Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, Psych info, and Cinahl. Inclusion criteria included service for the management of arthritis, written in English and published between …
Fostering Design Research Labs For Public Sector Innovation, Andrea Augsten, Lynn Harles
Fostering Design Research Labs For Public Sector Innovation, Andrea Augsten, Lynn Harles
DRS Biennial Conference Series
The public sector's digital transformation fosters collaboration and experimenta-tion, integrating design practices like design thinking, service design, and system design, notably in public innovation labs. Despite progress, these labs face chal-lenges in effecting change, transferring knowledge, and gaining cultural ac-ceptance. Public Innovation Labs (PIL) prioritize the common good, unlike profit-centric private counterparts. Design Research Labs (DRL), rooted in arts and de-sign, share this mission, offering a unique perspective on public sector innova-tion. Exploring the potential of DRLs in supporting public labs, this paper outlines criteria based on five DRLs in the German academic design context. It provides a new perspective …
Expertise Profiling In Design Schools: A Theoretical Framework, Ehsan Baha, Tomás Dorta, Philippe Gauthier
Expertise Profiling In Design Schools: A Theoretical Framework, Ehsan Baha, Tomás Dorta, Philippe Gauthier
DRS Biennial Conference Series
A renewed interest, propelled by the European Bauhaus initiative, has sparked a re-evaluation of design education in response to the growing complexity and interdisciplinary demands of design, encompassing both craftsmanship and academic discipline. While ongoing discussions focus on school types, curriculum development, and pedagogical approaches, there is an oversight in examining the expertise profiles of design educators. These profiles encapsulate the competencies and proficiencies of teaching staff, profoundly influencing the ethos, objectives, philosophy, and substance of education institutions. This paper proposes a theoretical framework delineating three archetypal expertise profiles for design educators: design practitioner, design researcher, and hybrid, nuanced to …
Bridging Reality And The Reel: An Ar-Enhanced Application Model For Memorable Tourist Experiences, Hyunyim Park, Jingyi Cheng, Shuyun Wang
Bridging Reality And The Reel: An Ar-Enhanced Application Model For Memorable Tourist Experiences, Hyunyim Park, Jingyi Cheng, Shuyun Wang
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Over the past decade, the convergence of technology and entertainment has opened new avenues for improving the experiences of film enthusiasts and tourists alike. Focusing on merging reality and reel to enhance memorable tourist experiences, this paper introduces a comprehensive design model for developing smart film tourism applications. A qualitative approach was employed to explore the expectations and potential issues faced by film tourists throughout their journeys. Subsequently, insights are generated and translated into four key design aspects and corresponding features, integrating augmented reality technology. The convergence of elements within the model aims to facilitate a deeper connection between tourists …
Training Designers In The Pluriverse: The Experience Of Studio Wudé With Leather Crafts In Senegal, Caroline Grellier, Cécile Ndiaye
Training Designers In The Pluriverse: The Experience Of Studio Wudé With Leather Crafts In Senegal, Caroline Grellier, Cécile Ndiaye
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This article reflects on design and the training of designers from a West African perspective, based on the experience of Studio Wudé, a workshop which has been working in Senegal since 2006 to transmit endogenous knowledge about leather transformation. Through an analysis of the Studio's pedagogical design approach, the aim is to question in West African contexts the relevance of the historical dissociation between thinking and doing, at the genesis of a Western industrial capitalist design culture whose spread in West Africa has accelerated over the past five years via the emergence of higher design education based on a Western …
Making Space Online: Situating Complex, Intersectional Identities, Dori Griffin, Brooke Hull
Making Space Online: Situating Complex, Intersectional Identities, Dori Griffin, Brooke Hull
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This co-authored visual essay explores our process of making space for ourselves online within the complexity of our intersectional identities. Individually, we’ve appropriated mainstream social media posts to share marginalized experiences, generate meaningful connections, and merge our personal and research identities. On Facebook, Griffin shares her experiences as a cis-female, invisibly disabled, neurodivergent design educator. On Instagram, Hull shares their experiences as fat, queer, trans non-binary design student. Together, using tools with low barriers to entry, we document how design educational praxis affords our marginalized voices access, or not, within physical and virtual design education spaces. As white authors, we …
Harnessing Information Visualization As A Vehicle For Translational Design, Joli Holmes, Matthew Blanco, Todd Linkner, Estefania Ciliotta Chehade, Paolo Ciuccarelli
Harnessing Information Visualization As A Vehicle For Translational Design, Joli Holmes, Matthew Blanco, Todd Linkner, Estefania Ciliotta Chehade, Paolo Ciuccarelli
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Designers are often positioned as mediators or interpreters, working between disciplines and stakeholders to frame and address problems. This quality is particularly desired when a product transitions from one implementation to another. Translational designers assist this process through critical activities such as navigating differing domain knowledge and balancing conflicting values or cultures between stakeholders. We argue the primary outcome of translational design is not necessarily an artifact but the translation of knowledge across disciplines for decision-making. Our research explains and shows how information visualization can translate meaning within a group of experts familiar with the same topic and between a …
Strategic Design Futures: Exploring Strategy And Futures To Learn And Practice Design For Intentional Change, G. Mauricio Mejía
Strategic Design Futures: Exploring Strategy And Futures To Learn And Practice Design For Intentional Change, G. Mauricio Mejía
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Designers change existing situations with a focus on changing the behavior of artifacts. When designers aim to intentionally change the behaviors of individuals, organizations, or social systems, practitioners use specific approaches. Strategy (strategic design) and futures (design futures) are two alternatives for designers working on complex situations that require intentional change. This paper presents and reports three editions of a course titled Strategic Design Futures that address this type of situation. The course includes a seminar and a project component, which are structured into six design activities: sense-making, participatory visioning, designing futures, designing strategy, participatory evaluation, and design implementation. The …
Design X Non-Profits: Towards An Understanding Of Design Integration In The Australian Non-Profit Sector, Natalia Gulbransen-Diaz, Leigh-Anne Hepburn
Design X Non-Profits: Towards An Understanding Of Design Integration In The Australian Non-Profit Sector, Natalia Gulbransen-Diaz, Leigh-Anne Hepburn
DRS Biennial Conference Series
Design has long demonstrated an interest in shaping society and the world for good. In Australia, there are 59,747 non-profit organisations that seek to do the same. Surprisingly, there is little research situated at the intersection of these fields. This research explores the potential remit of design in non-profit organisations and provides insight into where and how design practices may be beneficial to non-profit partners. This paper first thematically analyses the responses of 140 Australian non-profit organisations as they reflect on their strategic position and core activities. Drawing on these insights, we outline five thematic notions of value as it …
Using Space And Knowledge To Confront Power In Design, Shari Pol, Philip Ely, Louis Geneste
Using Space And Knowledge To Confront Power In Design, Shari Pol, Philip Ely, Louis Geneste
DRS Biennial Conference Series
This paper considers the disputes and questions arising from a systematic review of the social design literature and establishes three prominent contestations relating to the ideas of ‘power’, ‘systems thinking’ and ‘criticality’. These ideas are tightly connected, with systems thinking and criticality emerging in response to the omnipresence of power relations in social design. With the acceptance that social design is inherently political, and the provision that both ‘space’ and the ‘uncovering of knowledge’ can work to confront such power and enable social innovation, we see the need for both an expansion and nuance of future social design efforts. Our …