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Articles 931 - 960 of 23632
Full-Text Articles in Architecture
Built Different: Place, Identity, And The Holistic Well-Being Of Female Student Athletes, Jaye Mack
Built Different: Place, Identity, And The Holistic Well-Being Of Female Student Athletes, Jaye Mack
Theses and Dissertations
This research furthers the conversation surrounding holistic female student-athlete wellness, recognizing that their experiences can be inequitable – influenced by the intersectionality of race, gender, and athletic identity (Armstrong et al., 2018; Druckman et al., 2018; Neeley et al., 2021). This research accredits the physical environments where athletes train, recover, and connect as an underexplored factor in holistic well-being.
The Indivisible Self Model of Wellness (IS-WEL) was used to (1) explore the influence of physical design features on female student athletes' holistic well-being and (2) understand how their identity shapes how they experience and attach meaning to their team environments. …
Women Shellfishers’ Role In Managing ‘Women’S Forest’ And Conservation Challenges In Youtefa Bay, Indonesia, Helmawaty E. Rumbiak
Women Shellfishers’ Role In Managing ‘Women’S Forest’ And Conservation Challenges In Youtefa Bay, Indonesia, Helmawaty E. Rumbiak
Open Access Master's Theses
Mangrove forests in Youtefa Bay hold critical ecological and cultural significance for the Enggros community, particularly for women. Known as the “women’s forest,” this area is where Enggros women harvest shellfish and collect firewood. Women shellfishers have a close relationship with the forest, where they connect with their children and other women. However, rapid urban development and pollution around the mangrove ecosystem have negatively impacted the women shellfishers and their role in managing the mangrove forest. Shellfishing activity will likely decrease as urban development around the forest increases, and more waste flows into the forest. This research examines the role …
Huburban America: New Haven And The Promise Of Mobility, Jhansiddh Setthachayanon
Huburban America: New Haven And The Promise Of Mobility, Jhansiddh Setthachayanon
Library Map Prize
This project analyzes micromobility as the emerging solution to New Haven’s incomplete urban transportation project. It argues that micromobility’s legitimization through mobility hubs is key to the city’s modern connectivity. Finally, it proposes a version of new hubs for New Haven.
Assessment Of Truck Parking Demand And Safety During Normal And Severe Weather Conditions In Nebraska, Nathan Huynh, Li Zhao, Zhenghong Tang, Aida Riahifar, Jahangeer Jahangeer
Assessment Of Truck Parking Demand And Safety During Normal And Severe Weather Conditions In Nebraska, Nathan Huynh, Li Zhao, Zhenghong Tang, Aida Riahifar, Jahangeer Jahangeer
Nebraska Department of Transportation: Research Reports
This project examined truck parking capacity, demand, and utilization patterns along I-80 in Nebraska. The objectives were to (1) document the capacity of public and private truck parking facilities along I-80, (2) analyze spatial and temporal trends in parking demand, (3) develop models to predict occupancy at parking facilities, (4) identify clusters of undesignated parking during inclement weather, and (5) assess whether truck parking shortages contribute to truck-involved crashes. Within a one-mile buffer of I-80, 21 public facilities and 49 private facilities were identified. The spatiotemporal analysis of these public and private truck parking facilities using the National Agriculture Imagery …
Bringing The Outdoors In Through Biophilic Design, Gabriela Miotto Leal
Bringing The Outdoors In Through Biophilic Design, Gabriela Miotto Leal
Architectural Studies Honors Papers
This thesis investigates the relationship between architecture, human perception, and well-being through the lens of human-centered and biophilic design. Drawing from philosophical traditions, phenomenology, and contemporary neuroscience, this thesis argues that the built environment is an active agent in shaping cognition, emotion, and lived experience. Architecture is understood as multisensory, embodied, and temporally experienced, influencing individuals in both conscious and nonconscious ways. Through a comparative analysis of three case studies, Paimio Sanatorium, AEA House, and the Amazon Spheres, this research examines how biophilic design principles are incorporated into different contexts such as healthcare, residential, and workplace. Each project demonstrates a …
From Tradition To Adaptation : Spatial Transformation Of Kyoto Machiya, Waricha Wongphyat
From Tradition To Adaptation : Spatial Transformation Of Kyoto Machiya, Waricha Wongphyat
NAKHARA (Journal of Environmental Design and Planning)
This study investigates the spatial adaptations of everyday Japanese dwellings in Kyoto, known as machiya. Employing Hall’s proxemics theory, it analyzes five heritage-conscious machiya through field surveys and comparative case analyses. The research focuses on the transformation of the earthen floor space, or tōriniwa, its relationship with the raised floor space, and the resultant spatial systems in regenerated machiya. Findings reveal that traditional machiya are structured by a clear dichotomy between the raised floor/served space and the earthen floor/service space, reinforced by level changes, materials, spatial boundaries, and socio-cultural practices. This is complemented by a subtle spatial gradient from public …
Does One Size Fit All? Well-Being Environmental Assessment Criteria In Low- And Middle-Income Aging Communities In Thailand, Sujitra Jiravanichkul, Sarin Pinich, Atch Sreshthaputra, Trirat Jarutach
Does One Size Fit All? Well-Being Environmental Assessment Criteria In Low- And Middle-Income Aging Communities In Thailand, Sujitra Jiravanichkul, Sarin Pinich, Atch Sreshthaputra, Trirat Jarutach
NAKHARA (Journal of Environmental Design and Planning)
The effectiveness of well-being environment assessment criteria for aging communities in diverse contexts, particularly in developing countries, remains underexplored. This study aimed to fill this gap by employing Thailand Well-Being Environment and Age-Friendly Communities criteria to assess the living environment of 15 low- and middle-income aging communities in Thailand and determine their well-being status. The results of the overall quantitative assessment showed an average score of 60.78/100. Findings indicated high scores in categories such as healthy food environment, community open space, community asset, and street lighting, indicating a strong foundation for the well-being of low- and middle-income communities. Medium-scoring categories …
The First Home : A Pedagogical Exploration Of Architecture’S Mythical Origins, Witinan Watanasap, Chittawadi Chitrabongs
The First Home : A Pedagogical Exploration Of Architecture’S Mythical Origins, Witinan Watanasap, Chittawadi Chitrabongs
NAKHARA (Journal of Environmental Design and Planning)
This research article proposes the idea of the "First Home" as a pedagogical model for architectural design studios in Thailand. The objective is to foster a more humanistic approach to the foundation of architecture education by integrating histories and theories of architecture, architectural representation, and architectural design studio courses. The "First Home" investigates the mythical origins of architecture—the cave, post-and-lintel structure, and tent—as well as the roles of language and art, framed as the processes of “remembering” and “forgetting.” The literature review for this study is based on architectural texts and diagrams focusing on spatial composition, written by architects who …
Inclusive Education In Thailand : Exploring Gaps And Opportunities Across Urban And Rural Contexts Through Topic Modeling Analysis And Systematic Review, Chanisa Tantixalerm, Piyawan Visessuvanapoom, Chanakida Thummanond, Siripreeya Chaiboonma, Sayamol Charoenratana, Ruttiya Bhula-Or, Kanessha Sirisak
Inclusive Education In Thailand : Exploring Gaps And Opportunities Across Urban And Rural Contexts Through Topic Modeling Analysis And Systematic Review, Chanisa Tantixalerm, Piyawan Visessuvanapoom, Chanakida Thummanond, Siripreeya Chaiboonma, Sayamol Charoenratana, Ruttiya Bhula-Or, Kanessha Sirisak
NAKHARA (Journal of Environmental Design and Planning)
This study addressed knowledge gaps in Thai inclusive education research and proposed strategies for improvement, with three key objectives: (1) synthesize and compare research on inclusive education across urban and rural universities; (2) analyze the topic trends in international inclusive education research; and (3) propose strategic guidelines for promoting inclusive education in Thailand. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study was conducted in two phases. Phase one involved a systematic review of Thai university theses, guided by the framework and PRISMA 2020 protocol, alongside topic modeling analysis of global studies (2020–2024). Phase two utilized focus group discussions with 13 experts to …
Where And Why Do Timorese Workers Migrate? Evidence From An Augmented Gravity Model And A South Korea Case Study, Olivia Da Costa Alves Barreto, Jinhwan Oh
Where And Why Do Timorese Workers Migrate? Evidence From An Augmented Gravity Model And A South Korea Case Study, Olivia Da Costa Alves Barreto, Jinhwan Oh
NAKHARA (Journal of Environmental Design and Planning)
This study investigates the factors that influence international labor migration from Timor-Leste, with a focus on South Korea under the Employment Permit System. An extended gravity model was employed using bilateral migration data for 29 destination countries from 2000 to 2024 to assess the impact of economic size, geographic distance, trade relations, and migration policy regimes on migration flows. Migration is significantly influenced by political factors, such as formal recruitment channels and visa availability, and a positive correlation is observed between migration arrangements and bilateral exports. Furthermore, primary survey data of 250 Timor-Leste migrant workers in South Korea provide micro-level …
Sustainable Architecture Practice In Indonesia : Navigating Global Standards And Local Knowledge, Dyah Kusuma Wardhani, Himasari Hanan, Firmansyah -
Sustainable Architecture Practice In Indonesia : Navigating Global Standards And Local Knowledge, Dyah Kusuma Wardhani, Himasari Hanan, Firmansyah -
NAKHARA (Journal of Environmental Design and Planning)
This study investigates how Indonesian architects navigate between global green building rating tools (GBRTs) and context-specific design strategies across different project types and scales. Using a comparative analysis of sixteen award-winning projects by six Indonesian architects, the research combines semi-structured interviews with document review and inductive coding to map design logics against core GBRT categories. The analysis is around six themes used by GBRTs—energy efficiency, material resources and cycles, water conservation, sustainable site development, indoor health and comfort, and building resilience and adaptability—and identifies two additional themes central to Indonesian practice yet largely absent from GBRT assessment—social collaboration in the …
Participatory Barriers And Single-Member Districts In Planning For Latino Demographics: A Spatial Analysis Of Osceola County, Florida, Amy Garcia Paniagua
Participatory Barriers And Single-Member Districts In Planning For Latino Demographics: A Spatial Analysis Of Osceola County, Florida, Amy Garcia Paniagua
Honors Undergraduate Theses
This mixed-methods case study on Osceola County, Florida examines how participatory barriers shape planning outcomes for Latino communities within single member district systems. Demographic transformation has shaped Osceola into one of three Hispanic/Latino majority counties. For Latinos, unique barriers to civic access exist, with the potential for exclusion in planning processes. The research bridges participatory planning theory with theories supporting single-member district electoral representation by evaluating whether district-level governance mitigates inequities where civic engagement is constrained. Methods integrate GIS-based spatial analysis with an institutional review of district-level actions to assess relationships between Hispanic civic accessibility and planning equity. Two composite …
A Study Of Adaptive Reuse Of A Decommissioned Golf Course Through A Nature-Based Approach: Woodhaven Golf Course, Fort Wort Texas., Justin B. Watson Mr.
A Study Of Adaptive Reuse Of A Decommissioned Golf Course Through A Nature-Based Approach: Woodhaven Golf Course, Fort Wort Texas., Justin B. Watson Mr.
Landscape Architecture Masters & Design Theses
Across the nation, golf courses are shutting down due to a lack of demand. Golf course developments began in the United States in the early 1950s During that era, demand for golf courses and housing was high. As golf’s popularity grew, developers saw golf courses in developments as high value-add amenities (Grooms, 2010). During the late 1990s and early 2000s, developers across the country raced to construct as many golf course communities as they could even as the number of golfers leveled out (Downey,2011).
Decommissioned golf courses across Texas are being underutilized as potential amenities for both the local community …
Assessment Of Advanced Glazing Systems For Building Energy Efficiency In Hot-Arid Climates, Ahmad I. Elshamy, Yousef Elgefly, Yara El-Metwally, Serag Salem
Assessment Of Advanced Glazing Systems For Building Energy Efficiency In Hot-Arid Climates, Ahmad I. Elshamy, Yousef Elgefly, Yara El-Metwally, Serag Salem
Architectural Engineering
The built environment is considered among the most contributing factors to energy consumption. The building envelope plays a crucial role in determining the building energy consumption, regulating heat transfer and maintaining adequate indoor environmental quality. Hence, optimizing the thermal performance of the building envelope by achieving optimal glazing solutions while fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 7) is the main aim of this research. This study investigates the impact of various facade glazing systems on the building energy performance, focusing on the cooling energy consumption of an office building in a hot arid climate, Cairo, Egypt. The novelty of this …
Data-Driven Methodologies For Mapping Cultural Heritage: The Case Of The National Coal Heritage Area, West Virginia, Usa, Hossain Mohammad Nahyan
Data-Driven Methodologies For Mapping Cultural Heritage: The Case Of The National Coal Heritage Area, West Virginia, Usa, Hossain Mohammad Nahyan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objective of this dissertation was to develop a comprehensive, data-driven spatial framework for characterizing the complex cultural landscape of the National Coal Heritage Area (NCHA) in West Virginia. By transitioning away from traditional, heuristic spatial mapping, this research integrates advanced spatial statistics, machine learning, and GIS-based methodologies to objectively quantify the physical, visual, and cultural dimensions of the post-mining environment. The research is structured around three interconnected empirical studies, each addressing a specific scale of the Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) framework to support heritage conservation and sustainable spatial planning. The first paper focused on landform classification, developing an automated …
Trade-Offs In Sustainable Building Design: A Visual Study Of Daylighting, Quality Viewpoints And Energy Efficiency, Paula Cabanas
Trade-Offs In Sustainable Building Design: A Visual Study Of Daylighting, Quality Viewpoints And Energy Efficiency, Paula Cabanas
Honors Program Theses
This thesis explores the trade-offs between daylighting, quality viewpoints, and energy efficiency in sustainable architectural design. The initial goal of the project was to determine if there was a single building design that would optimize the trade-offs between these three design elements. Three buildings on the Rollins College campus were selected as case study sites for detailed analysis (Bush Science Center, Kathleen W. Rollins Hall, and the Rice Family Pavilion). Rollins College was chosen as the primary location for this study because of its accessible public buildings and consistent Mediterranean revival architectural style. Analysis of each building’s design and composition …
Cultivating Diversity In Sustainable Food Systems: Black Farming And Lived Experience In Rural Southern Ontario, Kadeem Jerofy Morgan-Adamson Mr.
Cultivating Diversity In Sustainable Food Systems: Black Farming And Lived Experience In Rural Southern Ontario, Kadeem Jerofy Morgan-Adamson Mr.
Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)
This research examines the lived experiences of Black food growers in rural Southern Ontario to understand how their perspectives challenge dominant narratives of rurality and inform broader discussions on food sovereignty in Canada. Grounded in postcolonial theory, the study highlights how historical dispossession and persistent inequities shape the access of Black communities to land and resources. Using a mixed-methods approach that includes surveys, semi-structured interviews, and reflexive journaling within a community-based research framework, the study documents the barriers Black food growers face. These include limited land access, insufficient funding, inadequate training pathways, and experiences of racial isolation in rural contexts. …
Childhood Through Motion: Reimagining Everyday Mobility Corridors For Learning, Independence, And Exploration, Olivia Liljegren
Childhood Through Motion: Reimagining Everyday Mobility Corridors For Learning, Independence, And Exploration, Olivia Liljegren
City and Regional Planning
This project proposes the Childhood Through Motion (CTM) Framework, which reimagines how everyday mobility corridors can support children’s development through repeated engagement with integrated interventions along key neighborhood routes. Building on existing approaches such as Safe Routes to School and Playful Learning Landscapes, the framework integrates mobility, play, learning, and social interaction into a connected system of corridors and nodes distributed throughout a neighborhood street network. Rather than treating mobility, play, and learning as separate, the framework explores how developmental opportunities can be integrated into the public spaces children use every day.
The framework is organized through five guiding principles …
Preservation Of Architectural-Religious Heritage In Modern Ukraine, Olga Gold, Maksym Vasalatiy, Olga Dobrodum
Preservation Of Architectural-Religious Heritage In Modern Ukraine, Olga Gold, Maksym Vasalatiy, Olga Dobrodum
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe
This article examines answers to a number of pressing questions regarding the preservation of architectural heritage in the modern world: what philosophical views underlie the preservation of world heritage; and what is unique about the protection of religious architectural heritage. The architectural philosophy of religious buildings represents a complex of original concepts, both material and spiritual. The hypothesis consists of constructing an algorithm and mechanism for protecting cultural heritage from the perspective of the philosophy of architecture in post-war Ukraine. The preservation of historical and cultural heritage sites is one of the most complex areas of activity in the fields …
Dielectric And Thermal Ageing Characteristics Of Al₂O₃ Nanofluid-Impregnated Cellulose For Power Transformer Applications, Shaymaa A. Qenawy, Basma Eltlhawy, Hussein M. Waly
Dielectric And Thermal Ageing Characteristics Of Al₂O₃ Nanofluid-Impregnated Cellulose For Power Transformer Applications, Shaymaa A. Qenawy, Basma Eltlhawy, Hussein M. Waly
Mansoura Engineering Journal
As nanotechnology progresses, nanofluids have emerged as promising candidates for transformer insulation due to their enhanced dielectric and thermal properties. This study evaluates the degradation behavior of a mineral oil-cellulose system compared to an alumina (Al2O3) nanofluid-cellulose system. Accelerated thermal ageing tests were conducted at 120°C for a 20-day duration, simulating approximately 20 years of field service. Key findings reveal that the nanofluid-impregnated paper exhibited superior mechanical longevity, characterized by a 3% reduction in the tensile strength deterioration rate relative to mineral oil samples. Initially, the AC breakdown voltage (BDV) of the nanofluid was 10.85% higher …
Madison, Wisconsin As A Climate Haven: Infrastructure, Environmental Justice, And Community Voice, Sophia N. Heffner
Madison, Wisconsin As A Climate Haven: Infrastructure, Environmental Justice, And Community Voice, Sophia N. Heffner
Scripps Senior Theses
As climate change accelerates internal migration within the United States, the concept of “climate havens” has emerged as a way to identify communities that may become receiving zones for displaced populations. Madison, Wisconsin has increasingly been positioned within academic, policy, and media discourse as a potential climate haven due to its geographic advantages, strong public infrastructure, and proactive climate policy environment. This paper evaluates Madison’s readiness for this role through an equity-centered, participatory planning lens. Drawing on planning documents, climate data, municipal policies, and interdisciplinary scholarship, it argues that Madison’s long-term success as a sustainable and inclusive climate haven depends …
Doikayt And The Ethics Of Belonging: Lessons In Place-Making From The Jewish Labor Bund, Zoë L. Jacobs
Doikayt And The Ethics Of Belonging: Lessons In Place-Making From The Jewish Labor Bund, Zoë L. Jacobs
Scripps Senior Theses
This thesis traces the evolution of doikayt—the Bundist principle of hereness—from its origins in the Jewish Labor Bund to contemporary applications in North America. Rooted in a refusal of both assimilation and nationalist escape, doikayt emphasizes cultivating safety, solidarity, and belonging through collective responsibility rather than territorial claims.
Building on this foundation, the exploration situates hereness within a settler-colonial context, where ethical dwelling is complicated by Indigenous dispossession. Drawing on Alexis Shotwell alongside Indigenous thinkers Vanessa Watts and Kyle Whyte, I examine how inhabiting place requires confronting historical injustices and ongoing relational responsibilities. Chapter 3 analyzes Linke Fligl (2016–2022) as …
Civic Grammar: Why Classical Architecture Endures In The American State, Jesse Walker
Civic Grammar: Why Classical Architecture Endures In The American State, Jesse Walker
Master of Liberal Studies Theses
The dominant visual language of American federal buildings has been classical, surviving repeated ideological challenges, professional revolts, and political controversy. While this persistence has been widely observed, the mechanism behind it has not been clearly identified. This thesis isolates that mechanism. Drawing on architectural history, federal procurement policy, and primary sources from Jefferson's correspondence through the executive orders of 2020 and 2025, it argues that classicism endures not because its meaning has remained stable, but because federal architecture is governed by a persistent functional constraint: government buildings must be immediately legible to an ordinary citizen, without signage or prior knowledge, …
The Professional Constructor, Full Issue
The Professional Constructor, Full Issue
The Professional Constructor
Full Issue, Winter 2026
Volume 50, Number 01
The Development Of A Convenient And Consistent Methodology For Flight Proficiency To Certify Multi-Rotor Uas Pilots For State Departments Of Transportation, Colin H. Dees, Joseph M. Burgett
The Development Of A Convenient And Consistent Methodology For Flight Proficiency To Certify Multi-Rotor Uas Pilots For State Departments Of Transportation, Colin H. Dees, Joseph M. Burgett
The Professional Constructor
To fly an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), commonly referred to as a “drone,” the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires pilots to pass a knowledge test. There is no requirement at the state or federal level for drone operators to demonstrate the ability to operate a UAS. The National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) has created an exam for public and private entities to assess basic UAS flight proficiency. It is the only nationally recognized flight proficiency protocol. NIST does not provide a scoring recommendation and leaves it to the user to determine the minimum criteria to pass. There is …
Affordable Infill Housing For Zillennials: Enhancing Urban Mobility Through Walkable And Bikeable Access In Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Mewan Indra, Arif Kusumawanto, Agus Hariyadi
Affordable Infill Housing For Zillennials: Enhancing Urban Mobility Through Walkable And Bikeable Access In Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Mewan Indra, Arif Kusumawanto, Agus Hariyadi
ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development
Rapid urbanization in developing countries has intensified housing challenges for younger generations, particularly Zillennials (aged 24–34), who demand affordable, accessible, and sustainable living environments. This study investigates the optimal location for small-scale housing integrated with large-scale developments in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), emphasizing mobility as the primary criterion. The research is guided by a conceptual framework that synthesizes compact city principles, the 15-minute city concept, and Zillennial lifestyle preferences, with walkability and bikeability serving as mediating variables. Mobility simulations were conducted using the Urban Modeling Interface (UMI), applying Walk Score parameters to evaluate walking and cycling accessibility. Six simulation …
Exploring Design Tools, Naomi Torgler
Exploring Design Tools, Naomi Torgler
Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects
For my Honors Research Project, I developed skills to 3D model and render using Rhino 8, Tinkercad and Adobe Illustrator. In the process of developing these skills, I created six digital renderings and one model. The works produced using these software programs are to be used in a developing portfolio to seek future opportunities in the field of architecture.
Throughout this project, I explored connections between different programs when designing and building each piece. This project also reflects my focus in the Sculpture program at the Myers School of Art by considering elements of design in a three-dimensional form. In …
The Seedling, Caden Bent
The Seedling, Caden Bent
2026 Research Poster Competition
This research investigates attainable housing for the missing middle through the integration of mass timber construction, prefabrication, and biophilic design. The project proposes a modular housing system that leverages the structural efficiency, quality control, and ecological performance of mass timber while emphasizing replicability as a means of adaptability rather than uniformity. Through prototyping modular systems, material life cycle studies, and iterative design across replicable and adaptable units, the study examines how prefabrication can accelerate construction timelines without erasing local, cultural, or temporal specificity. Central to the research is an expanded understanding of biophilia, not as applied aesthetic, but as a …
Resilient Communities: Affordable Solutions To Extreme Heat, Rylee Ball
Resilient Communities: Affordable Solutions To Extreme Heat, Rylee Ball
2026 Research Poster Competition
Climate change is wicked. The term itself lacks a single definition and individuals vary in understanding of its causes and effects. Often, it is considered through the lens of global phenomena: deterioration of the ozone layer, destabilization of the arctic circle, or other abstract impacts that are often difficult to fully comprehend. Harder to trace is the impact on a local scale: access to food and water, increase in natural disasters and displacement. The impacts threaten to deepen already wide inequalities. Design theorists Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber characterized such challenges as “wicked problems,” a concept that aptly describes climate …
St. Peter’S And The Altar: An Exploration Of Its Transformation And Its Development As The Focal Point Of Sacred Space, Chloe Balkcom
St. Peter’S And The Altar: An Exploration Of Its Transformation And Its Development As The Focal Point Of Sacred Space, Chloe Balkcom
2026 Research Poster Competition
This study explores the evolution of the high altar at St. Peter’s, tracing its history as a ritual focal point within the basilica. Rooted to being the presumed burial site of the Apostle Peter, the basilica served as a primary testing ground for the evolving relationship between altar, relic, and liturgy. Arguably, the altar's gradual formulation in its position from a movable object to a fixed structure, mirrors the actual Church’s broader effort to find its identity, authority, and ritual practice following the legalization of Christianity. Through architectural, material, and liturgical analysis across the centuries, the paper examines spatial consequences …