Architecture Commons^™

A Framework For Enhancing Building Maintainability Through Facilitating Early Suppliers’ Involvement In The Design Process, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, Ahmed Ramadan Kamal

Architectural Engineering

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to develop a framework to enhance building maintainability through facilitating early suppliers’ involvement (ESI) in the design process. Design/methodology/approach – A research methodology consisting of literature review, case studies and survey questionnaire was designed to achieve the above-mentioned aim. Firstly, literature review was used to examine the concepts of building maintenance, maintainability, the design process and ESI. Secondly, three case studies were presented and analysed to investigate the role of ESI towards enhancing building maintainability during the design process. Thirdly, a survey questionnaire was carried out with a representative sample of architectural …

Innovation Management Framework For Achieving Sustainability Through Managing Risks Of Innovative Solutions During The Design Process, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, Rawan Medhat Hussein

Architectural Engineering

Purpose – Construction waste drivers, amplified by the linear economy model, contribute significantly to resource consumption and waste generation across various phases of the construction process. Recognizing the critical influence of the design process on these outcomes, this study aims to develop a framework integrating circular economy to reduce construction waste and promote sustainable practices during the design process within architectural design firms in Egypt.

Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative and quantitative research approach was used to accomplish four objectives. A comprehensive literature review explored the concepts of construction waste, the design process, the circular economy and Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy …

Bim Roles In Enhancing Building Performance In Construction Projects Through Communication Management Case Study: The Grand Egyptian Museum, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, Hussien Shanawany,, Shaimaa Ali

Architectural Engineering

No abstract provided.

Circular Economy For Minimising Waste Generation During The Architectural Design Process, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, Abeer Ahmed Kamel, Fatma Othman Alamoudy

Architectural Engineering

No abstract provided.

Artificial Intelligence Towards Enhancing The Risk Management Practices During The Design Process, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, Nadia Mohamed Algheetany, Fatma Othman Alamoudy

Architectural Engineering

No abstract provided.

Challenges Of Implementing Integrated Project Delivery In The Construction Industry In Egypt, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, Doaa Refahy, Ashraf Nessim

Architectural Engineering

No abstract provided.

The Light Of Hope: Representations Of Salvation In The Great North Window Of St Mary’S Cathedral, Sydney, Carolyn Amy Lewis Flynn

Theses

St Mary’s Cathedral in Sydney is considered to be the Mother Church of Australia. Yet, the rich architectural and artistic heritage contained therein has been little studied. This is an interdisciplinary study of John Hardman Powell’s Great North Window in that cathedral. It draws on theological and art historical research methods to interrogate the window’s underlying meanings, and the aims of its patrons. An examination of the doctrinal, devotional, and theological writings of the nineteenth century shows that this stained-glass window reflects the period’s understanding of salvation history. The window, firstly, tells the story of salvation through the stories about …

Laboratory Characteristics, Performance Evaluation, And Agency Cost Analysis Of Cold-Recycled Asphalt Mixtures, Marwa B. Elaskary, Ahmed M. Awed, Alaa R. Gabr, Sherif M. El-Badawy

Mansoura Engineering Journal

This technical study offers a comprehensive investigation into the utilization of Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixtures (CRAMs) with varying proportions of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in the context of pavement maintenance applications. The study encompasses a multi-faceted analysis, encompassing laboratory mix design requirements, mix performance evaluations, and a thorough assessment of economic benefits, with the overarching goal of promoting the sustainable adoption of CRAMs in pavement maintenance. To achieve the objectives of the research, five ratios of RAP to virgin aggregates (VA) of (0%:100%), (25%:75%), (50%:50%), (75%:25%), and (100%: 0%). The research encompasses a wide array of laboratory tests and investigations …

The Role Of Smart Systems In Conservation On Sustainability Of Heritage Buildings, Aml Abd El-Wareth Mohamed

Mansoura Engineering Journal

Abstract— Historic cities with challenges in trying to integrate their heritage buildings to keep pace with the age of technology, by developing a vision for an intelligent environment (IE) of the future that would integrate smart systems for conservation on heritage. Recent, information and communications technology (ICT) progress has diverse smart heritage solutions, enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and longevity for future generations. Research problem includes challenging the possibility of integrating smart systems into heritage buildings while conserving its values, identity, and using it effectively, sustainably manner, also no comprehensive model for smart technology integration in heritage buildings for automation and control …

The Mechanical Performance Of Sustainable High Performance Concrete Containing Hybrid Polypropylene Fibers And Exposed To Elevated Temperatures, Ahmed M. Tahwia, Marwa M. Ouda, Mohamed Abdellatief, Walid E. Elemam

Mansoura Engineering Journal

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of hybrid micro and macro polypropylene fibers (PPFs) on the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC). Seven concrete mixes with different contents of hybrid polypropylene fibers were tested. The tests included the slump test, compressive and flexural strength, resistance to elevated temperatures, and concrete microstructure. Compared to the control mixture, introducing macro and micro polypropylene hybrid fibers to HPC mixes dramatically enhanced the flexural and compressive strength of concrete while lowering workability. HPC compressive and flexural strengths decrease as temperature rises, nevertheless, the strength loss rate was …

Unleashing The Potential: The Impact Of Biophilic Office Design On Enhancing Employee Productivity, Asmaa Elantary

Mansoura Engineering Journal

The observed landscape influences people in numerous ways, including aesthetic appreciation, health, and well-being. The evidence of health benefits associated with viewing those landscapes has proven exceptional value. A comprehensive review of papers on landscapes and sound effects on health was conducted. According to a growing body of evidence, exposure to visible landscapes positively affects one's health and fitness. The most pressing social and economic challenge now is increasing worker productivity, attracting, and retaining exceptionally talented employees, and improving overall employee performance. This will not happen unless companies provide a safe, comfortable, and stimulating work environment; this will not happen. …

Knowledge Gap Analysis For Efficient Form-Finding Of Lightweight Structures, Shorouk Mohamad Khedr, Mohamed Esmat Elattar, Ahmed Eltantawy, Esraa Elazab

Mansoura Engineering Journal

Historically, Performance assessment of temporary structures’ form was substantially dependent on how loads transfer along geometry. Fortunately, the development of tools has enabled designers to explore more design variations as well as testing their feasibility. This study aims to address the knowledge gap between design process, tool contributions and feasibility requirements of temporary structures. This will be achieved through analyzing the evolution of temporary structures’ design approaches including early form finding approaches, geometrical properties dependencies, reflections of both bottom -top and top-bottom approach as well as linking them to material innovations, structural contributions and manual experiments. As a result, the …

A 10-Gb/S Single-Loop Half-Rate Dll-Based Clock And Data Recovery Circuit For Forwarded-Clock Wireline Transceivers, Abdallah K. Mohamed, Sameh A. Ibrahim, Mohy Eldin A. Abo-Elsoud

Mansoura Engineering Journal

This paper introduces a 10-Gb/s single-loop, half-rate delay-locked loop (DLL)-based clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for forwarded-clock (FC) wireline transceivers. The proposed CDR employs a differential ring oscillator (RO) with sub-feedback loops structure for multi-phase clock generation with a single-loop operation. An Alexander phase detector utilizing a flip-flop based on an improved true single-phase clock (TSPC) logic with split outputs is adopted. The proposed DLL-based CDR is an optimized solution in terms of area and power for FC wireline transceivers. The recovered clock exhibits an RMS jitter of 590 fs and a peak-to-peak jitter of 3.8 ps. The circuit …

A Novel Method For The Production Of Pig Iron In “Hadisolb” Company (Industrial-Scale Experiments), El-Sayed A. Rassoul

Mansoura Engineering Journal

The chairman of “Hadisolb” had submitted a memorandum in 1977 in which he claimed that the company will never achieve its designed capacity unless it gets rid of the threatening impurities -high alkalis & MnO- in the blast furnace burden. Meanwhile, the DR steel companies are suffering from the generated accumulated wastes which contain > 67% Fe, zero% alkalis and traces of MnO. The novel idea here is finding the best ratio between El-Gedida ore and the waste material (W.M.). In a previous investigation a series of pilot-scale sintering experiments were performed and it was concluded that the blend containing 70% …

Study The Application Of Different Building Technology Systems Case Study: A Residential Villa In Al-Qassim Region, Ksa, Ahmed Abdelmonteleb M. Ali, Essam S. Almahmoud, Basem O. Elgendy, Azzam I. Aljutayli, Meshal A. Alhrabi, Khattab I. Alyahya

Mansoura Engineering Journal

Buildings are responsible for 39% of global energy-related carbon emissions; 11% come from materials and construction, and 28% come from operational emissions (the energy required to heat, cool, and power). Embodied carbon will contribute an increasing amount to the emissions from new buildings in the future as carbon emissions from building operations continue to decline. This study examined several construction methods and materials to evaluate alternatives for remodeling a residential villa. A villa in the Al-Qassim Region, Buraidah, served as a case study for this research. The methodology employed provided a meticulous appraisal of the building materials and techniques currently …

Enhancing The Perception Of Public Urban Spaces Via Place-Making: Martyrs' Square And Selected Locations In El-Gaish Street Case Study, Vert Kamal Ramzy, Nanees Abdel Hamid Mohamed Ali Elsayyad, Lamis Saad El-Din El-Gizawi

Mansoura Engineering Journal

Trust be told that urban spaces have generated a lot of controversy in recent years. The major issues that I will address in this paper are transformations in the urban environment affected by different appearances due to economic and social changes that shape their meaning through human interactions for creating a social life. With the emergence of modern architecture and planning patterns, urban spaces have become the focus of researchers for study and analysis to determine the best destination.

This paper aims to present place-making as an approach to strengthening the perception of public urban spaces and, consequently, its impact …

Community-Centric Approaches To Coastal Hazard Assessment And Management In Southside Norfolk, Virginia, Usa, Dalya Ismael, Nicole Hutton, Mujde Erten-Unal, Carol Considine, Tancy Vandecar-Burdin, Christopher Davis, Yin-Hsuen Chen

Engineering Technology Faculty Publications

Urban communities in environmentally sensitive areas face escalating challenges due to climate change and inadequate infrastructural support, particularly in underserved regions like southside Norfolk, Virginia. This area, characterized by its vulnerability to flooding and a predominantly low-income population, lacks equitable inclusion in broader urban flood protection plans. This research focuses on the development of community-centered resilience strategies through active engagement and collaboration with local residents. The methodology centered around building trust and understanding within the community through a series of interactions and events. This approach facilitated a two-way exchange of information, enabling the research team to gather crucial insights on …

The Korean Hanok As A Model For Sustainable Architecture In South Korea, Jordan Oh

CMC Senior Theses

This thesis analyzes the traditional Korean hanok within the Western framework for sustainability across environmental, social, and economic dimensions. It then cross-references the findings of this analysis with existing theory on the cultural role of architecture to elucidate how the traditional Korean hanok can serve as a model for sustainable architecture in South Korea. Through a comprehensive analysis this thesis highlights the importance of architectural vernacular to define a sustainable building, and critiques contemporary Western ideas of sustainable architecture. Furthermore, this thesis synthesizes two current approaches to sustainable development in South Korea, the u-eco-city and the Green Standard for Energy …

Enhancing Comfort And Sustainability: Analyzing The Impact Of Natural Ventilation And Eco-Friendly Materials On Indoor Temperature Reduction, Hyo Won Lee

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

As the world grapples with issues such as increasing energy consumption, climate change, and environmental degradation, the need for sustainable solutions is becoming more and more urgent. In this context, passive cooling has emerged as one of the promising approaches to achieve energy efficiency in various sectors. This research study the basic concept of passive cooling to new buildings to identify synergies in energy savings when reducing temperature inside buildings and applying eco-friendly materials, and to explore potential benefits for promoting sustainable development. By analyzing existing research, case studies, and technological advancements, this study seeks to highlight the feasibility and …

New York State Climate Impacts Assessment: 04 Buildings, Nicholas B. Rajkovich, Carrie Brown, Ilya Azaroff, Erik Backus, Shannon Clarke, Jared Enriquez, Bethany Greenaway, Meghan T. Holtan, Jamal Lewis, Ozgem Ornektekin, Laurie Schoeman

Publications and Research

New York State has nearly 5.3 million buildings, and all of them are vulnerable in some way to the impacts of climate change. Understanding these impacts is critical, because risks to buildings not only threaten individual lives but also pose threats to community-level resilience. This chapter examines the impacts of climate change on buildings and, by extension, the people and communities they shelter and support. It also highlights building types and populations that are at particular risk and presents adaptation strategies to protect the state’s existing and future building stock from climate impacts.

V.1 Winter 2024, Center For Arts & Language, Students Of Risd, Risd Archives

All Student Newspapers

v.1 is a publishing platform for the ongoing work, ideas, discussions, debates, and aspirations of students at the Rhode Island School of Design. The Winter 2024 issue is formatted as a calendar featuring images of current RISD students recreating scenes from historical photos taken at RISD.

A Narrative Map Of Fort Missoula: Silence, Stillness And Death In Living Cultural Memory, Daniel A. Goldhamer

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Fort Missoula is a rare site of history, memory, and narrative. This project seeks to trace the complex web of identities and relationalities at the Fort through a narrative map: a method that combines site-based ethnography and qualitative storytelling relying on first-person perspective. This methodological framework reveals that Fort Missoula’s distinct character lies in its role as a living archive of cultural memory, accessible through the past, present, and future narratives of its places and spaces. Engaging with the theories of Foucault (1972), de Certeau (1984), and Low (2017), the narrative map of Fort Missoula is a work that investigates …

El Pequeño Riego De México: Puebla, Morelos, Y Baja California Sur, José A. Rivera Ph.D.

Faculty Publications

Small to medium-sized irrigation systems in México are characterized in the literature as El Pequeño Riego. Some systems can be compared to those in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, while others are significantly larger and more complex. Regardless of irrigated acres or hectáreas, however, there are many elements that are commonly shared across these regions. Firstly, the irrigation works are based on the use of acequias dug from the earth that need to be maintained and cleaned season to season. The terms canals and acequias are interchangeable. Secondly, the irrigators themselves, whether called parciantes or regantes, take …

A Tale Of Two Working Landscapes, Sage C. Sutcliffe

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

No abstract provided.

To What Extent Does Lighting Affect Students’ Preference For Seating In The Georgia Southern University Henderson Library?, Hailey M. Hawkins

Honors College Theses

This study highlights the importance of lighting in academic library spaces, specifically in relation to students' seating choices and overall experience. The research is significant as it emphasizes the role that environmental factors can play in creating a conducive learning environment for students. The study utilized a mixed-methods approach, which combines quantitative and qualitative data collection methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of students' lighting preferences. The quantitative data collected through open observations and the use of a light meter provided insights into the relationship between lighting and seating choices. The qualitative data collected through questionnaires helped to understand the …

Numerical And Analytical Solution For Nonlinear Free Vibration Of Tapered Beams, Zain Abu Shaeer Abu Shaeer, Ramy I. Shahin, Galal I. El-Baghdady, Saad A. Yehia

Mansoura Engineering Journal

This study introduces a computational approach that combines numerical and semi-analytical methods to solve tapered beams' nonlinear free vibration equation. The study employs a numerical approach that relies on the cubic B-spline collocation method and an approximation technique known as the Homotopy perturbation method to approximate the solution to the equation governing nonlinear large-amplitude free vibrations of tapered beams. The effect of vibration amplitude on the frequency of nonlinear vibrations is investigated. The next step is to look at different ways to get close to exact solutions across the whole range of oscillation amplitude. This will show how useful and …

Maximum/Minimum Output Current Extraction Based Open-Switch Fault Diagnosis Of Voltage Source Inverter, Ahmed S. Gardouh, Eid Gouda, Abdelhady Ghanem

Mansoura Engineering Journal

Three-phase induction motor drive systems face significant susceptibility to critical failures arising from open switch faults within the power electronic converter. Implementing monitoring and early fault detection mechanisms for such occurrences not only enhances system reliability but also ensures the safe and uninterrupted operation of the motor drive system. This study introduces an innovative real-time open switch fault detection technique for voltage source inverters fed induction motor drives, leveraging motor stator current analysis. The method aims to track maximum and minimum values of current signals over one cycle. Unlike many current signal-based approaches that require modifications to be integrated with …

Daylighting Design For Museum In The Tropics: A Case Study Of The National Museum Of Cambodia, Thaileng Lov

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

Lighting design in cultural heritage spaces must balance artifact preservation with visitor comfort. The National Museum of Cambodia faces challenges from side lighting, introducing intense and uneven sunlight due to the sun's orientation. This study explores strategies to improve lighting uniformity while preserving the museum's architectural integrity, emphasizing natural light to create a visually appealing environment and reduce reliance on artificial lighting. Lighting performance was simulated in DIALux evo 12 at two-hour intervals on the summer solstice, equinox, and winter solstice to assess effectiveness. Findings indicate that maximizing natural light depends significantly on building orientation and space function. Simulations showed …

การเปลี่ยนแปลงกระบวนทัศน์ของนโยบายที่อยู่อาศัยสำหรับผู้มีรายได้น้อยในประเทศไทย, ภูริทัต ไชยเศรษฐ์

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ 1) ศึกษาถึงการเปลี่ยนแปลงกระบวนทัศน์ของนโยบายที่อยู่อาศัยสำหรับผู้มีรายได้น้อยในประเทศไทย และ 2) ศึกษาความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างองค์กรรัฐกับกลุ่มองค์กรทางสังคมในกระบวนการกำหนดและดำเนินนโยบายที่อยู่อาศัยสำหรับผู้มีรายได้น้อย โดยมีหน่วยในการวิเคราะห์ ได้แก่ การเคหะแห่งชาติ และสถาบันพัฒนาองค์กรชุมชน (องค์การมหาชน) ขอบเขตการศึกษาในพื้นที่กรุงเทพมหานคร โดยใช้กรณีศึกษาได้แก่ ชุมชนแออัดคลองเตย โครงการปรับปรุงฟื้นฟูแฟลตดินแดง และโครงการบ้านมั่นคง ใช้แนวคิดทฤษฎีกระบวนทัศน์นโยบาย (Policy Paradigm) แนวคิดกระบวนทัศน์นโยบายที่แตกต่างกันในแต่ละระดับขององค์กร (Nested Paradigm) และองค์กรสถาบันนิยม โดยใช้ระเบียบวิธีวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ รวบรวมข้อมูลจากเอกสารภาคทางการและงานวิจัย ประกอบกับการสัมภาษณ์ทั้งผู้ที่มีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องทั้งผู้กำหนดนโยบาย ผู้นำนโยบายไปปฏิบัติ และผู้รับผลของนโยบาย แล้วนำมาวิเคราะห์เปรียบเทียบตรวจสอบข้อมูลระหว่างเอกสารและการสัมภาษณ์ผลการศึกษาพบว่า ไม่มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงกระบวนทัศน์ ในลักษณะการเกิดกระบวนทัศน์ใหม่ที่นำไปสู่การล้มล้างกระบวนทัศน์ทัศน์เก่า แต่เป็นการเปลี่ยนแปลงกระบวนทัศน์ในแต่ละระดับขององค์กร ทั้งในระดับการกำหนดนโยบาย ระดับการวางแผนโครงการ และในระดับปฏิบัติการ โดยทั้ง 3 ระดับนั้นต่างวิวัฒน์เพื่อตอบสนองต่อทั้งการรักษาโครงสร้างอำนาจเดิมของสถาบัน พร้อม ๆ กับเปลี่ยนแปลงไปตามความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างองค์กรกับกลุ่มองค์กรทางสังคมอื่น ๆ ทำให้กระบวนทัศน์เก่าและใหม่สามารถดำรงอยู่ด้วยกันได้ อย่างไรก็ตาม มีแนวโน้มว่าทั้งการเคหะแห่งชาติ และสถาบันพัฒนาองค์กรชุมชน ที่มีกระบวนทัศน์แตกต่างและตรงข้ามกัน จะไม่ส่งผลต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงกระบวนทัศน์ในระดับโครงสร้างวัฒนธรรมของสังคมไทย ในทางกลับกันทั้ง 2 องค์กรจะมีลักษณะคล้ายกันภายใต้ระบบราชการมากขึ้น

การติดตามการใช้สิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกของนักศึกษาที่อยู่อาศัยในอาคารชุดโดยรอบมหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ (ศูนย์รังสิต) กรณีศึกษา: โครงการอาคารชุดพักอาศัยของบริษัท แอสเซทไวส์ จำกัด (มหาชน), อรพรรณ จิระชัยประสิทธิ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

การวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ในการติดตามการใช้งานสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกส่วนกลางของนักศึกษาและพิจารณาความสอดคล้องกับเหตุผลของผู้ประกอบการในการจัดให้มีสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกส่วนกลางในโครงการอาคารชุดพักอาศัยสำหรับนักศึกษา โดยวิธีการสำรวจ สังเกต และสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกนักศึกษาที่พักอาศัยในอาคารชุดโดยรอบมหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ (ศูนย์รังสิต) โครงการ Kave TU และโครงการ Kave AVA โดยมีกลุ่มตัวอย่างจากการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกทั้งสิ้น 78 คน และสัมภาษณ์ผู้วางแนวคิดในการพัฒนาโครงการของบริษัท แอสเซทไวส์ จำกัด (มหาชน) จำนวน 1 คนจากผลการศึกษา พบว่ากลุ่มตัวอย่างทั้งโครงการ Kave TU และโครงการ Kave AVA เลือกใช้งานสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกส่วนกลาง 3 อันดับแรกประกอบไปด้วย ห้อง Co-Learning (Co-Working, Study Area), ห้อง Fitness /Boxing, Swimming Pool โดยการใช้งานส่วนใหญ่จะมุ่งตอบโจทย์ส่งเสริมการเรียน ได้แก่ ห้อง Co-Learning, ห้อง Study Area, ห้อง Workshop และห้อง Meeting นอกจากนี้พบว่ามีห้องบางลักษณะที่นอกจากใช้ตามวัตถุประสงค์หลักแล้ว เช่นห้อง Studio, ห้อง Photo, ห้อง Mini Theater และห้อง Creative and Entertainment Lounge ยังสามารถใช้ทดแทนเมื่อมีการใช้งานห้องที่ตอบโจทย์ในด้านการศึกษาและนันทนาการในช่วงเวลาจำเป็น เช่นช่วงสอบ ผู้วิจัยพบว่าข้อมูลทั้ง 3 ส่วนมีความสอดคล้องกันทั้งในด้านผู้อยู่อาศัย อันได้แก่ นักศึกษา โดยพบว่าพื้นที่ส่วนกลางที่ออกแบบมาเพื่อสนับสนุนการเรียนรู้ เช่นห้องอ่านหนังสือและห้องประชุมกลุ่ม ในด้านผู้ซื้อหรือผู้เช่า อันได้แก่ ผู้ปกครอง พบว่าผู้ปกครองมักให้ความสำคัญในเรื่องการส่งเสริมการเรียนและความปลอดภัยในการดำเนินชีวิตของกลุ่มนักศึกษา ซึ่งสอดคล้องกับผู้ประกอบการที่พิจารณาจัดสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกส่วนกลางให้ตอบโจทย์ทั้งนักศึกษาและผู้ประกอบการเพื่อเป็นการส่งเสริมการขายผู้ประกอบการเสนอแนะ ว่าการจัดสรรสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกส่วนกลางต้องคำนึงถึงขนาดและลักษณะของโครงการอย่างเหมาะสม นอกจากนี้ควรพิจารณารูปแบบลักษณะพฤติกรรมของนักศึกษาเป็นปัจจัยสำคัญในการออกแบบสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกส่วนกลาง การจัดให้มีสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกส่วนกลางที่เหมาะสมกับรูปแบบลักษณะพฤติกรรมของนักศึกษาตามยุคสมัย