Mechanical Engineering Commons^™

Dsrc Versus Lte-V2x: Empirical Performance Analysis Of Direct Vehicular Communication Technologies, Ehsan Moradi-Pari, Danyang Tian, Mojtaba Bahramgiri, Samer Rajab, Sue Bai

Michigan Tech Publications

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication systems have an eminence potential to improve road safety and optimize traffic flow by broadcasting Basic Safety Messages (BSMs). Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) and LTE Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) are two candidate technologies to enable V2V communication. DSRC relies on the IEEE 802.11p standard for its PHY and MAC layer while LTE-V2X is based on 3GPP’s Release 14 and operates in a distributed manner in the absence of cellular infrastructure. There has been considerable debate over the relative advantages and disadvantages of DSRC and LTE-V2X, aiming to answer the fundamental question of which technology is most effective in real-world …

Utilization Of Mechanically Recycled Carbon Fibers In Vinyl Ester Composites, Khaled Alharmoodi, Amir Hussain Idrisi, Abdel Hamid Ismail Mourad, Basim Abu-Jdayil

Michigan Tech Publications

As we enter the twenty-first century, the aviation sector is expected to thrive as flying becomes the primary mode of transportation between states or nations. With such a demand, there is a corresponding need to manufacture aircraft components. The study focused on recycling carbon fiber composites received from the STRATA company, which were cut-off/waste material generated during the manufacture of airplane components. The cut-offs were then reduced to powder form using a standard face milling machine in three sizes (90, 150, and 250 µm). After, the powder was utilized to fabricate vinyl ester composites with four weight percentages (10%, 20%, …

Glass-Based Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Toward Biomechanical Monitoring With A Controllable Lifetime, Devdatt Chattopadhyay, Jonghyun Park, Chang-Soo Kim

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

A New Class of Potentially Implantable Solid-State Sensors is Demonstrated Utilizing Biodegradable Glass as the Main Structural Material. the Device Behavior is Manipulated Via Chemical Decomposition, and Then Physically Disintegrated in a Controlled Manner. It is based on the Capacitive Sensing Mechanism, Comprising an Elastic Insulator between Two Borate-Rich Glass Substrates. This Mesoscale Pressure Sensor is Characterized by a Range of Pressure of Up to 14 MPa in a Phosphate Buffer Solution Environment. the Sensor Exhibits Good Sensitivity and Reversibility Responding to Compressive Pressures and Remains Fully Functional Before a Desired, Sudden Failure Caused by Dissolution. the Operational Lifetime Can …

Origami-Inspired Sacrificial Joints For Folding Compliant Mechanisms, Todd G. Nelson, Alex Avila, Larry L. Howell, Just L. Herder, Davood Farhadi Machekposhtic

Faculty Publications

Folding is a manufacturing method which can create complex 3D geometries from flat materi- als and can be particularly useful in cost-sensitive or planar-limited fabrication applications.

This paper introduces compliant mechanisms that employ folding techniques from origami to evolve from a flat material to deployed state. We present origami-inspired sacrificial joints, joints which have mobility during assembly of the mechanism but are rigid in their final position, to create regions of high and low stiffness and the proper alignment of compliant flexures in folded mechanisms. To demonstrate the method we fold steel sheet to create some well-known and complex compliant …

Regional Stiffness Reduction Using Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints For Flexible Printed Circuit Board Design, Bryce P. Defigueiredo, Brian Dale Russell, Trent K. Zimmerman, Larry L. Howell

Faculty Publications

Flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs) make it possi- ble for engineers to design devices that use space efficiently

and can undergo changes in shape and configuration. How- ever, they also suffer from trade-offs due to non-ideal mate- rial properties. Here, a method is presented that allows en- gineers to introduce regions of flexibility in otherwise rigid

PCB substrates. This method employs geometric features to reduce local stiffness in the PCB, rather than reducing

the global stiffness by material selection. Analytical and fi- nite element models are presented to calculate the maximum

stresses caused by deflection. An example device is produced …

Normalized Coordinate Equations And Energy Method For Predicting Natural Curved-Fold Configurations, Jacob Badger, Todd G. Nelson, Rober J. Lang, Denise M. Halverson, Larry L. Howell

Faculty Publications

Of the many valid configurations that a curved fold may assume, it is of particular interest to identify natural—or lowest energy—configurations that physical models will preferentially assume. We present normalized coordinate equations—equations that relate fold surface properties

to their edge of regression—to simplify curved-fold rela- tionships. An energy method based on these normalized

coordinate equations is developed to identify natural con- figurations of general curved folds. While it has been noted

that natural configurations have nearly planar creases for curved folds, we show that non-planar behavior near the crease ends substantially reduces the energy of a fold.

Origami-Based Design Of Conceal-And-Reveal Systems, Bryce P. Defigueiredo, Kyler A. Tolman, Spencer P. Magleby, Nathan A. Pehrson, Erica Crampton, Larry L. Howell

Faculty Publications

This work introduces a type of motion termed “conceal-and-reveal” which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and coupled motions between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering designs are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more

attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal- and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design similar thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process

is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm …

A Pseudo-Static Model For Dynamic Analysis On Frequency Domain Of Distributed Compliant Mechanisms, Mingxiang Ling, Larry L. Howell, June Cao, Zhou Jiang

Faculty Publications

This paper presents a pseudo-static modeling methodology for dynamic analysis of distributed compliant mechanisms to provide accurate and efficient solutions. First, a dynamic stiffness matrix of the flexible beam is deduced, which has the same definition and a similar form as the traditional static compliance/stiffness matrix but is frequency-dependent. Second, the pseudo-static modeling procedure for the dynamic analysis is implemented in a statics-similar way. Then, all the kinematic, static and dynamic performances of compliant mechanisms can be analyzed based on the pseudo- static model. The superiority of the proposed method is that when it is used for the dynamic modeling …

Kinematic/Static Model Of Complex Compliant Mechanisms With Serial-Parallel Substructures: A General Approach, Mingxiang Ling, Junyi Cao, Larry L. Howell

Faculty Publications

Kinematic and static analyses of compliant mechanisms are crucial at the early stage of design, and it can be difficult and laborsome for complex configurations with distributed compliance. In this paper, a general and concise kinematic/static modeling method of flexure-hinge-based compliant mechanisms with arbitrary serial-parallel substructures is presented to provide accurate and efficient solutions by combining the matrix displacement method with the transfer matrix method. The transition between the elemental stiffness matrix and the transfer matrix of the flexure hinge and the flexible beam is straightforward, enabling the condensation of a hybrid serial-parallel substructure into one equivalent element simple. Then, …

Fluid Mechanics Of Air Recycling And Filtration For Indoor Airborne Transmission, K. A. Krishnaprasad, J. S. Salinas, ‪Nadim Zgheib, S. Balachandar

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

We present a statistical framework to account for effects of recycling and filtration in ventilation systems for the estimation of airborne droplet nuclei concentration in indoor spaces. We demonstrate the framework in a canonical room with a four-way cassette air-conditioning system. The flow field within the room is computed using large eddy simulations for varying values of air changes per hour, and statistical overloading is used for droplet nuclei, which are tracked with a Langevin model accounting for sub-grid turbulence. A key element is to break up the path that a virus-laden droplet nucleus can take from the time it …

Dynamic Thermal Model Development Of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, Mohammad Biswas, Tabbi Wilberforce

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is fueled with liquid methanol coupled with air to produce power at reasonably lower operational conditions while resulting in by-products of carbon dioxide and water, which is more environmentally friendly. Due to the complexity associated with the performance of direct methanol fuel cell, the application of artificial neural network (ANN) can significantly predict the characteristic performance of the cells. Nevertheless, limited studies have delved into the exploration of artificial neural network in the prediction of the transient characteristics of direct methanol fuel cells. The current study however presents a detailed investigation into the prediction of …

Developing Test Methods For Compression After Lightning Strikes, Xiaodong Xu, Scott L. J. Millen, Juhyeong Lee, Gasser Abdelal, Daniel Mitchard, Michael R. Wisnom, Adrian Murphy

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

Research into residual strength after lightning strike is increasing within the literature. However, standard test methods for measuring residual compressive strength after lightning strikes do not exist. For the first time, a systematic experimental study is undertaken to evaluate modifications necessary to standard Compression After Impact (CAI) specimen geometry and test jig design to induce specimen failure at the lightning damage region. Four laboratory generated lightning strike currents with peak amplitudes ranging from 25 to 100 kA have been studied. Test set-up modifications were made considering the scale of the lightning damage and its potential proximity to specimen edges. Specimen …

Coaxial Jets With Disparate Viscosity: Mixing And Laminarization Characteristics, Mustafa Usta, M. R. C. Ahmad, G. Pathikonda, I. Khan, P. Gillis, D. Ranjan, C. K. Aidun

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

Mixing of fluids in a coaxial jet is studied under four distinct viscosity ratios, m = 1, 10, 20 and 40, using highly resolved large-eddy simulations (LES), particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence. The accuracy of predictions is tested against data obtained by the simultaneous experimental measurements of velocity and concentration fields. For the highest and lowest viscosity ratios, standard RANS models with unclosed terms pertaining to viscosity variations are employed. We show that the standard Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach with no explicit modelling for variable-viscosity terms is not applicable whereas dynamic LES models provide high-quality agreement with the …

Static And Dynamic Analysis Of A Bistable Frequency Up-Converter Piezoelectric Energy Harvester, Mohammad Atmeh, Alwathiqbellah Ibrahim, Abdallah Ramini

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Using energy harvesting to convert ambient vibrations efficiently to electrical energy has become a worthy concept in recent years. Nevertheless, the low frequencies of the ambient vibrations cannot be effectively converted to power using traditional harvesters. Therefore, a frequency up-conversion harvester is presented to convert the low-frequency vibrations to high-frequency vibrations utilizing magnetic coupling. The presented harvester consists of a low-frequency beam (LFB) and a high-frequency beam (HFB) with identical tip magnets facing each other at the same polarity. The HFB, fully covered by a piezoelectric strip, is utilized for voltage generation. The dynamic behavior of the system and the …

An Alternate Dimensionless Form Of The Linearized Rigid-Body Aircraft Equations Of Motion With Emphasis On Dynamic Parameters, Douglas F. Hunsaker, Benjamin C. Moulton

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Student Publications and Presentations

The equations of motion for an aircraft can be linearized about a reference condition within the assumptions of small disturbances and linear aerodynamics. The resulting system of equations is typically solved to obtain the eigenvalues and eigenvectors that describe the small disturbance motion of the aircraft. Results from such an analysis are often used to predict the rigid-body dynamic modes of the aircraft and associated handling qualities. This process is typically carried out in dimensional form in most text books, or in nondimensional form using dimensionless parameters rooted in aerodynamic theory. Here we apply Buckingham’s Pi theorem to obtain nondimensional …

Interfaces In Dynamic Brittle Fracture Of Pmma: A Peridynamic Analysis, Longzhen Wang, Javad Mehrmashhadi, Florin Bobaru

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Recent experiments in bonded PMMA layers have shown dramatic changes in dynamic crack growth characteristics depending on the interface location and toughness. In this paper we present a peridynamic (PD) analysis of this phenomenon and determine three elements that are essential in a model reproducing the observed fracture behavior: (1) softening near the crack tip to account for changes in PMMA due to heat-generation induced by the high strain rates reached around the crack tip in dynamic fracture; (2) independent extension (mode I) and shear (mode II) modes of fracture; (3) a two-parameter fracture model, which matches both strength and …

Locally Resonant Metasurface For Low-Frequency Transmissive Underwater Acoustic Waves, Zhong Chen, Shenghong Guan, Qiang Xie, Zheng Li, Zhongmei Gao, Mehrdad Negahban

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Introduction: Acoustic metasurfaces for underwater wave manipulation have great potential use, but the strong solid-fluid interaction caused by impedance closeness between the structure and water brings design difficulty, especially in the low-frequency range.

Methods: Here a locally resonant metasurface for transmissive underwater acoustic waves is proposed using finite element method for which each metasurface unit consists of one channel and three subunits. Each subunit has one plate and two rubber spacers to form a resonator. By changing the height ratio of the plate over the subunit, arbitrary phase shifts within the full 2π coverage can be obtained at …

Probing The Influence Of Surface Chemical Functionalization On Graphene Nanoplatelets-Epoxy Interfacial Shear Strength Using Molecular Dynamics, Hashim Al Mahmud, Sagar Patil, Matthew Radue, Gregory Odegard

Michigan Tech Publications

In this work, a characterization study of the interfacial interaction between different types of graphene nanoplatelets and an epoxy matrix is computationally performed. To quantify the discrete mutual graphene–epoxy “interfacial interaction energy” (IIE) within the nanocomposite, molecular dynamics simulations with a reactive force field are performed on a localized model of the suggested nanocomposite. Pull-out molecular dynamics simulations are also performed to predict the interfacial shear strength between the two constituents. The results indicate a significant increase in interfacial adhesion of functionalized nanoplatelets with the hosting epoxy matrix relative to virgin graphene nanoplatelets. The obtained results also demonstrate a dramatic …

Enabling An Equitable Energy Transition Through Inclusive Research, Michael Ash, Erin Baker, Mark Tuominen, Dhandapani Venkataraman, Matthew Burke, S. Castellanos, M. Cha, Gabe Chan, D. Djokic, J.C. Ford, Anna P. Goldstein, David Hsu, Matt Lacker, C. Miller, D. Nock, A.P. Ravikumar, Allison Bates, Anna Stefanopoulou, E Grubert, D.M Kammen, M. Pastor, S.Z, Attari, S. Carley, D.L Clark, D. Dean-Ryan, U. Kosar, Kerry Bowie, Tina Johnson

ETI Publications

Comprehensive and meaningful inclusion of marginalized communities within the research enterprise will be critical to ensuring an equitable, technology-informed, clean energy transition. We provide five key action items for government agencies and philanthropic institutions to operationalize the commitment to an equitable energy transition.

Incorporation Of Poly(Tfema) In Perovskite Thin Films Using A Supercritical Fluid, Kasey Handy, Gary C. Tepper

Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Publications

A new process is reported for the incorporation of a fluoropolymer into a solid perovskite film. Poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate) [CH₂C(CH₃)(CO₂CH₂CF₃)]_n was delivered to methylammonium lead iodide (CH₃NH₃PbI₃) perovskite films by crystallizing the film in supercritical carbon dioxide/ethanol containing the dissolved fluoropolymer. The surface was characterized before and after fluoropolymer exposure using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. The results indicate that the fluoropolymer was incorporated into the perovskite film during the supercritical fluid crystallization process. The incorporation of a hydrophobic fluoropolymer …

Improvement To An Existing Multi-Level Capacitated Lot Sizing Problem Considering Setup Carryover, Backlogging, And Emission Control, Rifat Bin Hasan, Hany Osman, Ahmed A. Azab Ismail, Fazle Baki

Mechanical, Automotive & Materials Engineering Publications

This paper presents a multi-level, multi-item, multi-period capacitated lot-sizing problem. The lot-sizing problem studies can obtain production quantities, setup decisions and inventory levels in each period fulfilling the demand requirements with limited capacity resources, considering the Bill of Material (BOM) structure while simultaneously minimizing the production, inventory, and machine setup costs. The paper proposes an exact solution to Chowdhury et al. (2018)'s[1] developed model, which considers the backlogging cost, setup carryover & greenhouse gas emission control to its model complexity. The problem contemplates the Dantzig-Wolfe (D.W.) decomposition to decompose the multi-level capacitated problem into a single-item uncapacitated lot-sizing sub-problem. …

Concentration Field Based Micropore Flow Rate Measurements, Matia P. Edwards, Samuel F. D. J. Gómez, Michael S. H. Boutilier

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Publications

Demand is growing for a larger catalogue of experimental techniques to measure flow rates through micro-/nanoscale systems for both fundamental research and device development. Flow emerging from a hole in a plane wall is a common system of interest in such work for its relevance to membrane separation. In this paper, we consider the possibility of measuring volume flow rates through small scale orifice plates from images of dye dispersions downstream. Based on approximate analytical solutions to the advection–diffusion equation, we show that, at low Reynolds numbers, the concentration in the nearly hemispherical plume that forms increases linearly with inverse …

New Hampshire Volunteer Beach Profile Monitoring Program (Vbpmp): Implementation, Field Methods, And Data Processing, Larry G. Ward, Rachel C. Morrison, Alyson Eberhardt, Wellsley Costello

New Hampshire Sea Grant

The New Hampshire (NH) Volunteer Beach Profiling Monitoring Program (VBPMP) monitors beach elevation profiles at multiple stations along the NH Atlantic coast on a near-monthly basis using the Emery method. The program grew from three monitoring stations in 2016-2017 to thirteen stations across six beaches in 2018, with an additional station added in 2022. The overarching goal of the VBPMP is to assess the stability of New Hampshire’s Atlantic beaches over multiple years to determine seasonal changes and long-term trends using citizen science methods. Included in the assessment of beach stability are erosional or accretional trends, response to storms, and …

Performance Evaluation Of Composite Sandwich Structures With Additively Manufactured Aluminum Honeycomb Cores With Increased Bonding Surface Area, M. Rangapuram, S. K. Dasari, Joseph William Newkirk, K. Chandrashekhara, H. Misak, P. R. Toivonen, D. Klenosky, T. Unruh, J. Sam

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Modern aerostructures, including wings and fuselages, increasingly feature sandwich structures due to their high-energy absorption, low weight, and high flexural stiffness. The face sheet of these sandwich structures are typically thin composite laminates with interior honeycombs made of Nomex or aluminum. Standard cores are structurally efficient, but their design cannot be varied throughout the structure. With additive manufacturing (AM) technology, these core geometries can be altered to meet the design requirements that are not met in standard honeycomb cores. This study used a modified aluminum honeycomb core, with increased surface area on the top and bottom, as the core material …

Oxidation Layer Formation On Aluminum Substrates With Surface Defects Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Emmanuel Olugbade, Hiep Pham, Yuchu He, Haicheng Zhou, Chulsoon Hwang, Jonghyun Park

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Aluminum Oxide Layer Affects the Integrity of Electrical Contact and Can Contribute Adversely to Passive Intermodulation (PIM) Behavior in Radio Frequency (RF) Devices, necessitating a Need for Understanding its Formation Mechanism and Realistic Estimation of its Thickness. using ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulation Technique, This Study Investigated the Impact of Surface Defects on Aluminum Oxide Layer Formation. Results Reveal that Crystallographic Orientation Did Not Affect the Kinetics of Oxidation Process of Aluminum. However, the Reaction Kinetics Increased Significantly with Surface Inhomogeneities Such as Cracks, Scratches, and Grain Boundaries. a Non-Uniform Oxide Layer with Thickness Variation in the Range of 72-77% Was …

Experimental Approach For Development Of A Powder Spreading Metric In Additive Manufacturing, M. Hossein Sehhat, Austin T. Sutton, Zane Yates, Ming-Chuan Leu

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The Powder Spreading is a Vital Step of Powder-Based Additive Manufacturing (AM) Processes. the Quality of Spread Powder Can Considerably Influence the Properties of Fabricated Parts. Poorly Packed Powder Beds with High Surface Roughness Result in Printed Part Layers with Large Porosity and Low Dimensional Accuracy, Leading to Poor Mechanical Properties. Therefore, the Powder Spread ability and its Dependence on Process Parameters and Powder Characteristics Should Be Quantified to Improve the Efficiency of Powder-Based AM Methods. This Study Proposes a Novel Dimensionless Powder Spread Ability Metric that Can Be Commonly Used in Different Powder-Based AM Processes. the Quality of Spread …

Experimental Study For Improving The Productivity Of Laser Foil Printing, Tunay Turk, Ming-Chuan Leu

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This Study Aims to Improve the Productivity of Laser Foil Printing (LFP), Which is a Foil-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) Process. LFP Uses a Dual-Laser System to Fabricate a 3-Dimensional Part in a Layered Fashion by Performing Four Steps in Each Layer: Spot Welding, Pattern Welding, Contour Cutting, and Edge Polishing, All of Which Performed by Use of Lasers. We Experimentally Examined the Welding and Polishing Steps in This Study to Enhance LFP Productivity. the Jump Speed, Dwelling Duration, and Weld Path of Spot Welding and the Line Welding Speed and Wait Time between Weld Lines of Pattern Welding Are …

Comparison Of The Thermal Stability In Equal-Channel-Angular-Pressed And High-Pressure-Torsion-Processed Fe–21cr–5al Alloy, Maalavan Arivu, Andrew Hoffman, Jiaqi Duan, Jonathan Poplawsky, Xinchang Zhang, Frank W. Liou, Rinat Islamgaliev, Ruslan Valiev, Haiming Wen

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Nanostructured Steels Are Expected to Have Enhanced Irradiation Tolerance and Improved Strength. However, They Suffer from Poor Microstructural Stability at Elevated Temperatures. in This Study, Fe–21Cr–5Al–0.026C (Wt%) Kanthal D (KD) Alloy Belonging to a Class of (FeCrAl) Alloys Considered for Accident-Tolerant Fuel Cladding in Light-Water Reactors is Nanostructured using Two Severe Plastic Deformation Techniques of Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) and High-Pressure Torsion (HPT), and their Thermal Stability between 500–700 °C is Studied and Compared. ECAP KD is Found to Be Thermally Stable Up to 500 °C, Whereas HPT KD is Unstable at 500 °C. Microstructural Characterization Reveals that ECAP KD …

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties And Oxidation Behavior Of Refractory Multi-Principal Element Alloys By Laser Remelting And Conventional Manufacturing, Visharad Jalan, Seth Crawford, Sung Heng Wu, Frank W. Liou, Haiming Wen

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Refractory Multi-Principal Element Alloys (RMPEAs), HfNbTaTiZr, (HfNbTaTiZr)₉Cr, and (HfNbTaTiZr)₉Al, Were Manufactured using Vacuum Arc Melting Followed by Laser Remelting to Mimic Additive Manufacturing. the Microhardness of the As-Cast HfNbTaTiZr, (HfNbTaTiZr)₉Cr, and (HfNbTaTiZr)₉Al Samples after Arc Melting Was Measured as 6.20, 7.63, and 6.89 Gpa, respectively. after Laser Remelting and Re-Solidification, the Hardness Increased by ~ 30% for Each Composition; the Hardest Was (HfNbTaTiZr)₉Cr Measured at 9.60 GPa, While the Softest Was HfNbTaTiZr with a Hardness of 8.42 GPa, Which Was Still Harder Compared to All the Other Samples. the Addition …

Application Of A Variable Path Length Repetitive Process Control For Direct Energy Deposition Of Thin-Walled Structures, Elias B. Snider, Douglas A. Bristow

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Additive Manufacturing is Well Suited to Fabricating Large Thin-Walled Metal Structures Such as Rocket Nozzles but Suffers from Layer-To-Layer Defect Propagation. Propagating Defects May Exhibit as Slumping or a Ripple in Bead Geometry. Recent Works Have Used Repetitive Process Control (RPC) Methods for Additive Manufacturing to Stabilize the Layer-Wise Defect Propagation, But These Methods Require Repetition of the Same Path. However, Typical Thin-Wall DED Applications, Sometimes Referred to as Vase Structures, Have Changing Paths with Each Layer Such as Expanding or Contracting Diameters and Changing Profiles. This Paper Presents an Extension to Optimal RPC that Uses …