Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons^™

Pharmacist Perception Of Opioid Overuse For Analgesia In The Retail Setting, Kenneth Jacob Craig, Josh Winebough

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

Opioid analgesics are a class of medications with affinity for receptors in the brain which are naturally targeted by endogenous opioid peptides to exert neuromodulatory action.' Long before this target pathway was ever elucidated, ancient cultures had documented use of a naturally occurring plant derivative, opium, which provided the same effects as opioid drugs today. The active alkaloid constituent of opium is morphine. The human body's equivalents of these substrates interact with multiple types of opioid receptors which produce the effects responsible for pain relief. In addition, there are also unwanted side effects including constipation, nemesis, and respiratory depression. Contributing …

Impact Of Medicare Part D Coverage Gap On Beneficiaries' Adherence To Prescription Medications, Urvi Desai

Theses and Dissertations

INTRODUCTION: Medicare Part D provides prescription drug coverage to seniors through a benefit plan with a major deductible inserted in the middle. It is important to study the extent to which this structure affects seniors’ adherence to prescription medications. Therefore, this study had the following objectives: (1) To identify characteristics of beneficiaries reaching and not reaching the coverage gap, (2) To study the entry and exit times from the coverage gap, (3) To study the impact of a complete gap in coverage on beneficiaries’ adherence to prescription medications, (4) To study the impact of a partial gap in coverage on …

Influenza And Bacterial Coinfections In The 20th Century, Xuan-Yi Wang, Paul E. Kilgore, Kyung Ah Lim, Song-Mei Wang, Jeongseok Lee, Wei Deng, Mei-Qi Mo, Batmunkh Nyambat, Jing-Chen Ma, Michael O. Favorov, John D. Clemens

Department of Pharmacy Practice

To help understand the potential impact of bacterial coinfection during pandemic influenza periods, we undertook a far-reaching review of the existing literature to gain insights into the interaction of influenza and bacterial pathogens. Reports published between 1950 and 2006 were identified from scientific citation databases using standardized search terms. Study outcomes related to coinfection were subjected to a pooled analysis. Coinfection with influenza and bacterial pathogens occurred more frequently in pandemic compared with seasonal influenza periods. The most common bacterial coinfections with influenza virus were due to S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. …

Application Of Pharmacometric Methods To Improve Pediatric Drug Development, Mallika Lala

Theses and Dissertations

Pharmacometrics is a quantitative science that is rapidly changing the landscape of drug development, and particularly so for the pediatric population. The motivation behind the research underlying this dissertation is to contribute towards the improvement of pediatric drug development by the astute application of pharmacometric methods. Two distinct research areas have been focused upon: 1- improving pediatric pharmacokinetic (PK) trial design and 2- improving pediatric dosing of warfarin by using a genetics-based dosing regimen. The first project examined in detail the feasibility of and simulation-based methodology for implementing a recent regulatory PK quality standard. The focus was on designing pediatric …

Innovative Purification Protocol For Heparin Binding Proteins: Relevance In Biopharmaceutical And Biomedical Applications, Sumit Batra

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Heparin binding (HB) proteins mediates a wide range of important cellular processes, which makes this class of proteins biopharmaceutically important. Engineering HB proteins could bring many advantages, but it necessitates cost effective and efficient purification methodologies compared to the currently available methods. One of the most important classes of heparin binding protein is the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and its receptors (FGFRs). In this study, we report an efficient off-column purification of FGF-1 from soluble fractions and purification of the D2 domain of FGFR from insoluble inclusion bodies, using a weak amberlite cation (IRC) exchanger. This approach is an alternative …

Analysis Of Oocyte-Like Cells Differentiated From Porcine Fetal Skin-Derived Stem Cells, Paul W. Dyce, Wei Shen, Evanna Huynh, Hua Shao, Daniel A. F. Villagómez, Gerald M. Kidder, W. Allan King, Julang Li

Physiology and Pharmacology Publications

We previously reported the differentiation of cells derived from porcine female fetal skin into cells resembling germ cells and oocytes. A subpopulation of these cells expressed germ cell markers and formed aggregates resembling cumulus-oocyte complexes. Some of these aggregates extruded large oocyte-like cells (OLCs) that expressed markers consistent with those of oocytes. The objective of the current study was to further characterize OLCs differentiated from porcine skin-derived stem cells. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot revealed the expression of connexin37 and connexin43, both of which are characteristic of ovarian follicles. The expression of meiosis markers DMC1 and synaptonemal …

Over The Counter (Otc) Analgesics: A Knowledge And Usage Assessment In College Students, Nicole Patel

Senior Honors Projects

This project was designed to assess the general understanding of OTC pain relievers and their management via a survey in a college student population. From this data, an educational program was developed in conjunction with the College of Pharmacy and Health Services to educate college students on the dangers of OTC analgesic misuse.

164 college students aged 18 years and older were recruited in-person to participate in a brief survey.  This 12 question survey was developed to assess the general understanding and current usage of OTC analgesics. Specifically, health majors were compared to non-health majors in relation to the answers …

Evaluating Consumer Preferences For Medicare Part D Using Conjoint Analysis, La'marcus Wingate

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

The establishment of an outpatient prescription drug benefit in Medicare, Medicare Part D, was one of the more significant events in United States healthcare reform history. Many seniors have chosen to enroll in the plan as the program has an enrollment of over 27 million. One central premise of Medicare Part D was that the plan would be administered entirely through private insurance plans. Because many plans would be competing against one another for potential beneficiaries, it was expected that companies would offer seniors plans with high quality benefits at lower costs that would presumably be attractive to seniors. However, …

Chronic Apocynin Treatment Attenuates Beta Amyloid Plaque Size And Microglial Number In Happ(751)Sl Mice, Melinda E. Lull, Shannon Levesque,, Michael J. Surace, Michelle L. Block

Pharmacy Faculty/Staff Publications

Background: NADPH oxidase is implicated in neurotoxic microglial activation and the progressive nature of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Here, we test the ability of two NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and dextromethorphan (DM), to reduce learning deficits and neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish and London mutations (hAPP(751)SL).

Methods: Four month old hAPP(751)SL mice were treated daily with saline, 15 mg/kg DM, 7.5 mg/kg DM, or 10 mg/kg apocynin by gavage for four months.

Results: Only hAPP(751)SL mice treated with apocynin showed reduced plaque size and a reduction in the number of cortical microglia, when compared …

Diesel Exhaust Activates & Primes Microglia: Air Pollution, Neuroinflammation, & Regulation Of Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity, Shannon Levesque, Thomas Taetzsch, Melinda E. Lull, Urmila Kodavanti, Krisztian Stadler, Alison Wagner, Jo Anne Johnson, Laura Duke, Prasada Kodavanti, Michael J. Surace, Michelle L. Block

Pharmacy Faculty/Staff Publications

BACKGROUND:

Air pollution is linked to central nervous system disease, but the mechanisms responsible are poorly understood.

OBJECTIVES:

Here, we sought to address the brain-region-specific effects of diesel exhaust (DE) and key cellular mechanisms underlying DE-induced microglia activation, neuroinflammation, and dopaminergic (DA) neurotoxicity.

METHODS:

Rats were exposed to DE (2.0, 0.5, and 0 mg/m3) by inhalation over 4 weeks or as a single intratracheal administration of DE particles (DEP; 20 mg/kg). Primary neuron-glia cultures and the HAPI (highly aggressively proliferating immortalized) microglial cell line were used to explore cellular mechanisms.

RESULTS:

Rats exposed to DE by inhalation demonstrated elevated levels …

A Novel Shear Thinning And Thixotropic Plga Micro Particulate Suspension System For Controlled Drug Delivery, Sonia Bedi

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Poly lactide‑co‑glycolide (PLGA) polymer has been the polymer of choice for many parenteral controlled drug release applications. This is mainly due to the inherent advantages of this polymer i.e. biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-toxic nature. The polymer, however, has a characteristic degradation pattern whereby the final erosion phase does not begin until the polymer reaches a certain molecular weight (MW) limit. After this, the accumulated acidic degradation byproducts initiate a bulk erosion phenomenon that leads to a disruption of the polymer matrix and release of the remaining drug in a short period of time. Furthermore, most of the delivery systems or …

Analysis Of Out-Of-Pocket Expenditures Of Oral Oncologics For Tennessee Recipients Of Medicare Part D, Eve Carolyn Elias

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Background: There are few studies that examine patients' costs of oral oncology drugs from Medicare Part D plan providers. These drugs can impose a financial burden to beneficiaries, and, due to their cost, place beneficiaries in the coverage gap in a short period of time. In addition to examining costs, there is little published concerning the potential impact of drug utilization management techniques on access to these drugs in Medicare Part D plans. This study examined the roles of prior authorization, step-therapy, and placement of drugs in higher formulary tiers on patients' out-of-pocket costs, and access to therapy.

Methods …

The Design And Synthesis Of Autotaxin Inhibitors And Analogs Of Lysophosphatidic Acid, Renuka Niranjan Gupte

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a naturally occurring bioactive phospholipid. It has a wide array of biological effects like cell proliferation, survival, migration, apoptosis invasion, wound healing and angiogenesis. Autotaxin (ATX) was identified as an autocrine tumor cell motility factor from A2058 melanoma conditioned medium. ATX has lysophospholipase D enzyme activity and is responsible for the cleavage of lysophophatidylcholine (LPC) leading to the generation of LPA. Antagonists of Autotaxin would have a potential therapeutic application in cancer research. Chapter 1 is an introduction of LPA and autotaxin. It provides the background and significance of the research. Chapter 2 explores the synthesis …

Rna Interference For Improving The Outcome Of Islet Transplantation And Polymeric Micelle‑Based Nanomedicine For Cancer Therapy, Feng Li

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Ex vivo gene transfer has been used to improve the outcome of islet transplantation for treating type I diabetes. RNA interference is an effective approach for reducing gene expressions at the mRNA level. The application of RNA interference to improve the outcome of islet transplantation was reviewed in Chapter 2, where I summarized biological obstacles to islet transplantation, various types of RNAi techniques, combinatorial RNAi in islet transplantation, and different delivery strategies.

Upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and subsequent product of radical nitric oxide (NO) impair islet β cell function. Therefore, we hypothesized that iNOS gene silencing could …

Pharmacokinetic And Pharmacodynamic Studies Of A Novel Spectinamide Series Of Antituberculosis Agents, V. N. R. Pavan Kumar Vaddady

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Spectinamides are novel amide derivatives of the antibiotic spectinomycin that have emerged as a new class of agents to treat tuberculosis. These agents showed potent in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) compared to spectinomycin and in a preliminary in vivo study in interferon gamma (IFN‑γ) knockout mice, spectinamide Lee1329 reduced the lung bacillary load of TB comparable to streptomycin. We hypothesized that the application of an iterative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) guided approach would facilitate the optimization of these lead compounds suitable for further development.

A series of in vitro experiments including parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA), microsomal …

Pembuatan Sediaan Tablet Mengapung Famotidin Menggunakan Kompleks Polielektrolit Kitosan-Pektin Sebagai Bahan Matriks, Erny Sagita, Effionora Anwar, Silvia Surini

Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian

Floating tablet is one of the drug delivery system retained in the stomach which aims to prolong the lag time of the drug in the stomach. This principle can be used to improve the efficacy of famotidine in treating diseases in the stomach The purpose of this research is to develop dosage form afloat by using Chitosan Pectin Electrolytes (PEC) as matrix then used as the matrix in tablet dosage form with famotidine as a drug model. PEC also combined with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) with different. PEC was also combined with hydroxypropilmethylcellulose (HPMC) in different concentrations. The results of the dissolution …

Pengembangan Sistem Penghantaran Obat Solid Self-Emulsifying Mikropartikel Gliklazid Untuk Meningkatkan Disolusi, Mega Suryani, Sutriyo Sutriyo

Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian

Gliclazide is a Hypoglycemicdrug, second-generation sulfonylurea used in the treatment of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Gliclazide exhibit poor aqueous solubility, so that their low bioavailability. Objectivesthis study is to develop solid self-emulsifying (SE) microparticles of poorly soluble gliclazide to dissolution enchancement. These microparticles were prepared by spray drying method, using three surfactant (acripol, tween 80 and sodium lauryl sulphate) with various concentration. SE microparticles characterized in terms of morphology (SEM), particle size distribution (PSA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (DSC), functional group analysis (FTIR), solubility test, and dissolution test. The all gliclazide SE microparticlesexhibited particle size smaller than pure …

Analisis Adduct Dna Setelah Pemberian Natrium Nitrit Dan Dimetilamin Secara Berulang Pada Tikus, Sherly Meilianti, Yahdiana Harahap, Hayun Hayun

Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian

Nitrosodimethylamine is a carcinogenic compound which can be formed from the reaction of nitrite and dimethylamine that is found in food. Nitrosodimethylamineis activated in liver and alkylates the DNA base and producing a DNA adductssuch as O6-methylguanine and N7-methylguanine that have a role incarcinogenesis. In this research, DNA was isolated from rat’s blood which waspreviously given nitrosodimethylamine’s precursor, sodium nitrite anddimethylamine. DNA adducts can be obtained from hydrolysis in hydrochloricacid 0.1 N for 30 minutes at 7000C. Then the adducts were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), with a strong cation exchangecolumn (Supelcosil LC-SCX, 5 μm, 250 x 4.6 …

Efek Antidiabetes Dan Identifikasi Senyawa Dominan Fraksi Kloroform Herba Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.), Sediarso Sediarso, Hadi Sunaryo, Nurul Amalia

Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian

Antidiabetic activity of ciplukan (Physalis angulataL.) herb has a lot to do, as an extracts and infusions, proven to reduce blood sugar levels in rats or mice induced by alloxan. The research objective was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect and identify the content of the chloroform fraction ciplukan herb eluated with methanol-ammonia. Antidiabetic effects testing conducted using 30 male white mice (Mus musculus) ddY strain were divided into 6 groups, each consisting of 5 mice. K-1 is a negative control induced by alloxan, K-2, K-3 and K-4 induced by alloxan and treated with the test substance dose of 50 mg/kg …

Chelating Compounds And Immobilized Tethered Chelators, Robert A. Yokel, Wesley R. Harris, Christopher D. Spilling, Chang-Guo Zhan

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Patents

Novel di- and tripodal compounds useful as chelators, intermediates for their production and a method for treating an aqueous solution to remove trivalent metal ions are presented.