Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons^™

Balancing Pastoral And Plantation Forestry Options In New Zealand And The Role Of Agroforestry, Grant B. Douglas, Andrew J. Wall, Michael B. Dodd, Martin F. Hawke, Ian R. Mcivor

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pastoral agriculture and forestry enterprises are key features of New Zealand’s landscape and are very important economically. They are competing landuses, particularly on moderate to steep hill country. Agroforestry involving spaced trees of Pinus radiata on pasture was developed in the 1970s to provide dual incomes from livestock enterprises and the later tree crop. In contrast, wide-spaced trees of predominantly Populus and Salix spp. are planted mainly for erosion control. Characteristics of pastoralism and plantation forestry are reviewed, including trends in conversions between these landuses. Roles, challenges and opportunities with wide-spaced trees are presented, together with current and future research …

Variation Analysis Of Root System Development In Wheat Seedlings Using Root Phenotyping System, Ekundayo Adeleke, Reneth Millas, Waymon Mcneal, Justin Faris, Ali Taheri

Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Faculty Research

Root system architecture is a vital part of the plant that has been shown to vary between species and within species based on response to genotypic and/or environmental influences. The root traits of wheat seedlings are critical for their establishment in soil and evidently linked to plant height and seed yield. However, plant breeders have not efficiently developed the role of RSA in wheat selection due to the difficulty of studying root traits. We set up a root phenotyping platform to characterize RSA in 34 wheat accessions. The phenotyping pipeline consists of the germination paper-based moisture replacement system, image capture …

Coimbatore 3 (Co3 - Pennisetum Perpureum X Pennisetum Americarnum) Grass As An Intercrop Under Coconut (Cocos Nucifera), Sharini Carol Somasiri, Sujatha Premaratne

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effect of cultivation of Coimbatore 3 (CO3; Pennisetum perpureum x Pennisetum americarnum) grass under coconut has not been researched in Sri Lanka. We examined the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and the spread of CO3 roots in the soil. CO3 root slips were cultivated under coconut in two rows with 1x2 m within and between row spacing in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Treatments were four Nitrogen (N) levels- 0, 14, 21 and 35 kg N/ha/year. There were sixteen effective palms per treatment. CO3 bushes were harvested at 15 cm height from ground …

Productivity And Carbon Storage In Silvopastoral Systems With Pinus Ponderosa And Trifolium Spp. Plantations And Pasture On A Volcanic Soil In The Chilean Patagonia, Francis Dube, Miguel Espinosa, Neal B. Stolpe, Erick Zagal, Naresh V. Thevathasan, Andrew M. Gordon

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Little information is available about carbon (C) sequestration potentials in ecosystems on Andisols of the Chilean Patagonia. This study was undertaken to measure the size of the C stocks in three predominant ecosystems: Pinus ponderosa-based silvopastoral systems (SPS), pine plantations (PPP) and natural pasture (PST), and to examine how clover (Trifolium spp.) affect tree growth and stocks of soil C. The C contents of trees and pasture were determined by destructive sampling and dry combustion. Soil samples were taken at 0-5, 5-20, 20-40 cm depths in order to determine soil C and N. For PPP and SPS, respectively, …

A Methodological Approach To Model The Grass-Tree Relationship In Quercus Suber Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, Slim Jarradi, Mounir Louhaichi, Mohammed Qarro, Youssef Ammari, Najib Gmira

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Livestock is socially and economically an important component for the livelihood of resource poor farmers in North Africa. A portion of livestock feed resources is forest rangeland. Unfortunately, the sustainability of this resource is threatened by anthropogenic pressures. In this study a number of silvo-pastoral management systems were proposed to maintain the ecosystem balance, and to cope with Mediterranean climate variability and the negative impacts of human activities and population pressure. For this reason it was important to examine the major relations within the North African forest ecosystems, which is composed mainly of Quercus suber trees. The aim of this …

Brazilian Agroforestry Systems For Cattle And Sheep, Roberto Giolo De Almeida, Carlos M. S. De Andrade, Domingos Sávio Campos Paciullo, Paulo C. C. Fernandes, Ana Clara Rodrigues Cavalcante, Rodrigo A. Barbosa, Cacilda Borges Do Valle

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Agroforestry systems for animal husbandry, including integrated crop-livestock-forest systems (ICLF) are rather diversified in the five Brazilian regions. They present several technical, environmental and socioeconomic benefits. However they are not broadly adopted, mainly because of their higher complexity compared with traditional systems as well as a certain lack of understanding by farmers regarding their benefits. To change this situation, in the last five years, the Brazilian government has directed financial resources for credit as well as for research and technology transfer addressing ICLF systems, including good agricultural practices and mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions. The goal is to improve competitiveness …

Contribution Of Annual Legumes Pasture To The Cereal In Mediterranean Agriculture Systems, Carlos Ovalle, Soledad Espinoza, Alejandro Del Pozo, Viviana Barahona

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The depletion of fossil fuels, the high demand of food for a constantly growing human population and, more recently, the strong expansion of biofuel crops, are causing sharp increases in the prices of fertilizers particularly nitrogen (N)(Crews and Peoples 2004; Jensen et al. 2011). Faced with this future scenario of high cost of N fertilizer, there is increasing interest in using legumes as N sources for sustainable agriculture and livestock. In the dryland (rainfed) cropping area of the Mediterranean climatic region of central Chile, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is predominantly grown in rotation with oats (Avena …

Relation Of Residue Biomass After Defoliation To Regrowth Dry Matter, Wsc And Grain Yield Of Winter Wheat, Lihua Tian, Qingping Zhang, Yuanbuo Liu, Yuying Shen, Lindsay W. Bell, Jeremy P. M. Whish

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The importance of defoliation height on final yield in dual-purpose wheat is inconsistent. In one study no difference in final wheat yield following a severe grazing at 2 cm compared to light grazing at 6 cm was found (Dann et al. 1983). In contrast, clipping at 3 cm above ground level significantly reduced grain yield compared to 7 cm (Arzadun et al. 2006). An explanation for these inconsistent results may be an underestimation of the value of the remaining biomass and its role in the regrowth process (Fulkerson and Donaghy 2001).

In this study, the percentage of residue biomass …

Biological Nitrification Inhibition (Bni) In Brachiaria Pastures: A Novel Strategy To Improve Eco-Efficiency Of Crop-Livestock Systems And To Mitigate Climate Change, Danilo E. Moreta, Jacobo Arango, Mauricio Sotelo, Daniel Vergara, Alvaro Rincón, Manabu Ishitani, Aracely Castro, John Miles, Michael Peters, Joe Tohme, Guntur V. Subbarao, Idupulapati M. Rao

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Up to 70% of the nitrogen (N) fertilizers applied to agricultural systems are lost due to nitrification and denitrification. Nitrification is a microbiological process that generates nitrate (NO₃^-) and promotes the losses of N fertilizers by leaching and denitrification. Nitrification and denitrification are the only known biological processes that generate nitrous oxide (N₂O), a powerful greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. There is an urgent need to suppress nitrification process in soil to improve N-recovery and N use efficiency (NUE) of agricultural systems and to mitigate climate change (Subbarao et al. 2012). Certain Brachiaria …

Describing The Sward Structure Of Wheat And Annual Ryegrass Swards Grazed By Lambs In Southern Nsw, Shawn R. Mcgrath, James M. Virgona, Michael A. Friend

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dual-purpose wheats are now an established part of the feed base on many mixed-farms in southern NSW. However agronomic practices can vary and it is unknown whether row spacing will impact the availability of forage for grazing by sheep. Intake has been shown to be affected by a range of factors including tiller length, pasture height, sward density and pasture mass (Allden and Whittaker 1970; Black and Kenney 1984). This study sought to describe the differences in sward structure of grazed wheat swards at two different row spacings in terms of mean height, row height and bulk density and compare …

Tiller Size/Density Compensation In Temperate Climate Grasses Grown In Monoculture Or Intercropping Systems Under Rotational Grazing, Paulo G. Duchini, Gabriela C. Guzatti, Henrique M. N. Ribeiro-Filho, João G. R. Almeida, André F. Sbrissia

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

From the standpoint of tiller population dynamics, it is well known that the size and numbers of tillers in forage grasses are inversely related, where a greater tiller population density (TPD) is associated with smaller tillers and vice versa (Sbrissia et al. 2003; Hernandez-Garay et al. 1999; Matthew et al. 1995). This relationship has traditionally been made with the self-thinning power law described by Yoda et al. (1963), which considers the leaf area index (LAI) of the pasture constant when the slope of the relationship between numbers and size of tillers, on a logarithmic scale, is …

Effect Of Fertilizer Level And Intercropping With Bambara Nut (Vigna Subterranea) On The Growth And Herbage Yield Of Maize, Kelechi A. Ike, Leonard C. Nwaigbo, Chioma P. Obasi, Jimoh A. Olanite, Ogechi M. Chilaka

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The low fertility status of most tropical soils has hindered maize production as maize has a strong exhausting effect on the soil. It has been generally observed that maize fails to produce good grain in plots without adequate nutrients (Adediran and Banjoko 2003). Legumes generally are able to fix nitrogen to the soil which the companion crop could benefit from, but usually the nitrogen fixed occurs in insufficient quantities for marginally nitrogen sensitive crops such as maize and hence the required use of fertilizers. Inorganic fertilizers exert strong influences on plant growth, development and yield (Stefano et al. 2004). …

Italian Ryegrass Establishment By Self-Seeding In Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems: Effects Of Grazing Management, Armindo B. Neto, Jean V. Savian, Olivier J. F. Bonnet, Radael M. T. Schons, Paulo C. Vieira, Marcela Santana, José Augusto Q. Díaz, Paulo C. De F. Carvalho

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Recent reports have indicated that integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) can enhance sustained crop and livestock production by efficiently using agricultural system resources (Liu et al. 2012). In the subtropical South American regions, soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) and maize (Zea Mays L.) crops are widely grown after Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) pastures. In this system, the pasture may be established by self-seeding. Self-seedling reduces pasture production costs and extends the grazing period. The stoking method, and especially the grazing intensity, can greatly affect the quantity of seeds added to the soil by affecting the demography …

Development Of Barley Cultivars For Animal Forage In Korea, Ouk-Kyu Han, Tae-Il Park, Tae-Hwa Song, Dea-Wook Kim, Yu-Yong Lee, Ja-Hwan Ku, Jong-Jin Hwang, Chung-Guk Kim, Young-Up Kwon

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In Korea, the domestic consumption of barley as a cereal crop has been decreasing since the 1980s. It has been considered that crop production in the winter-season rice fields could enhance the global competitiveness of domestic livestock industry by providing better quality fodder to livestock and enhancing field use rate. Therefore, the purpose of barley cultivation for cereal food production has been recently replaced by the production of the barley for forage use. Consequently, the area of barley cultivation for forage is markedly increasing in Korea. While any type of barley can be used as forage for feeding cattle, whole …

Animal Production Over Rice-Pasture Rotation System: Animal Performance, R. Cuadro, S. Luzardo, Fabio Montossi, A. Lavecchia

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Fluctuations in commodity prices, determine the need to find strategies to stabilize production in farming systems. The rice - pastures rotation systems are a good example of this, where animal production takes place in the moments where rice is rotated with pastures (3 years rice and 2 years pastures). In this context, INIA has developed a technology adjusted to the east of the country, with the use of "summer tillage" to intensify livestock production through the incorporation of lambs fattening. These technologies, comercially validated with sheep-rice farming systems, can move the process of cattle backgrounding (males and females), but requires …

Interactive Tree And N Supply Effect On Root Mass Of Two Annual Pasture Grasses, Laíse Da S. Pontes, Raquel S. Barro, Edemar F. De Camargo, Vanderley P. Da Silva, José L. Moletta, Keli C. S. Guera, Anibal De Moraes, Paulo C. De F. Carvalho

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A major aim of integrated crop livestock system (ICLS) with trees is to increase the overall land productivity and/or its sustainability by making best use of the environmental resources (water, light and nutrients) used by plant for growth (Jose et al. 2008). Consequently, research efforts have been done in order to investigate the complex animal-plant-soils interactions operating upon the biological production of these systems, and their environmental impacts. For instance, since roots return to soil as a stock of C in the soil is in general larger than shoot return, interest in describing plant root system has increased due …

Methane Emissions From Ruminants On Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems, Laíse Da S. Pontes, Raquel S. Barro, Edemar F. De Camargo, Vanderley P. Da Silva, Ian M. Cezimbra, Alexandre Berndt, Cimélio Bayer, Paulo C. De F. Carvalho

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ruminant livestock produce ~80 million tonnes of methane (CH4) annually, accounting for ~33% of global anthropogenic emissions of CH4 (Beauchemin et al. 2008). CH4 is a powerful greenhouse gas, with global warming potential of 25 (Eckard et al. 2010), and represents a significant loss of dietary energy (2 to 12% of gross energy of feeds; Patra 2012) in the ruminant production system. Despite greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have become an increasingly important topic worldwide, there is still a high variability around the estimated values of these emissions, mainly about emissions attributable to livestock (range from 8 to 51%; …

Integrating Beef And Cotton Production Reduces Irrigation Needs In The Texas Southern High Plains, C. Philip Brown, V. G. Allen, Rick Kellison, P. Green, C. J. Zilverberg, P. Johnson, V. Acosta-Martinez, C. P. West

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Texas High Plains is a semiarid agricultural region located in the central south plains of the United States. This area exemplifies semiarid regions where water is becoming scarce. Crop production depends heavily on irrigation primarily from the Ogallala aquifer at non-sustainable rates of use. Irrigated monoculture cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the dominant crop but grazing livestock in this once vast grassland is re-emerging as the aquifer declines. Environmental benefits of integrated crop and livestock systems have been suggested. We compared a cotton monoculture with an integrated cotton-forage-beef stocker steer system over 10 yr to determine effects on …

Integrated Crop Livestock Systems--A Key To Sustainable Intensification In Africa, A. J. Duncan, S. A. Tarawali, P. Thorne, D. Valbuena, Katrien Descheemaeker, Sabine Homann-Keetui

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Mixed crop-livestock systems provide livelihoods for a billion people and produce half the world’s cereal and around a third of its beef and milk. Market orientation and strong and growing demand for food provide powerful incentives for sustainable intensification of both crop and livestock enterprises in smallholders’ mixed systems in Africa. Better exploitation of the mutually reinforcing nature of crop and livestock systems can contribute to a positive, inclusive growth trajectory that is both ecologically and economically sustainable. In mixed systems, livestock intensification is often neglected relative to crops, yet livestock can make a positive contribution to raising productivity of …

Perennial Cereals: A Novel Source Of Feed For Grazing Livestock, Matthew Newell, Richard C. Hayes, Philip Larkin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Initial deployment of perennial cereal crops will likely be as a dual-purpose crop producing forage for livestock as well as grain. This study evaluated the biomass and grain production of 4 wheat × wheatgrass derivative experimental lines under 4 simulated grazing regimes; nil defoliation (D₀), defoliate once (D₁), defoliate twice (D₂) and defoliate twice followed by a simulated hay cut (D₃), and compared performance to a winter wheat, cv. EGA Wedgetail, and the perennial grass Thinopyrum intermedium. Increasing defoliation intensity significantly (P < 0.001) lengthened the time to flowering for all lines. All experimental lines produced less biomass in the first year than EGA Wedgetail but more than Th. intermedium in the first spring. Grain yield …