Agricultural Science Commons^™

Rich Information In The Acoustic Signals From Feeding And Grazing In Ruminants, Montague W. Demment, J. R. Galli, Carlos A. Cangiano, Emilio A. Laca

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Because of their impact on productivity and the environment, feeding behaviour, ingestion and rumination are critical to understand intake in grazing ruminants. Many systems, mainly mechanical, have been developed to measure ingestive behaviour. However, these systems have problems, including mechanical failure and the inability to distinguish between the complex jaw movements of prehension and ingestion (Laca et al., 1994). The sounds generated by these behaviours are rich in information that holds potential not only to distinguish and count behaviours, but also identify aspects of the nature of the foods ingested.

The Sound Of Chewing, J. R. Galli, Carlos A. Cangiano, Emilio A. Laca, M. W. Demment

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Acoustic biotelemetry has been proposed as a way to count ingestive bites and chews of grazing animals. Recent work has indicated the possibility that detailed analysis of 'sounds of chewing' contains information about other characteristics of the ingestive process that can be used to study grazing behaviour of free ranging animals (Laca & Wallis DeVries, 2000), or to monitor stall-fed animals in more detail.

Development Of A 2-Dimensional Video-Acoustic Tool For Monitoring Bite Placement, Wendy Griffiths, V. Alchanatis, R. Nitzan, V. Ostrovsky, E. Ben-Moshe, R. Yonatan, S. Brenner, H. Baram, E. D. Ungar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Studies of grazing behaviour conducted at the spatial scale of a feeding station demonstrate that intake rate declines with increasing depletion, a response attributed to an increase in bite overlap (Ginnett et al., 1999; Ungar et al., 2001). In order to understand the rules that govern bite placement, a methodology is required that can map the sequential placement of bites on the sward surface. We developed a video-acoustic tool to achieve this and report the findings of using the tool on small uniform patches of herbage.

Spatial Heterogeneity Of Seasonal Grazing Pressure Created By Herd Movement Patterns On Hilly Rangelands Using Gps And Gis, A. I. Arnon, E. D. Ungar, T. Svoray, A. Perevolotsky, M. Shachak, H. Baram, R. Yonatan, E. Ben-Moshe, S. Brenner, D. Barkai

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The spatial heterogeneity of grazing pressure on extensive rangelands has management implications (Adler et al., 2001) but it has traditionally been difficult to quantify. Combination of technologies based on GPS (Global Positioning System) and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) is a quantum leap in our ability to address this issue. These tools were used to estimate the spatial heterogeneity of grazing pressure at a farm scale, and examine the relation between local landscape features and local grazing pressure.

Chew-Bites, Jaw Movement Allocation And Bite Rate In Grazing Cattle As Identified By Acoustic Monitoring, E. D. Ungar, N. Ravid, T. Zada, E. Ben-Moshe, R. Yonatan, S. Brenner, H. Baram, A. Genizi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Bite rate derives from the time budget of the biting and chewing processes of intake, which are both performed by jaw movements. A new type of jaw movement was revealed by acoustic monitoring in cattle - the "chew-bite" -which chews herbage already in the mouth and harvests fresh herbage with the same jaw movement (Laca et al., 1992). Chew-biting should enable the animal to reduce the total number of jaw movements performed per bite without reducing the number of chews per bite. We examined the variation among individuals in the allocation of jaw movements between the three types, and …

First Things First: Widespread Nutrient Deficiencies Limit Yields In Smallholder Oil Palm Fields, Hendra Sugianto, Juan Pablo Monzon, Iput Pradiko, Fatima A. Tenorio, Ya Li Lim, Christopher R. Donough, Sunawan, Suroso Rahutomo, Fahmuddin Agus, James Cock, Joni Amsar, Rana Farrasati, Ridho Iskandar, Juan I. Rattalino Edreira, Shofia Saleh, Heri Santoso, Antonius P. Tito, Nadib Ulfaria, Maja A. Slingerland, Patricio Grassini

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

CONTEXT: Indonesia is the most important oil palm producing country. Nearly 40% of planted area is managed by smallholders, with yields well below the potential. Efforts to increase productivity have focused on the source of planting material, with little attention paid to plant nutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree to which current productivity in smallholder oil palm fields is limited by nutrients in scenarios with distinct sources of planting material.

METHODS: We collected detailed data on leaf nutrient concentration from 30 fields to derive minimum sampling size needed to diagnose nutrient status. Subsequently, we collected data on …

Assessment Of Human Health Risk Of Zinc And Lead By Consuming Food Crops Supplied With Excessive Fertilizers, Kafeel Ahmad, Asma Ashfaq, Zafar Iqbal Khan, Shahzad Akhtar, Sana Rani, Farzana Siddique, Shamayem Aslam, Ghulam Mustafa, Rana Muhammad Zubair, Hafsa Memona, Aima Iram Batool, Muhammad Nadeem, Javed Shoukat, Shahzadi Mahpara, Mumtaz Akhtar, Muhammad Umer Farooq Awan, Ilker Ugulu, Hamid Raza, Muhammad Ameer Hamza

Journal of Bioresource Management

For the study of heavy metals impact on human beings, areas in Sargodha city that were supplied with various types of fertilizers were chosen. The three industrial areas; (Bhalwal, Sillanwali, and Sahiwal) of this city were explored for research reasons. The researchers wanted to know how much heavy metal was in the soil, food crops, and human. Excess fertilizer use contributes to global pollution. Farmyard manure, urea, and potassium chloride were used on Site 1; urea phosphate, manure, and ammonium sulphate were used on Site 2; and super phosphate, ammonium phosphate, and nitrate phosphate were used on Site 3. Samples …

Cover Crops And Soil Health In Rainfed And Irrigated Corn: What Did We Learn After 8 Years?, Humberto Blanco-Canqui, Sabrina J. Ruis, Katja Koehler-Cole, Roger Elmore, Charles A. Francis

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Duration of cover crop (CC) management, CC biomass production, and other factors could impact how CC affects soil health. We studied the 8-year cumulative impacts of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) CC on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties in rainfed and irrigated no-till corn (Zea mays L.)-based systems in the western US Corn Belt. Average annual CC biomass production was 0.56 ± 0.51 Mg ha⁻¹ at the rainfed site and 0.98 ± 0.95 Mg ha⁻¹ at the irrigated site. After 8 years, CC improved particulate organic matter (POM) and mean weight diameter of waterstable aggregates …

Editorial: New Insights Into Mechanisms Of Epigenetic Modifiers In Plant Growth And Development, Volume Ii, Ming Luo, Tomasz Jacek Sarnowski, Marc Libault, Gabino Ríos, Jean-Benoit Charron, Nitin Mantri, Shoudong Zhang

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

As we have learned, chromatin modifications, including histone modifications and DNA methylation, play a key role in plant development (Ng and Bird, 1999). However, accumulated evidence shows that, besides chromatin biochemical modifications, other epigenetic regulations such as chromatin architecture also function at a pivot point to regulate plant development (Zhang et al., 2021). In this Research Topic, five research papers describe multiple developmental facets mediated by different epigenetic mechanisms besides histone modifications. These manuscripts report experimental evidence or summarize recent advances in epigenetic regulations of some important developmental genes or development-related mechanisms. This Research Topic allows readers to learn of …

The Effect Of Harvesting Strategy Of Grass Silage On Milk Production, K. Kuoppala, M. Rinne, J. Nousiainen, P. Huhtanen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Timing of harvest in primary growth of grass is a major factor affecting D-value (digestible organic matter, g/kg DM) of silage and dry matter (DM) consumption and milk production of dairy cows (Rinne, 2000). The objective of this research was to investigate whether there is a similar pattern in regrowths of grass.

The Effect Of Harvesting Strategy Of Grass Silage On Milk Production, K. Kuoppala, M. Rinne, J. Nousiainen, P. Huhtanen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Timing of harvest in primary growth of grass is a major factor affecting D-value (digestible organic matter, g/kg DM) of silage and dry matter (DM) consumption and milk production of dairy cows (Rinne, 2000). The objective of this research was to investigate whether there is a similar pattern in regrowths of grass.

The Effects Of Offering Hay, Pit-Stored Grass Silage Or Big-Bale Silage To Pregnant Ewes On Ewe And Lamb Performance, T. F. Crosby, P. J. Quinn, J. J. Callan, T. Mcgrane

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Hay and pit silage have been used extensively for feeding sheep over the winter period, but in recent years, especially on smaller farms, big-bale silage has become increasingly popular. However, there is limited comparative information on the use of big-bale silage for sheep, especially in relation to the effects of chopping and growth stage at harvest. This study compared the performance of ewes offered hay, pit silage, or big-bale grass silage made from either chopped or unchopped grass and cut from the same field at the same time.

The Effects Of Offering Grass Or Maize Silages To In-Lamb Ewes On Body Weight And Condition Changes, Colostrum Yield And Quality, T. F. Crosby, P. J. Quinn, J. J. Callan, P. Reilly, B. Flynn, D. Cunningham, T. Massey

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Hay and more recently grass silage (GS) have been the traditional feeds for sheep in Ireland over the winter period. Alternatives such as maize silage (MS) are becoming increasingly important as winter forage sources especially for cattle. This study sought to evaluate grass silage and maize silage when offered to pregnant ewes.

Round-Bale Silage Preparation Of Rice Straw, Yimin Cai, C. Xu, N. Yoshida, M. Ogawa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Rice straw is an important feed resource for ruminants. In Japan, rice straw cannot be fully dried due to the usually humid autumn season, which leads to about 70% of the production being ploughed back or incinerated. Therefore, the development of techniques to enhance the long-term preservation and quality of rice straw is of great importance. In this work, a new lactic acid bacterium was used as a silage inoculant, and its effect on round-bale silage preparation from fresh rice straw was examined.

Factors Affecting Bag Silo Densities And Losses, R. E. Muck, B. J. Holmes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Bag silos (polyethylene tubes, 30 to 90 m length, 2.4 to 3.7 m diameter, 0.22 mm thick) are used on approximately one-third of the dairy farms in the U.S.A. for making silage, and the level of adoption is increasing rapidly. Unfortunately, almost no research data have been published on these types of silos. Our objective was to measure densities and losses in bag silos at three farms, looking for causes of variation in both.

Moisture Control, Inoculant And Particle Size In Tropical Grass Silages, S. F. Paziani, L. G. Nussio, D. R. S. Loures, L. J. Mari, José Leonardo Ribeiro, P. Schmidt, M. Zopollatto, M. C. Junqueira, A. F. Pedroso

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Decreased fermentation and spoilage losses with improved aerobic stability during feed out can be accomplished by several strategies, such as wilting, addition of microbial additives and moisture absorbents. Particle size reduction may increase bulk density and improve the fermentation. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of particle size, moisture content and a microbial additive on chemical-physical parameters and losses in silages made from Tanzania grass.

Effect Of A New Microbial Strain As An Inoculant On The Quality Of Maize Silage, J. G. Kim, J. S. Ham, E. S. Chung, S. Seo, J. K. Lee

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lactic acid bacteria play a key role in making silage from forage, and lactic acid bacteria selected from good silage could be expected to be suitable inocula for making good silage. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the such novel lactic acid bacteria for making high quality maize silage.

The Potential Of Different Forage Combinations For Green-Chop Silage, Trevor L. Knight, Tom J. Fraser, T. A. White, M. G. Hyslop

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand (NZ) there is an opportunity on cropping farms, between summer harvest and autumn/winter sowing, to grow forage crops to make high quality silage. Recently, cereal cultivars have been specifically bred for forage production and suitability for whole-crop silage (de Ruiter et al. 2002), and also high legume (e.g. sulla) content forage mixes have resulted in high quality silages with high lactic acid and soluble carbohydrate content (Niezen et al. 1998). This trial aimed to determine the yield potential of various cereal/legume forage mixtures summer sown and harvested for silage in autumn.

A New System For The Evaluation Of The Fermentation Quality Of Silages, E. Kaiser, K. Weiß

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Depending on the content of nitrate in green forage, the pattern of fermentation products in silages differ significantly (Weiß & Kaiser, 2001). The systems, which are now common in practice for evaluating the quality of silage fermentation, characterise fermentation quality incorrectly because the evaluation is influenced by the chemical composition of green forage. The aim of this work was to derive an evaluation system for fermentation quality, which is independent from the chemical composition of green forage.

Calculation Of Forage Value And Suitability For Silage Of Autochthonous Plant Mixtures Found In Peat Soil Grassland In Relation To The Cut-Off Date, Lisa Dittmann, Renate Bockholt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The semi-extensive management of permanent grassland results in autochthonous plant mixtures whose productivity and forage quality dynamics are relatively unknown, but important for its utilisation. There are enormous differences in forage value and the suitability for silage depending on botanical composition, cutting date or grazing date. The time-based changes in the forage value are of economic interest for the farmers and important for determining a utilisation strategy.