Agricultural Science Commons^™

Use Of Ecosystems In The Arid Zone Of The Ussr For Pasture Farming, Nina T. Nechaeva

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Additional roughage and fodder concentrates are required for grazing sheep to offset seasonal and annual yield variations of natural pastures. High yields and natural regeneration of the plant cover are secured by moderate stocking of pastures and by rotational grazing, with only something between 60 and 65 per cent of the potential yield being utilized. When inade­quately managed, the desert pastures are quickly degraded within eight to ten years, and the plant cover regenerates slowly taking as much as six or seven or even sometimes between 15 and 20 years. The depleted second­ary vegetation types and areas in the vicinity …

Structure, Utilization, And Efficient Fertilization As Well As Establishment Of Pastures In The Alpine Regions Of Austria, R Wohlfarter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Reported in this paper are results obtained from studies conducted into ownership and yield structures of alpine grassland as well as into correlations between stand, fertilization, yield, as well as nutrient and mineral levels in forage harvested from alpine pastures. An analysis of alpine grassland stands has shown that extremely valuable plant associa­tions with comparatively high yields, in spite of high altitude, can be created by appropriate fertilization, utilization and resowing proce­dures. Alpine hay samples were tested for their nutrient and mineral levels, and all of them proved superior to samples taken of valley hay. A certain readjustment of conventional …

How To Organize Feeding In Complex Sheep Production Units In Mountain Areas Of The Kirghiz Ssr, K I. Isakov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the Kirghiz SSR, the driving-pasture system is conditioned by the vertical zonation of the Tien Shan and Alai mountain ranges. A fun­damentally new form of livestock production must be practiced to meet the present-day material and technical level of agricultural production. Such a new form is sheep fanning without driving. lt can be introduced in many mountainous regions of the USSR, where "inner" and "outer" pastures are available. The major conditions for a pasture system without driving are the creation of complex sheep production units and the establishment of the necessary fodder base. Two types of sheep production units …

Rearing Of Lambs On Intensively Managed Pastures In The Carpathian Region And Its Problems, Jozef Habovstiak

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

One of the patterns of utilizing the good pro­ductivity of grass stands in the Carpathian region consists in the intensive rearing of lambs in a pasture system. In the individual pasture farms, 350 to 700 kg of meat per ha were pro­duced over a grazing period of 130 to 150 days. A very important factor in this pasture system is the planning of technical equipment (fences, sheds, etc.). The most critical problem is, however, to keep the lambs in good health. In each pasture farm, therefore, periodical veterinary attendance and strict sanitary ar­rangements must be integral parts of the fight …

The Biological Performance And Efficient Utilization Of Artificial And Natural Grassland Areas In The Valleys And Mountainous Regions Of The Western Part Of Northern Tien Shan, N I. Zakharev, A A. Atabaev, L A. Golovina, L V. Koverga, N G. Kotysheva, I P. Lazarev, N S. Sotnikova, N N. Sycheva

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Investigations over several years and numer­ous experiments • carried .. out under different aspects and in different geographical zones revealed the fundamentally new importance of perennial legume/grass mixtures under in­tensive cultivation and utilization. The intensive utilization of young plants in several cuts and cycles at a high level of agrotechnics allows to obtain high yields of best-quality green ma­terial that can be fed fresh or used for pro­ducing feeds of high biological value, especially in regard to the protein, carotene, and phos­phorus contents. Intensive cultivation and utilization of legume/grass mixtures allows by different tech­nologies to produce feeds of high value …

Studies Of Some Species Sown As Single Crops Or In Mixtures In Alpine Areas, M I. Maslinkov, T S. Koichev, I A. Ivanov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experiment was conducted in the Central Rhodope Mountains, 1,880 m a.s.l., between 1969 and 1974, using red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), cock's foot (Dactylis glomerata L.), and bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), with 100 kg nitrogen and 80 kg phosphorus being applied to one hectare per annum. The tests were undertaken by cutting at grazing maturity. The following conclusions were mainly drawn from six-year observations and results obtained therefrom:

(1) Red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) was highly adaptable. It formed high-density plant stands and ensured the highest yields of green …

Influence Of Altitude Level On The Efficiency Of Natural And Sown Grasslands In The Slovakian Part Of The Carpathian Mountains, Jozef Habovstiak

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The results showed a decrease of production of grass stands by 10 % per 100 m altitude in­crease due to the decreasing temperatures. This decrease is more than twice· as high as in the Alpine regions. Similarly, in the higher altitudes the crude protein content of the same grass varieties decreased by 2 % and digestibility by 2.1-10%.

Studies Into Uses Of Natural Nardus Stricta L. Pastures, Totyu Totev, Konstantin Koev

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments were conducted over four con­secutive years, with the view to comparing controlled and unrestricted grazing by sheep. Controlled grazing was found to help increas­ing the green matter yield by 13.3 % and the hay yield by 12.5 %. The actual yield levels resulting from controlled grazing exceeded those ob­tained after unrestricted grazing by 32.5 % for green matter and by 31.5 % for hay. The utili­zation coefficient for green matter was higher by 12.5 %- A controlled grazing regime increased the consumption of real forage plants, such as Agrostis vulgaris, Festuca rubra V. Fallax, and Deschamps1a flexuosa, whereas forb …

Utilization Of Soil In Northern Latitudes, Vasil Ivanovich Ustinov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

About half of the territory of the Soviet Union is located in the Far North and in regions with similar conditions, including the vast lands of the tundra and forest tundra as well as the various subzones of the taiga. More than 500 million hectares are considered as forage-bearing land: grazing for reindeer and other farm animals, hay land, and potential arable land. Many scientists believe that up to 5 million head of reindeer may be kept grazing these lands. In recent times, great attention has been paid to the rearing of horses, elks, and musk­oxes in northern latitudes. Measures …

The Function Of Grasslands In The Concentrated And Specialized Agriculture And In The Management Of Landscape, Blazej Krcmar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Concentration and specialization of the large­scale agricultural production have come to the focus in recent years and, due to this fact, a new type of landscape is being formed. It is now of topical value to keep a given level of ecosystems heterogeneity. This is essential both in making the production more intensive and in conserving the necessary equilibrium of nature. A slight reduction of natural ecosystems, espe­cially of grassland swards, by the so-called intensification of agroecosystems might bring about an undesired ecological crisis of land­scape. To prevent this danger is our task.

Studies On The Alteration Of Grassland Ecosystems Under Intensification Of Grassland Management In The Gdr, Rudolf Hundt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of the investigations described in this paper consisted in finding out the effect of industry-like production methods on grassland ecosystems from the plant-sociolog­ical, ecological, and agricultural points of view. In 1954, grassland phytocoenoses in the Elbe river valley near Dessau and in the Mulde river valley near Wurzen had been the object of geobotanical investigations. These investiga­tions were repeated in 1976. Sprinkler irrigation, intensive eutrophication, and ihe inclusion of grazing resulted in a complete change of the ecosystems. The productiveness of the swards improved substantially both in quantitative and in qualitative respect, and the number of species declined …

Persistence Of Various Grassland Components Under Varying Compaction Of The Sward, Vladimir Regal, Miloslava Vesela

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Studies on poaching-reistant successors on 32 types of plant stands and the evaluation of 210 stands on test runs helped to select the species of highest resistance to poaching. By means drawn of such regarding studies the conclusions composition have of grassbeen sports mixtures for grounds, stress-resistant playgrounds, swards airfields, (pastures,and others). position, Poa These Lolium pratensis mixtures perenne bemay be ingthe of simple predominant com­ of species. Tr(folium repens may and serve for short-growing supplementingspecies the stand. In mountainous, Festuca more rubra humid lo­ cations Agrostis with tenuis poorer proved soils, suitable for supplemen­and tation.

Wildfires 1n Semiarid Artemisia/ Stipa Grasslands, James A. Young, Raymond A. Evans

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

We investigated plant succession after acciden­tal burning of Artemisia/ Stipa grasslands. Burn­ing is the most important catastrophic stand renewal process for this grazing resource. The most striking impact of burning was the com­plete removal of the dominant shrub Artemisia tridentata Nutt. which does not sprout after removal of the aerial portion of the plant. Numerous other species of shrubs do root­sprout after burning and assume dominance of the plant community for 10 to 15 years. The native perennial grasses were not unduly in­jured by the fire, but the density of perennial grass had been greatly reduced by a century of …

The Evaluation Of Relationships Between Ecological Factors And Production On Permanent Grassland, Vladimir Krajovic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On 42 sites in 10 districts of the Carpathian region of the CSSR, relationships were exam­ined between grassland production and region­al, climatic (precipitation, temperature, solar radiation), and soil conditions (soil type, pH, S, 'r, V, C0., nutrients, and clay fraction). To this, five variants of fertilization were used (0; PK; 120 kg N/ha + PK, 240 kg N/ha + PK; 480 kg N/ha + PK). None of the natural ecofactors is generally characteristic enough for determining an opti­mal production. But the nutrition and the utilization of grass stands are important under each condition. Therefore, a system of differ­entiated grassland management …

The Yield Dependence Of Grass/Clover Mixtures On Different Environmental Conditions, Zygmunt Gryncewicz, Franciszek Gospodarczyk

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Red clover as pure crop as well as in mixture with grasses gave the best yields in foothill locations (450 m above sea level) above all under conditions of sufficient precipitation. In mountain locations (850 m above sea level) grasses showed better growth, accounting for the main part in the overall herbage crop. In the mixtures compared, meadow fescue proved to be the best component in all alti­tudes, Italian ryegrass was best in lowland areas, and timothy in the highest altitudes. Best yields in terms of oat equivalents were obtained from mixtures consisting of 75% clover and 25 % grasses. …

Flood Adaptation And Productivity Of Savanna Grasses, E Gonzalez Jimenez, A Escobar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Savannas subjected to seasonal flooding occupy· vast areas of the Tropics. Above-ground bio­mass values for Venezuelan flooded savannas are high and related to the longer availability of water. C3 plants colonized the waterlogged unit and showed the highest productivity and nutritive value. This natural system permits a prolonged grazing season. These first results show the great potential for animal production of this ecosystem, stressing the need for coor­dinated research efforts in order to gain a better understanding of it.

Studies On Site, Vegetation And Intensification Of Temporarily Flooded Grassland Of The Lower Oder River Near Schwedt, Gisbert Schalitz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On the temporarily flooded grassland of the lower Oder River near Schwedt, yields can be considerably increased by establishing high­yielding Phalaris arundinacea stands. In the drier zone it is indispensable to kill the old sward. To this effect, adequate methods should be chosen according to the type of existing vegetation. In the range of moisture-tolerant plant as­sociations, increased nitrogen fertilization will allow to build up high-yielding pure stands in short time.

Lead Content In Meadow Vegetation From Non­Contaminated Areas, Andrzej Sapek

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In 270 samples of selected meadow plant spe­cies, taken from natural sites and permanent meadows in the 1st-cut period, the lead con­tent was determined. Mean lead content in particular species fluctuated from 0.36 ppm in Phalaris arundinacea to 1.38 ppm in Carex vulpina. On a whole, the lead content was lower in grasses than in herbs. No relationship between the total lead content in soil and plants has been proved. On the other hand, a positive and often significant relationship between the lead content in particular plant species and their potassium, copper, nickel, and phospho­rus contents was observed.

Influence Of Plant Nutrition And Method Of Utilization On The Accumulation And Decomposition Of Root Matter In Meadow Soils, Yan Liyv, Rikhard Toomre

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Root matter formation of forage plants de­pends primarily on soil fertility. In fertile soils and under intensive fertilization less root matter is formed than in soils of low fertility. The decomposition of root matter as influenced by microbiological processes was found to be more intensive under grazing than under mow­ing. The application of high rates of nitrogen fertilizer (more than 200 kg N/ha) over longer periods is likely to cause undesirable changes in the relationship between forage plants and soil microorganisms, this resulting in yield decline and in lower efficiency of the fertilizers applied.

The Influence Of Grassland Plants Ort The Accu1nulation Of Humus And Nitrogen In The Soil In The Conditions Of The Estonian Ssr, Arnold Sau

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The accumulation of nitrogen and humus in soil under perennial grassland plants was studied between 1965 and 1974 in a trial laid out on carbonated reddish brown sandy loam moraine of original levels of 0.22 % humus and 18 m %1 nitrogen, the C: N ratio being 7 .2. Nitrogen and humus accumulation in the moraine was found to proceed the faster, the higher were the yields of above-ground and underground plant matter. In the course of 10 years, the humus content in the upper 5 cm of soil reached 1.92 to 2.26 % for the higher­yielding variants (grasses+ 150 …