Can They Suffer?,
2018
Oakland University
Can They Suffer?, Todd K. Shackelford
Animal Sentience
We should treat sentient nonhuman animals as worthy of moral consideration, not because we share an evolutionary history with them, but because they can suffer. As Chapman & Huffman (2018) argue, humans are not uniquely disconnected from other species. We should minimize the suffering we inflict on sentient beings — whether human or nonhuman — not because they, too, are tool-makers or have sophisticated communication systems, but because they, too, can suffer, and suffering is bad.
Ecological Uncertainty Influences Vigilance As A Marker Of Fear,
2018
Concordia University
Ecological Uncertainty Influences Vigilance As A Marker Of Fear, Laurence E. A. Feyten, Grant E. Brown
Animal Sentience
We expand on the factors that may shape the predictability of risk and the potential impacts on the links between vigilance and fear, primarily in aquatic prey communities. Uncertainty in predation risks has been shown to induce increased levels of neophobia among prey. As a result of this phenotypically plastic response, prey are faced with risk assessment cues that may vary widely in their reliability. We argue that decomposing predictability may provide useful insights into the relationship between vigilance and fear.
A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Analysis Of Grapsoidea Crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) Based On Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 (Co1) Genes, Zhaozhe Xin, Yu Liu, Boping Tang, Chunlin Zhou, Qiuning Liu
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1) genes of eight species crabs of Grapsoidea were determined and analyzed in this paper. The traditional classification is that Grapsidae contains four subfamilies comprising Grapsinae, Varuninae, Sesarminae, and Plagusiinae, which are also treated as families in some studies. There is a lack of clarity in the classification of some species, such as Eriocheir species. In this study, we conducted the first exploration of evolutionary relationships among species based on analysis of the molecular data of CO1 genes of eight species (Sesarmops sinensis, Clistocoeloma sinensis, Perisesarma bidens, Helice latimera, Helice tientsinensis, …
Geographical Variation In Morphometry, Craniometry, And Diet Of Amammalian Species (Stone Marten, Martes Foina) Using Data Mining, Malamati Papakosta, Kyriaki Kitikidou, Dimitrios Bakaloudis, Christos Vlachos, Evangelos Chatzinikos, Olga Alexandrou, Anastasios Sakoulis
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Ecologists use various data mining techniques to make predictions and estimations, to identify patterns in datasets and relationships between qualitative and quantitative variables, or to classify variables. The aim of this study was to investigate if the application of data mining could be used to study geographical variation in the morphometry, craniometry, and diet of a mammalian species (Martes foina), and to determine whether data mining can complement genetic analysis to recognize subspecies. Morphometric, craniometric, and dietary data were collected from three different geographical regions in Greece (mainland, Aegean islands, and the island of Crete), and data mining techniques were …
Haematopoiesis In The European Common Toad Bufo Bufo (Linnaeus, 1758): New Methodological Insights To Study General, Seasonal, And Sexual Haematopoietic Distribution And Maturation Pattern, Damir Suljevic, Muhamed Focak, Filip Filipic, Alen Hamzic, Nadja Zubcevic, Andi Alijagic
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Peripheral blood and haematopoiesis in bone marrow and liver tissue were investigated in Bufo bufo during the sexual cycle. A combined touch and imprinting tissue method were applied for the haematopoietic cell isolation. The liver is the primary site of erythropoiesis and partial lymphopoiesis. There was a positive correlation between body mass and liver mass, but it was not significant (P > 0.05). The primary role of yellow bone marrow is the maturation of haematopoietic cells, while red bone marrow is responsible for the production of blood cells. The largest surface, and therefore the largest dimensions, was established for erythrocytes. Significant …
The Prevalence And Genetic Diversity Of Feline Immunodeficiency Virusand Feline Leukemia Virus Among Stray Cats In Harbin, China, Mei-Qiao Pan, Jiu-Cheng Wang, Ya-Jun Wang
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are typical retroviruses that are transmitted horizontally among felines. FIV results in symptoms of immunodeficiency such as weight loss, chronic lesions, opportunistic infections, and neurological abnormalities, while FeLV is known to cause a variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases in cats, such as thymic lymphoma, multicentric lymphoma myelodysplastic syndromes, acute myeloid leukemia, aplastic anemia, and immunodeficiency. The prevalence and genetic diversity of FIV and FeLV in stray cats have not been investigated. In this study, polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to test 198 blood samples from stray …
Biochemical Blood Parameters And Hormone Levels Of Foraging, Nesting,And Injured Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta Caretta) In Turkey, Doğan Sözbi̇len, Yakup Kaska
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The biochemical blood parameters of 22 (7 foraging, 7 nesting, and 8 injured) loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from the southwest coast of Turkey were investigated. A total of 27 blood variables were analyzed in three groups (plasma enzymes, plasma metabolites, and plasma ions), and 4 steroid hormones: testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), progesterone (Pro), and corticosterone (B). Triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, magnesium, and phosphorus were higher in nesting females; urea was high in foraging individuals; and sodium, potassium, and chloride were lower while estradiol levels were higher in injured individuals. In addition, plasma steroid hormone levels T, …
Effects Of Genetic Relatedness, Spatial Distance, And Context On Intraspecificaggression In The Red Wood Ant Formica Pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Volkan Aksoy, Yilmaz Çamlitepe
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In the present study, we tested the level of aggression of monodomous and polydomous colonies of the wood ant Formica pratensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with a behavioral assay in nature and laboratory conditions to see if the ants from neighboring colonies are more tolerant or more aggressive to each other than those from greater distances. We also tested how context (nature and laboratory conditions) affected aggression. Our results showed that the monodomous colonies were highly aggressive to all neighboring or nonneighboring conspecifics in nature irrespective of the spatial distance. The polydomous colony showed no aggression towards neighboring conspecifics but the level …
An Integrative Description Of Macrobiotus Hannae Sp. Nov. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae: Hufelandi Group) From Poland, Bernadeta Nowak, Daniel Stec
Turkish Journal of Zoology
A new species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group is described from Poland. An integrative taxonomic approach was applied by combining morphological and morphometric analysis imaging under phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy with molecular analysis (four molecular markers) to unambiguously support the establishment of the new species. The specimens of Macrobiotus hannae sp. nov. are similar to three taxa of the Macrobiotus hufelandi complex: Macrobiotus hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze, 1834; M. punctillus Pilato, Binda & Azzaro, 1990; and M. joannae Pilato & Binda, 1983. Nevertheless, the new species differs from the first two species by the absence of cuticular bars under …
Composition And Structure Of Soil Fauna Community In The Dexing Copper Mine Tailings Pool After Revegetation,
2018
TÜBİTAK
Composition And Structure Of Soil Fauna Community In The Dexing Copper Mine Tailings Pool After Revegetation, Ping Lu, Nianhua Dai, Xiaoyan Sun, Guohua Zhang, Derong Xu, Youhong Zhan
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The Dexing Copper Mine is one of the largest copper mines in Asia, but few studies have reported the soil fauna community composition after revegetation. This study investigated the influence of revegetation on the soil fauna communities and structures in three vegetation restoration models (designated as I, II, and III) and in a sample without revegetation (IV) in two tailings pools of Dexing Copper Mines 1 and 2 using modified Tullgren and Baermann methods. A total of 548 individuals were collected, which belonged to 5 classes, 7 orders, 3 suborders, and 19 families. The individuals, groups, and diversity of the …
Influence Of Tree Thinning On Abundance And Survival Probability Of Small Rodents In A Natural Deciduous Forest,
2018
TÜBİTAK
Influence Of Tree Thinning On Abundance And Survival Probability Of Small Rodents In A Natural Deciduous Forest, Jae-Kang Lee, Hyun-Su Hwang, Tae-Kyung Eom, Shin-Jae Rhim
Turkish Journal of Zoology
This study was conducted to investigate the influence of tree thinning on habitat variables and small rodents in a natural deciduous forest in South Korea. We focused on the populations of the small forest-dwelling rodents, striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius and Korean field mouse A. peninsulae. Populations were monitored for 2 years in a natural deciduous forest subject to tree thinning. The coverage of ground vegetation and number and volume of downed trees were significantly increased after thinning. However, the coverage of overstory and understory vegetation and number of standing trees were decreased in postthinning session. The abundance and survival …
Potential Distribution Of The Guava Psyllid Triozoida Limbata (Hemiptera, Psylloidea), Today And In Global Climate Change Scenarios, Dalva Queiroz, Marcos Silveira Wrege, Talita Benedcta Santos Künast, Marilice Cordeiro Garrastazu, Daniel Burckhardt
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The jumping plant-louse Triozoida limbata is monophagous on guava (Psidium guajava), inducing leaf galls. Guava is planted today in warmer regions around the world but T. limbata is restricted to Central and South America. Recently, the latter has become a key pest in commercial plantations in Brazil (Pernambuco and São Paulo). Modeling of potential distributions is a good tool for developing control strategies of insect pests. Based on distributional data from the Americas, we created models for the psyllids for the present and future using different scenarios of climate change. The OpenModeller eco-niche modeling program was used with the Environmental …
Morphological Characterization Of Hemocyte Types In Some Species Belonging Totettigoniidae And Pamphagidae (Insecta: Orthoptera), Gürhan Öztürk, Özlem Çakici, Hüseyi̇n Arikan
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In the present study, the species Eupholidoptera smyrnensis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), Decticus verrucivorus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), and Glyphotmethis spp. (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae) were studied in order to determine hemocyte types. To that end, hemolymph smear preparations were stained using Wright's stain. According to light microscopic examinations, five hemocyte types, prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes, and oenocytoids, were determined in each species. Prohemocytes are basic and the smallest cell type in the hemolymph. Plasmatocytes show polymorphism and they may have pseudopodia. Granulocytes are characterized by granules in their cytoplasm. Spherulocytes typically include spherical vacuoles. Oenocytoids are the largest cells …
Anoplodactylus (Pycnogonida: Phoxichilidiidae)From Brazil,New Records And Two New Species,
2018
TÜBİTAK
Anoplodactylus (Pycnogonida: Phoxichilidiidae)From Brazil,New Records And Two New Species, Rudá Lucena, Martin Lindsey Christoffersen
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Anoplodactylus is the largest and the most abundant genus of Phoxichilidiidae, with 134 described species, most from shallow waters. The genus is cosmopolitan and easily encountered in Brazil. The present work catalogues the species of Anoplodactylus found in Brazilian waters and describes two new species for the coast of northeastern Brazil. The material analyzed here was deposited in the Invertebrate Collection Paulo Young, which comprises the specimens collected for several studies along the Brazilian coast. Unsampled species were recorded from the literature. We extend the known records of seven species (A. batangensis, A. californicus, A. eroticus, A. evelinae, A. insignis, …
Further New And Little Known Species Of Ptyctimous Mites (Acari, Oribatida) From Cameroon,
2018
TÜBİTAK
Further New And Little Known Species Of Ptyctimous Mites (Acari, Oribatida) From Cameroon, Wojciech Niedbala, Tomasz Osiejuk
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Nineteen species of ptyctimous mites were found in 20 samples collected in Cameroon: 15 samples from the Southwest region, near the ocean, and 5 samples from the Northwest region, inland. Two new species: Euphthiracarus (Pocsia) inaequatus sp. n. and Steganacarus (Rhacaplacarus) alius sp. n. are described and figured. Six species are new to Cameroon. The so far unknown instars of Mesoplophora (Mesoplophora) invisitata Niedbala, 1983: larva, proto-, deuto-, and tritonymph are described. The deutonymph and tritonymph of M. (M.) invisitata are compared with the corresponding stages of the related species. The tritonymph of the species of both subgenera, Mesoplophora and …
Seasonal Variation And Taxonomic Composition Of Mesozooplankton In The Southern Black Sea (Off Sinop) Between 2005 And 2009,
2018
TÜBİTAK
Seasonal Variation And Taxonomic Composition Of Mesozooplankton In The Southern Black Sea (Off Sinop) Between 2005 And 2009, Funda Üstün, Levent Bat, Erhan Mutlu
Turkish Journal of Zoology
The monthly and long-term fluctuations of mesozooplankton abundance, biomass, and taxonomic composition in the Sinop inner harbor (southern Black Sea) between 2005 and 2009 are presented in the present study. In total, 31 mesozooplankton taxa were identified during the study. The recorded average mesozooplankton abundance and biomass were 34,323 ± 7580 ind. m$^{-2}$ and 1208 ± 460 mg m$^{-2}$ in 2005, 95,063 ± 31,434 ind m$^{-2}$ and 1787 ± 604 mg m$^{-2}$ in 2006, 97,626 ± 12,141 ind m$^{-2}$ and 1034 ± 20 mg m$^{-2}$ in 2007, 91,918 ± 10,476 ind m$^{-2}$ and 775 ± 121 mg m$^{-2}$ in 2008, …
Temporal Variability Of The Macroinvertebrate Community Associated Witheichhornia Azurea (Swarts) Kunth (Pontederiaceae) In A Lake Marginal To A Tropical River, Natalia Kaori Araki, Carolina Vieira Da Silva, Raoul Henry
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Aquatic macroinvertebrates have a close relationship with associated floating macrophytes, especially with the roots. The plant root mass is an environment favorable to the development of the macroinvertebrate fauna, supplying both food resources and refuge against predators. The present study aimed to analyze the structure of the macroinvertebrate community associated with the roots of Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth (Pontederiaceae) in a lake marginal to a tropical river. Sampling was performed quarterly in three stands of E. azurea. One plant specimen was selected from each stand and five root mass samples were collected. The study was carried out in an extremely …
Contribution And Acclimatization Of The Swarming Tropical Copepod Dioithona Oculata (Farran, 1913) In A Mediterranean Coastal Ecosystem, Tuba Terbiyik Kurt
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In this study, tropical oithonid copepod Dioithona oculata was recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea. This species is distinguished easily by its large ocular lenses and by the number of setae on the endopod of the maxillule. The study was conducted seasonally in the coastal area of İskenderun Bay between April 2013 and December 2016. D. oculata was first observed in October 2013 in the study area (Station 4; 3.1 ind. m$^{-3}$)); after this period, this species became an important contributor to zooplankton assemblages in October with the highest level seen in 2016 (Station 4, 834.5 ind. …
Distribution, Density, And Important Hotspots Of Krüper?S Nuthatch Sitta Krueperi In Turkey And Lesvos Island, Greece,
2018
TÜBİTAK
Distribution, Density, And Important Hotspots Of Krüper?S Nuthatch Sitta Krueperi In Turkey And Lesvos Island, Greece, Tamer Albayrak, Ali̇ Erdoğan
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Atlas projects and phylogeographic studies provide detailed information of great value on key species; distribution maps of the species are the primary input for establishing hotspots, conservation, and management plans. Krüper's Nuthatch (Sitta krueperi) is endemic to Anatolia, Lesvos Island, and the Caucasus region. We surveyed more than 1400 point counts in Turkey and Greece, covering most of its global distribution in its potential habitat, coniferous forestland, during the breeding season. The geographical information system was used for preparing the distribution maps and depicting the hotspots for Krüper?s Nuthatch. The population density of Krüper?s Nuthatch in all of Turkey was …
Zercon Ostovani Sp. Nov. (Acari: Mesostigmata: Zerconidae) From Iran,
2018
TÜBİTAK
Zercon Ostovani Sp. Nov. (Acari: Mesostigmata: Zerconidae) From Iran, Sanaz Javan, Mehmet Karaca, Raşi̇t Urhan
Turkish Journal of Zoology
Zercon ostovani sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on female specimens collected from Eram Botanical Garden in Fars Province, southwestern Iran. The similarities and differences between related species within the same genus are also discussed.
