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Full-Text Articles in Demography, Population, and Ecology

Findings From Landscape Analysis In Bauchi On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council Jan 2016

Findings From Landscape Analysis In Bauchi On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Maternal and newborn deaths due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) are preventable, yet in Nigeria this is the most significant direct cause of maternal deaths. To appreciate the enormity of this problem at country and state levels, a landscape analysis was conducted by the Population Council in 2015 on PE/E in seven states in Nigeria. This brief presents results for Bauchi State and details findings on facility capacity and preparedness, service provider knowledge and skills, quality of care, community knowledge and perceptions, and survivors’ experiences. This landscape analysis identified the gaps in facilities’ and providers’ capacities for preventing, detecting, and …

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Findings From Landscape Analysis In Cross River On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council Jan 2016

Findings From Landscape Analysis In Cross River On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Maternal and newborn deaths due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) are preventable, yet in Nigeria this is the most significant direct cause of maternal deaths. To appreciate the enormity of this problem at country and state levels, a landscape analysis was conducted by the Population Council in 2015 on PE/E in seven states in Nigeria. This brief presents results for Cross River State and details findings on facility capacity and preparedness, service provider knowledge and skills, quality of care, community knowledge and perceptions, and survivors’ experiences. The brief recommends increasing community awareness of the condition, improving antenatal care quality, and …

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Findings From Landscape Analysis In Ebonyi On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council Jan 2016

Findings From Landscape Analysis In Ebonyi On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Maternal and newborn deaths due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) are preventable, yet in Nigeria this is the most significant direct cause of maternal deaths. To appreciate the enormity of this problem at country and state levels, a landscape analysis was conducted by the Population Council in 2015 on PE/E in seven states in Nigeria. This brief presents results for the landscape analysis in Ebonyi which identified the gaps in facilities’ and providers’ capacities for preventing, detecting, and managing PE/E; assessing community awareness, beliefs, and experiences of PE/E; and determined priority areas for research and programs to improve access to …

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Findings From Landscape Analysis In Katsina On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council Jan 2016

Findings From Landscape Analysis In Katsina On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Maternal and newborn deaths due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) are preventable, yet in Nigeria this is the most significant direct cause of maternal deaths. To appreciate the enormity of this problem at country and state levels, a landscape analysis was conducted by the Population Council in 2015 on PE/E in seven states in Nigeria. This brief presents results for the landscape analysis in Katsina and recommends many areas of opportunity to prevent maternal death associated with PE/E throughout pregnancy, and different approaches to make the most of these opportunities. Maternal and newborn deaths due to PE/E are preventable: by …

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Findings From Landscape Analysis In Kogi On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council Jan 2016

Findings From Landscape Analysis In Kogi On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Maternal and newborn deaths due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) are preventable, yet in Nigeria this is the most significant direct cause of maternal deaths. To appreciate the enormity of this problem at country and state levels, a landscape analysis was conducted by the Population Council in 2015 on PE/E in seven states in Nigeria. This brief presents results for the landscape analysis in Kogi. It is clear from the findings that at the state policy level, there is limited knowledge of what has been developed nationally; there is confusion about how policies, guidelines, and protocols reach not only the …

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Findings From Landscape Analysis In Ondo On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council Jan 2016

Findings From Landscape Analysis In Ondo On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Maternal and newborn deaths due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) are preventable, yet in Nigeria this is the most significant direct cause of maternal deaths. To appreciate the enormity of this problem at country and state levels, a landscape analysis was conducted by the Population Council in 2015 on PE/E in seven states in Nigeria. This brief presents results for the landscape analysis in Ondo. This landscape analysis identified the gaps in facilities’ and providers’ capacities for preventing, detecting, and managing PE/E. The brief concludes that a multi-pronged approach is required to address the systems issues that create barriers to …

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Findings From Landscape Analysis In Sokoto On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council Jan 2016

Findings From Landscape Analysis In Sokoto On Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Maternal and newborn deaths due to pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) are preventable, yet in Nigeria this is the most significant direct cause of maternal deaths. To appreciate the enormity of this problem at country and state levels, a landscape analysis was conducted by the Population Council in 2015 on PE/E in seven states in Nigeria. This brief presents results for the landscape analysis in Sokoto. This landscape analysis identified the gaps in facilities’ and providers’ capacities for preventing, detecting, and managing PE/E. The brief concludes that a multi-pronged approach is required to address the systems issues that create barriers to …

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Increasing Access To Magnesium Sulphate In Nigeria, Population Council Jan 2016

Increasing Access To Magnesium Sulphate In Nigeria, Population Council

Reproductive Health

The World Health Organization recommends magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) as the most effective, safe, and low-cost drug for treating pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. To increase access to and use of MgSO4 in Kano State, Nigeria the Population Council trained lower-cadre healthcare providers in antenatal clinics to detect pre-eclampsia early and institute timely and appropriate management by administering the loading dose of MgSO4 and referring for follow-up care. This brief reports that the intervention, which was supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, reduced the maternal mortality rate due to PE/E by 40 percent in project sites. Moving forward, the …

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Landscape Analysis Report On Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Pakistan, Ali M. Mir, Saleem Shaikh, Mumraiz Khan, Irfan Masood, Karen Kirk, Amy Dempsey, Charlotte E. Warren Jan 2016

Landscape Analysis Report On Pre-Eclampsia And Eclampsia In Pakistan, Ali M. Mir, Saleem Shaikh, Mumraiz Khan, Irfan Masood, Karen Kirk, Amy Dempsey, Charlotte E. Warren

Reproductive Health

This report presents the findings of a landscape analysis of the policy, programming, and service environment around prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E) in Pakistan. The primary aim of the landscape analysis was to identify the policy and program level of activities, as well as gaps and challenges around prevention and treatment of PE/E and the use of magnesium sulphate at the provincial and district levels in Pakistan. The study was carried out by the Population Council in 2016, with the support of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) as part of the Project entitled “Ending …

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Promoting Respectful Maternity Care Resource Package: Community Flipchart, Population Council Jan 2016

Promoting Respectful Maternity Care Resource Package: Community Flipchart, Population Council

Reproductive Health

Progress toward the reduction of maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality has been slow because improvements require overcoming financial and geographical barriers to accessing skilled care, as well as the poor quality of care in maternity units. A little-understood component of the poor quality of care experienced by women during facility-based childbirth is the disrespectful and abusive behavior of healthcare providers and other facility staff. Acknowledgment of these behaviors by policymakers, program staff, civil society groups, and community members indicates the problem is widespread. This is a teaching aid for community health workers and other community-level resource persons to conduct …

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Formative Research On Assessing Barriers To Fistula Care And Treatment In Nigeria, Charlotte E. Warren, Rachel Agbonkhese, Salisu Mohammed Ishaku Jan 2016

Formative Research On Assessing Barriers To Fistula Care And Treatment In Nigeria, Charlotte E. Warren, Rachel Agbonkhese, Salisu Mohammed Ishaku

Reproductive Health

This report documents results of a systematic study of peer-reviewed and “grey” literature which identified studies relevant for understanding barriers to accessing obstetric fistula (OF) care in developing countries. To more comprehensively and holistically understand these barriers in Nigeria and potential enabling factors for alleviation, this study explored the perspectives of those involved in both identifying fistula and accessing care, such as family members and other community stakeholders including patriarchs, matriarchs, community leaders, and other opinion leaders. It also examines the cultural patterns, myths, and perspectives related to OF and how they influence women’s willingness and capacities to access surgical …

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Barriers To Fistula Repair In Uganda: A Formative Study, Population Council Jan 2016

Barriers To Fistula Repair In Uganda: A Formative Study, Population Council

Reproductive Health

This brief describes a formative research study conducted in Uganda by the Population Council, building on the results of a systematic review, to better understand the barriers and enabling factors for fistula repair care delivery and access. Understanding how Ugandan women living with fistula decide to seek care, identify and reach medical centers, and receive adequate and appropriate care is integral and continues to influence the design of a larger implementation pilot. This study focuses on Fistula Care Plus project-supported treatment facilities where fistula camps are routinely held. Results show that while it is difficult to measure the relative influence …

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Fact Sheet—How Does Quality Of Care Relate To A Rights-Based Approach To Family Planning Programs?, Jan Kumar Jan 2016

Fact Sheet—How Does Quality Of Care Relate To A Rights-Based Approach To Family Planning Programs?, Jan Kumar

Reproductive Health

Because policymakers are challenged by numerous, overlapping definitions of quality of care, with uncertainty about which to adopt, there is a need for common understanding of each construct and its contribution to family planning (FP). This factsheet describes several definitions of quality in health care that are widely accepted. It concludes that improving and assuring quality of care is a legal, ethical, and practical imperative, and is instrumental in achieving outcomes that benefit women, children, and programs. If donors embrace, fund, and hold governments accountable to the fullness of a rights-based approach for FP with an explicit focus on assuring …

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Measuring Quality Of Care: A Review Of Previously Used Methodologies And Indicators, Katherine Tumlinson Jan 2016

Measuring Quality Of Care: A Review Of Previously Used Methodologies And Indicators, Katherine Tumlinson

Reproductive Health

Despite successful efforts to increase financial and geographic access to family planning services in many parts of the developing world, large numbers of women with a desire to delay or limit future pregnancies are not using contraceptive methods. Several multi-country, large-scale facility surveys incorporate indicators for measuring the quality of family planning service delivery. These facility surveys use data collection tools such as facility audits, provider and client questionnaires, and third party observation guides. A limited body of research indicates that the validity of these tools is low, however, while large variations in analytical approaches inhibit use of existing literature …

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Fact Sheet—Measuring Quality Of Care: A Review Of Methodologies And Indicators, Katherine Tumlinson Jan 2016

Fact Sheet—Measuring Quality Of Care: A Review Of Methodologies And Indicators, Katherine Tumlinson

Reproductive Health

Broad support for the promotion of high-quality service delivery in family planning (FP) programs is rooted in the publication in 1990 of a formal framework outlining its essential elements. This framework, developed by Judith Bruce of the Population Council, defines FP service delivery quality through six critical elements: choice of methods, information provided to clients, interpersonal relations, provider competence, follow-up mechanisms, and appropriate range of services offered. This factsheet argues that despite widespread endorsement of the Bruce framework and development of standardized data collection instruments, obstacles to accurate measures of quality of care remain. It concludes that further discussion within …

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Addressing Supply Side Factors To Improve Family Planning And Reproductive Health Services In The Indian National Health Insurance Scheme In Uttar Pradesh, Arupendra Mozumdar, Kumudha Aruldas, Aparna Jain, Laura Reichenbach, Robin Keeley, M.E. Khan Jan 2016

Addressing Supply Side Factors To Improve Family Planning And Reproductive Health Services In The Indian National Health Insurance Scheme In Uttar Pradesh, Arupendra Mozumdar, Kumudha Aruldas, Aparna Jain, Laura Reichenbach, Robin Keeley, M.E. Khan

Reproductive Health

The Indian National Health Insurance Scheme, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), was launched by the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India in 2008 to promote equitable access to health services through the private and public sectors. Almost eight years into the program, it was an opportune time to examine usage levels and barriers and facilitators to the program’s effectiveness. The Evidence Project conducted a study among the urban poor in Uttar Pradesh to look at awareness and use of the RSBY program and family planning/reproductive health (FP/RH) services, examine concerns of those administering the program and providing services, …

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Adolescents In Bangladesh: Programmatic Approaches To Sexual And Reproductive Health Education And Services, Sigma Ainul, Ashish Bajracharya, Laura Reichenbach Jan 2016

Adolescents In Bangladesh: Programmatic Approaches To Sexual And Reproductive Health Education And Services, Sigma Ainul, Ashish Bajracharya, Laura Reichenbach

Reproductive Health

There is a gap in knowledge and understanding of effective adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) programming in Bangladesh, especially programming at scale. Initiatives to address ASRH have been implemented at different times by both the Government of Bangladesh and NGOs, but these activities have often been fragmented and are not well documented or evaluated, making it difficult to know what worked well and what did not. This policy brief presents selected findings from a comprehensive review and analysis of ASRH programming in Bangladesh, carried out by the Population Council’s Evidence Project, with financial support from USAID/Bangladesh, as part of …

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Contraceptive Use Dynamics In India: Cohort Study Of Modern Spacing Contraceptive Users, Population Council Jan 2016

Contraceptive Use Dynamics In India: Cohort Study Of Modern Spacing Contraceptive Users, Population Council

Reproductive Health

This two-page activity brief provides an overview of the Evidence Project’s Contraceptive Use Dynamics in India activity. Modern contraceptive use in India has steadily increased, but remains heavily skewed toward female sterilization. Use of modern spacing methods such as injectables, the pill, and the IUCD is low, and discontinuation rates are high. Achieving the goal of expanding the method mix by increasing reliance on modern spacing methods, as laid out in India’s FP2020 commitment, requires understanding and addressing the reasons for discontinuation and for method switching (or non-switching), from both the users’ and the providers’ perspective.

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Implementation Science Approaches To Family Planning And Reproductive Health: Experiential Learning And Sharing For Implementers, Policy-Makers, Researchers, And Advocates, Laura Reichenbach, Carolyn Rodehau, Emily Peca, John Stanback Jan 2016

Implementation Science Approaches To Family Planning And Reproductive Health: Experiential Learning And Sharing For Implementers, Policy-Makers, Researchers, And Advocates, Laura Reichenbach, Carolyn Rodehau, Emily Peca, John Stanback

Reproductive Health

This is a report on a workshop funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the Evidence Project, in collaboration with the TRAction Project. This interactive half-day session provided participants with practical examples of how implementation science (IS) can inform programming and policies related to family planning and reproductive health. Presentations, case studies, and group discussions sought to address the following questions: 1) What are the benefits and challenges or limitations of an IS approach to family planning/reproductive health programming? 2) What is the relationship between evidence and advocacy? 3) How can evidence be best utilized to …

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Men As Contraceptive Users: Programs, Outcomes And Recommendations, Karen Hardee, Melanie Croce-Galis, Jill Gay Jan 2016

Men As Contraceptive Users: Programs, Outcomes And Recommendations, Karen Hardee, Melanie Croce-Galis, Jill Gay

Reproductive Health

Knowledge about reaching men as clients of family planning services in today’s programming environment is still limited. This report reviews 47 current activities, programs, and evidence that affect men’s use of contraceptive methods. The review includes three methods that men use directly, namely condoms, vasectomy, and withdrawal, and one that requires their direct cooperation, namely the Standard Days Method. Evidence comes from: a review of published and grey literature documentation of interventions focused on men as users of contraception in low- and middle-income countries; and interviews with organizations and institutions that are conducting programming and research in the area of …

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Scaling Up Family Planning In Zambia—Part 1: Assessment And Feasibility Of Maintaining An Innovative Program, Benjamin Bellows, Mary Nambao, Luigi Jaramillo, Roz Fanaiayan, Mardieh Dennis, Karen Hardee Jan 2016

Scaling Up Family Planning In Zambia—Part 1: Assessment And Feasibility Of Maintaining An Innovative Program, Benjamin Bellows, Mary Nambao, Luigi Jaramillo, Roz Fanaiayan, Mardieh Dennis, Karen Hardee

Reproductive Health

To support the Government of Zambia in addressing its reproductive health challenges and in meeting its goals for 2020, the United Kingdom Department for International Development funded a four-year effort to support public sector contraceptive expansion under the Scaling Up Family Planning (SUFP) Project, led by Abt Associates. Launched in 2012, and with a focus on hard-to-reach areas and youth and expanding access to long-acting reversible contraceptives, SUFP was a technical assistance program designed to strengthen the ability of the public sector to provide services to meet the country’s FP2020 goals. SUFP focused on capacity building, infrastructure strengthening, behavior change …

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Scaling Up Family Planning In Zambia—Part 2: The Cost Of Scaling Up Family Planning Services, David Collins, Colin Gilmartin Jan 2016

Scaling Up Family Planning In Zambia—Part 2: The Cost Of Scaling Up Family Planning Services, David Collins, Colin Gilmartin

Reproductive Health

This costing study is Part 2 of a broader implementation research study designed to establish the feasibility of integrating successful interventions and lessons from the Scaling Up Family Planning (SUFP) project into Zambia’s health system at the conclusion of the project, and to contribute to the global learning on scaling up family planning services. The main contribution of the costing study was to examine the cost implications in determining the scope and pace of scale up. Challenges experienced during the project reportedly included lack of equipment and limited space in some facilities, government staff shortages, and irregular access to supplies …

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Situational Analysis Of The Private Sector In The Delivery Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Current Status And Potential For Increased Involvement, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows Jan 2016

Situational Analysis Of The Private Sector In The Delivery Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Current Status And Potential For Increased Involvement, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows

Reproductive Health

The recent increase in Egypt’s total fertility rate, along with stalling contraceptive rates and persistent unmet need for family planning (FP), highlights a need to explore new venues for providing FP services. The specific objectives of this study are to determine the size, scope, and scale of private-sector FP providers (private physicians, nongovernmental organization clinics, and private pharmacies); examine the policy and regulatory environment for private provision of FP products and services; and assess business, financing, and training needs of the private health sector and the potential for expanding its role in FP service provision. To improve current trends in …

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The Private Sector As A Provider Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Challenges And Opportunities, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows Jan 2016

The Private Sector As A Provider Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Challenges And Opportunities, Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows

Reproductive Health

The recent increase in Egypt’s fertility rate, following decades of progress in lowering fertility levels, highlights the need for renewed attention to the country’s family planning program. The Ministry of Health is currently the largest provider of family planning in Egypt, serving a diverse population of women, many of whom may not need the free public service. Expanding the role of the private sector in the provision of family planning services and supplies holds great potential to more effectively meet the current and future family planning needs of millions of Egyptian women. This brief examines the role of the private …

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The Private Sector As A Provider Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Challenges And Opportunities [Arabic], Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows Jan 2016

The Private Sector As A Provider Of Family Planning Services In Egypt: Challenges And Opportunities [Arabic], Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Doaa Oraby, Benjamin Bellows

Reproductive Health

[In Arabic] The recent increase in Egypt’s fertility rate, following decades of progress in lowering fertility levels, highlights the need for renewed attention to the country’s family planning program. The Ministry of Health is currently the largest provider of family planning in Egypt, serving a diverse population of women, many of whom may not need the free public service. Expanding the role of the private sector in the provision of family planning services and supplies holds great potential to more effectively meet the current and future family planning needs of millions of Egyptian women. This brief examines the role of …

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Understanding Demand For Family Planning And Reproductive Health Services Through The Indian National Health Insurance Scheme In Uttar Pradesh, Arupendra Mozumdar, Kumudha Aruldas, Aparna Jain, Laura Reichenbach, Robin Keeley, M.E. Khan Jan 2016

Understanding Demand For Family Planning And Reproductive Health Services Through The Indian National Health Insurance Scheme In Uttar Pradesh, Arupendra Mozumdar, Kumudha Aruldas, Aparna Jain, Laura Reichenbach, Robin Keeley, M.E. Khan

Reproductive Health

The Indian National Health Insurance Scheme, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), was launched by the Ministry of Labour and Employment in 2008 to promote equitable access to health services through the private and public sectors. This scheme is intended to offer economically disadvantaged families living below the poverty line in urban and rural areas access to a pre-specified package of health services including: general surgery, general medical care, pediatric care, gynecological care, family planning (FP) and other reproductive health (RH) services, dental, ophthalmology, urology, neurosurgery, and oncology. Almost eight years into the program, this is an opportune time to examine …

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Utilization Of National Health Insurance For Family Planning And Reproductive Health Services By The Urban Poor In Uttar Pradesh, India, Arupendra Mozumdar, Kumudha Aruldas, Aparna Jain, Laura Reichenbach, Robin Keeley, M.E. Khan Jan 2016

Utilization Of National Health Insurance For Family Planning And Reproductive Health Services By The Urban Poor In Uttar Pradesh, India, Arupendra Mozumdar, Kumudha Aruldas, Aparna Jain, Laura Reichenbach, Robin Keeley, M.E. Khan

Reproductive Health

In 2008, the Government of India launched the National Health Insurance Scheme, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), to enable families living below the poverty line in both urban and rural areas to access a range of private health services. The available evidence suggests several limitations and barriers that may affect the utilization of RSBY services and warrants a more in-depth examination of the contexts of family planning/reproductive health (FP/RH) services. The Population Council, under the Evidence project, conducted a study among the urban poor to: 1) determine RSBY awareness and barriers to enrollment; 2) identify barriers and facilitating factors to …

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Delivering Contraceptive Vaginal Rings To Breastfeeding Women, Population Council Jan 2016

Delivering Contraceptive Vaginal Rings To Breastfeeding Women, Population Council

Reproductive Health

The Progesterone Vaginal Ring (PVR) is a user-controlled contraceptive that helps breastfeeding women safely and effectively space, delay, or limit their next pregnancy. The Population Council and partners developed the PVR to help address the unmet need for contraception among breastfeeding women. The ring provides a convenient option that adds choices for new mothers and promotes optimal infant nutrition and health. This two-page brief provides fast facts for advancing nutrition and infant health with the PVR.

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Building A National Pro-Choice Alliance In Mexico: Evaluation Of The Alliance Media Campaign To Promote Access To Safe, Free, And Legal Abortion Services, Population Council Jan 2016

Building A National Pro-Choice Alliance In Mexico: Evaluation Of The Alliance Media Campaign To Promote Access To Safe, Free, And Legal Abortion Services, Population Council

Reproductive Health

The Population Council and Alliance partners designed a legal abortion media campaign aimed at informing women in Mexico City of their legal right to a safe, free elective abortion during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. The impetus for the campaign was the apparent lack of knowledge regarding the legality of abortion in Mexico City among low-income, marginalized women of reproductive age combined with the inadequate number of Mexico City Ministry of Health facilities equipped to provide services to women living in an expansive metropolitan area such as Mexico City. This brief presents results of an evaluation that show that …

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Evaluating The Impact Of Integrated Microfinance And Reproductive (Mf/Rh) Services On Household Wellbeing And Reproductive Health Behaviors Of Women In Nigeria, Population Council Jan 2016

Evaluating The Impact Of Integrated Microfinance And Reproductive (Mf/Rh) Services On Household Wellbeing And Reproductive Health Behaviors Of Women In Nigeria, Population Council

Reproductive Health

A growing body of studies attempts to show that microfinance institutions are capable of contributing to improvements in women’s reproductive health (RH) status by integrating information that leads to behavioral change. In Nigeria, there is little evidence documenting the impact and health outcomes among beneficiaries of integrated microfinance and reproductive health (MF/RH) service. The integrated MF/RH program, funded by The David & Lucile Packard Foundation and implemented by Partners for Development, provided an opportunity to test the impact of integrating RH messaging and support for service provision into a microcredit scheme. The objective of this integrated approach was to improve …

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