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Articles 61 - 87 of 87
Full-Text Articles in Physics
Development Of A Panchromatic Acrylamide Based Photopolymer For Multicolour Reflection Holography, Chakrapani Meka, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Izabela Naydenova, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Development Of A Panchromatic Acrylamide Based Photopolymer For Multicolour Reflection Holography, Chakrapani Meka, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Izabela Naydenova, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Articles
The development of a panchromatic acrylamide based photopolymer (ABP) for holographic recording application is presented. The scattering of the recording medium was characterised by measuring the Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Function (BSDF). The dynamic range in reflection mode of recording was evaluated by measuring the diffraction efficiencies of the holographic gratings recorded individually at 633nm, 532nm, and 473nm wavelengths at spatial frequencies of 4200 l/mm, 5000 l/mm and 5700 l/mm respectively. Spectral characterisation of the reflection gratings recorded using a combined single RGB beam was carried out and the reconstructed wavelengths were monitored and compared with the recording wavelengths. The recorded …
Study Of The Photoinduced Surface Relief Modulation In Photopolymers Caused By Illumination With A Gaussian Beam Of Light, Tzvetanka Babeva, Dana Mackey, Suzanne Martin, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal
Study Of The Photoinduced Surface Relief Modulation In Photopolymers Caused By Illumination With A Gaussian Beam Of Light, Tzvetanka Babeva, Dana Mackey, Suzanne Martin, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal
Articles
The formation of surface relief profile in photopolymerisable systems when illuminated with a focused beam of light is simulated numerically using a two-way diffusion model that takes account both for monomer and short polymer chains diffusion. The concentration and spatial distribution dynamics of monomer and short and long polymer chains are calculated. The surface profile is obtained from calculated components concentrations considering different densities of monomer and polymer. The influence of the illumination time, intensity and spot diameter on the surface profiles dynamics is discussed. A good agreement between the calculated and the experimentally measured profiles is observed thus demonstrating …
Two-Way Diffusion Model For Short Exposure Holographic Grating Formation In Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer, Tzvetanka Babeva, Izabela Naydenova, Dana Mackey, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Two-Way Diffusion Model For Short Exposure Holographic Grating Formation In Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer, Tzvetanka Babeva, Izabela Naydenova, Dana Mackey, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Articles
A theoretical model for formation of a short exposure holographic grating is presented. The model accounts for both monomer and polymer diffusion and distinguishes between short polymer chains capable of diffusing and long polymer chains that are immobile. It is shown that the experimentally observed decrease of diffraction efficiency at higher spatial frequency can be predicted by assuming diffusion of short-chain polymers away from the bright fringes. The time evolution of the refractive index modulation after short exposure is calculated and compared with experimental results. The effects of diffusion coefficients, polymerization rates, intensity and spatial frequency of recording on the …
Optical Properties Of Photopolymer Layers Doped With Aluminophosphate Nanocrystals, Elsa Leite, Tzvetanka Babeva, E Ng, Vincent Toal, Svetlana Mintova, Izabela Naydenova
Optical Properties Of Photopolymer Layers Doped With Aluminophosphate Nanocrystals, Elsa Leite, Tzvetanka Babeva, E Ng, Vincent Toal, Svetlana Mintova, Izabela Naydenova
Articles
The optical properties of photopolymer layers consisting of an acrylamide–based matrix and microporous aluminophosphate nanocrystals of AEI- type are investigated. The compatibility of the photopolymer doped with the nanoparticles is studied. The surface and volume properties of the layers with different levels of doping with microporous nanocrystals are characterized. The effective refractive indices and absorption coefficients of the doped photopolymer layers are determined and used to calculate the refractive index and porosity of pure AEI nanoparticles used as dopants. Volume transmission gratings were recorded in the doped photopolymer layers at different spatial frequencies. By spatial monitoring of the characteristic Raman …
Optimisation Of An Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer System For Holographic Inscription Of Surface Patterns With Sub-Micron Resolution, Kevin Trainer, Kevin Wearen, Dimana Nazarova, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal
Optimisation Of An Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer System For Holographic Inscription Of Surface Patterns With Sub-Micron Resolution, Kevin Trainer, Kevin Wearen, Dimana Nazarova, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal
Articles
We describe the optimisation of the holographic patterning of sub-micrometer surface relief structures in an acrylamide-based photopolymer. A substantial improvement in the photoinduced surface relief resolution was achieved by altering the photopolymer chemical composition and by introducing a single step post recording thermal treatment of the layers. It was observed that, by optimisation of the chemical composition of the photopolymer layers, the maximum achievable spatial frequency increases from 200 l/mm to 550 l/mm. The improvement of the surface relief amplitude by alteration of the chemical composition is limited due to the fact that both decrease of the plasticiser and increase …
A Diffusion Model For Spatially Dependent Photopolymerization, Dana Mackey, Tzvetanka Babeva, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal
A Diffusion Model For Spatially Dependent Photopolymerization, Dana Mackey, Tzvetanka Babeva, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal
Articles
Photopolymers represent an attractive class of optical recording materials due to properties such as high refractive index modulation, dry film processing, long shelf life, etc. Applications include holographically based devices for optical storage disks, optical interconnections, optical memories and filters. This paper will address the dynamics of short-exposure holographic grating formation; a new mathematical model is proposed with the aim of understanding the experimental observations of low diffraction efficiency in high spatial frequency gratings.
Vibration Phase Measurements Using Holographic Optical Elements, Viswanath Bavigadda, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Vincent Toal, Emilia Mihaylova
Vibration Phase Measurements Using Holographic Optical Elements, Viswanath Bavigadda, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Vincent Toal, Emilia Mihaylova
Articles
The application of an out-of-plane sensitive electronic speckle pattern interferometer (ESPI) using holographic optical element (HOE) to vibration amplitude and phase mapping is reported. The novelty of the proposed system is the use of a speckle reference wave stored in a reflection holographic optical element (HOE). The incorporation of a HOE minimizes the alignment difficulties. The HOE based ESPI system is compact containing only a diode laser, HOE and a digital CMOS camera. The measurement technique is a combination of time averaged ESPI and reference beam phase modulation in an unbalanced interferometer. The reference beam phase modulation is implemented by …
Photopolymers: Beyond The Standard Approach To Photosensitisation, Izabela Naydenova, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Photopolymers: Beyond The Standard Approach To Photosensitisation, Izabela Naydenova, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Articles
A photopolymerizable material for use in the visible normally consists of a dye sensitizer, a free radical generator, monomer/monomers and, optionally, a binder, and is prepared usually as a dry or liquid film. Upon illumination with light of appropriate wavelength, a photopolymerisation reaction is triggered, leading to a change in the film’s refractive index. Because the presence of the dye is essential, the film is usually made sensitive to light during its preparation. Here we separate the film preparation and the sensitisation processes. In this way the photopolymerisation process can be used to detect dye labelled analytes, providing an alternative …
Characterisation Of The Humidity And Temperature Responses Of A Reflection Hologram Recorded In Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer, Izabela Naydenova, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Vincent Toal, Suzanne Martin
Characterisation Of The Humidity And Temperature Responses Of A Reflection Hologram Recorded In Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer, Izabela Naydenova, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Vincent Toal, Suzanne Martin
Articles
The humidity and temperature responses of a reflection hologram recorded in a self-processing photopolymer layer have been characterised by measurement of the position of the maximum intensity in the spectral response of the hologram. It has been demonstrated that such a hologram can be used for indication of the relative humidity (RH) in a specific temperature range. The operational range and reversibility of the holograms have been characterised in a controlled humidity and temperature environment. The humidity studies were carried out in the range from 10 to 80% RH and the temperature range under study was 15 – 50 ºC.
Simple Versatile Shearing Interferometer Suitable For Measurements On A Microscopic Scale, Emilia Mihaylova, Vincent Toal
Simple Versatile Shearing Interferometer Suitable For Measurements On A Microscopic Scale, Emilia Mihaylova, Vincent Toal
Articles
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) behave differently from massive samples. Conventional testing and inspection techniques usually fail at the microscale. Recently there has been an increasing interest in the application of optical techniques for microstructure testing, because they are high-resolution, non-contact, full-field, fast and relatively inexpensive. New interferometric systems, which are suitable for microscopic optical metrology, are of interest for engineering and industrial applications. A modified electronic speckle pattern shearing interferometer (ESPSI) with a very simple shearing device has been designed for metrology applications on the microscale. The shearing device consists of two partially reflective glass plates. The reflection coefficients of the …
Optical And Holographic Characteristics Of Photopolymer Layers, Temenujka Yovcheva, Izabela Naydenova, Ivanka Vlaeva, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal, Simeon Sainov
Optical And Holographic Characteristics Of Photopolymer Layers, Temenujka Yovcheva, Izabela Naydenova, Ivanka Vlaeva, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal, Simeon Sainov
Articles
In the present work the optical and holographic characteristics of acrylamide-based photopolymer layers are studied. For the first time the refractive index change of a liquid acrylamide photopolymer due to exposure at 532 nm is obtained using a critical angle laser micro-refractometer. The 30 mm thick solid photopolymer films are prepared by casting on glass substrates. Bragg holographic gratings with spatial frequencies of 710 mm-1, 1050 mm-1 and 1600 mm-1 are recorded using a diode laser operating at 532 nm wavelength. The diffraction efficiency dependence on the exposure energy is investigated. The obtained results are compared with the Stetson holographic …
Optical Properties Of Silica-Mfi Doped Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer, Tzvetanka Babeva, Rosen Todorov, Svetlana Mintova, Temenujka Yovcheva, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal
Optical Properties Of Silica-Mfi Doped Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer, Tzvetanka Babeva, Rosen Todorov, Svetlana Mintova, Temenujka Yovcheva, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal
Articles
The optical properties of acrylamide-based photopolymer doped with pure silica MFI-type zeolites are studied by refractometric and spectrophotometric means. Dynamic Light Scattering and Transmission Electron Microscopy are used for zeolite characterization and laser refractometry and White Light Interferometric profilometry are used for surface characterization of the composites. Refractive indices and absorption coefficients of composites are determined from their transmittance and reflectance spectra. The calculated dispersion curves are further used for deriving the zeolites refractive index and porosity and the latter compared to the values of total pore volume obtained from N2-sorption measurements. The impact of the doping level on the …
Holographic Recording In Acrylamide Photopolymers: Thickness Limitations, Mohammad Mahmud, Izabela Naydenova, Nitesh Pandey, Tzvetanka Babeva, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Holographic Recording In Acrylamide Photopolymers: Thickness Limitations, Mohammad Mahmud, Izabela Naydenova, Nitesh Pandey, Tzvetanka Babeva, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Articles
Holographic recording in thick photopolymer layers is important for application in holographic data storage, volume holographic filters and correlators. Here, the characteristics of acrylamidebased photopolymer layers having thickness from 250 μm to 1-mm were studied. For each layer thickness samples with three different values of absorbance were studied. By measuring both the first order diffraction efficiency growth of holographically recorded gratings and studying the diffraction patterns obtained, the influence of scattering on the diffraction efficiency of thick volume holographic gratings was analyzed. It was observed that above a particular thickness and absorbance, the first order diffraction efficiency significantly decreased because …
Real-Time Plasma Controlled Chemistry In A Two-Frequency, Confined Plasma Etcher, Vladimir Milosavljevic, Albert R. Ellingboe, Cezar Gaman, John V. Ringwood
Real-Time Plasma Controlled Chemistry In A Two-Frequency, Confined Plasma Etcher, Vladimir Milosavljevic, Albert R. Ellingboe, Cezar Gaman, John V. Ringwood
Articles
The physics issues of developing model-based control of plasma etching are presented. A novel methodology for incorporating real-time model-based control of plasma processing systems is developed. The methodology is developed for control of two dependent variables (ion flux and chemical densities) by two independent controls (27 MHz power and O2flow). A phenomenological physics model of the nonlinear coupling between the independent controls and the dependent variables of the plasma is presented. By using a design of experiment, the functional dependencies of the response surface are determined. In conjunction with the physical model, the dependencies are used to deconvolve the sensor …
A Visual Indication Of Environmental Humidity Using A Colour Changing Hologram Recorded In A Self-Developing Photopolymer, Izabela Naydenova, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Vincent Toal, Suzanne Martin
A Visual Indication Of Environmental Humidity Using A Colour Changing Hologram Recorded In A Self-Developing Photopolymer, Izabela Naydenova, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Vincent Toal, Suzanne Martin
Articles
A reflection hologram for visual indication of environmental humidity has been studied. The hologram is recorded in a self-developing photopolymer and changes colour when exposed to a change in humidity and is fully reversible. The range of colour change, reversibility and the response time of the hologram have been studied in a controlled humidity environment. Fully reversible holograms with response times from few seconds to tens of minutes have been designed. Extremely sensitive bright visual humidity indicators, capable of dramatic colour change within a few seconds of breathing on them are demonstrated.
Fabrication Of Switchable Liquid Crystal Devices Using Surface Relief Gratings In Photopolymer, Pavani Kotakonda, Izabela Naydenova, Robert Howard, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Fabrication Of Switchable Liquid Crystal Devices Using Surface Relief Gratings In Photopolymer, Pavani Kotakonda, Izabela Naydenova, Robert Howard, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Articles
Holographically recorded surface relief gratings in dry, self-developing acrylamide based photopolymer were used to fabricate two types of switchable liquid crystal (LC) device. One is an electrically switchable LC diffraction grating and the other is an electrically switchable polarization rotator. The electrically switchable diffraction grating was characterized by measuring the dependence of the intensity in the first diffracted order on the applied electric field. The polarization rotator was characterized by studying the influence of the applied electric field on the twist angle and the variation of intensity in the zero and the first orders of diffraction.
Luminescent Solar Concentrators: A Review Of Recent Results, Wilfrid G.J.H.M. Van Sark, Keith W.J. Barnham, Lenneke H. Slooff, Amanda J. Chatten, Andreas Buchtemann, Andreas Meyer, Sarah Mccormack, Rolf Koole, Daniel J. Farrell, Rahul Bose, Evert E. Bende, Antonius R. Burgers, Tristram Budel, Jana Quilitz, Manus Kennedy, Toby Meyer, C. De Mello Donega, Andries Meijerink
Luminescent Solar Concentrators: A Review Of Recent Results, Wilfrid G.J.H.M. Van Sark, Keith W.J. Barnham, Lenneke H. Slooff, Amanda J. Chatten, Andreas Buchtemann, Andreas Meyer, Sarah Mccormack, Rolf Koole, Daniel J. Farrell, Rahul Bose, Evert E. Bende, Antonius R. Burgers, Tristram Budel, Jana Quilitz, Manus Kennedy, Toby Meyer, C. De Mello Donega, Andries Meijerink
Articles
Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) generally consist of transparent polymer sheets doped with luminescent species. Incident sunlight is absorbed by the luminescent species and emitted with high quantum efficiency, such that emitted light is trapped in the sheet and travels to the edges where it can be collected by solar cells. LSCs offer potentially lower cost per Wp. This paper reviews results mainly obtained within the framework of the Fullspectrum project. Two modeling approaches are presented, i.e., a thermodynamic and a ray-trace one, as well as experimental results, with a focus on LSC stability.
Method For Characterization Of Diffusion Properties Of Photopolymerisable Systems, Tzvetanka Babeva, Izabela Naydenova, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Method For Characterization Of Diffusion Properties Of Photopolymerisable Systems, Tzvetanka Babeva, Izabela Naydenova, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Articles
A novel approach for measuring the diffusion coefficients in photopolymerisable materials is proposed. The method is based on studying the evolution of the surface relief profile in a single illuminated spot using an interferometric surface profiler. It is shown that the observed post-exposure swelling in the illuminated spot is due to mass-transport of monomer from the unexposed to the exposed area driven by a monomer concentration gradient set up by the monomer polymerization in the exposed area. Appropriate choice of the thickness of the studied layers ensures both lateral movement of monomer and negligible contribution from the depth. The diffusion …
Nanocomposites For Novel Holographic Applications, Izabela Naydenova, Svetlana Mintova, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Nanocomposites For Novel Holographic Applications, Izabela Naydenova, Svetlana Mintova, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Articles
Nanozeolites incorporated into photopolymerizable holographic recording materials can be used for holographic sensing, data storage, and optical systems design.
Implementation Of Phase-Only Modulation Utilizing A Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator, Mohammad Mahmud, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal
Implementation Of Phase-Only Modulation Utilizing A Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator, Mohammad Mahmud, Izabela Naydenova, Vincent Toal
Articles
Twisted nematic liquid crystal spatial light modulators, (SLM) are widely used for amplitude modulation of light. The technique for measuring phase and amplitude modulation introduced by a twisted nematic cell is not new but the novelty here is that after characterisation of a Holoeye LC2002 TNLC device we were able to identify specific conditions that allow for its use as a pure 180 degree or more, phase modulator with little or no amplitude modulation at 514.5 nm laser wavelength. The phase shift introduced by the SLM was measured using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The experimentally measured and the theoretically predicted intensity …
Practical Sensor For Measurement Of Nitrogen, Dusan Popovic, Vladimir Milosavljevic, Steven Daniels
Practical Sensor For Measurement Of Nitrogen, Dusan Popovic, Vladimir Milosavljevic, Steven Daniels
Articles
This paper presents a method for precise measurement of atomic and molecular nitrogen in an oxygen-nitrogen dc plasma. This is achieved by monitoring the intensities of the atomic nitrogen spectral line at 821.6 nm and the molecular nitrogen bandhead at 337.1 nm, relative to the atomic oxygen spectral line at 844.7 nm. Oxygen is one of the most frequently used gases for surface chemical treatment, including deposition and etching, therefore the ability to measure and control the process and chemical composition of the process is essential. To validate this oxygen actimometry method for N2-xO2 (where x varies from 0 to …
Impact Of Dietary Carotenoid Deprivation On Macular Pigment And Serum Concentrations Of Lutein And Zeaxanthin, James Loughman, John Nolan, Stephan Beatty
Impact Of Dietary Carotenoid Deprivation On Macular Pigment And Serum Concentrations Of Lutein And Zeaxanthin, James Loughman, John Nolan, Stephan Beatty
Articles
No abstract provided.
Characterisation Of An Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer For Data Storage Utilizing Holographic Angular Multiplexing, Hosam Sherif, Izabela Naydenova, Suzanne Martin, Colm Mcginn, Vincent Toal
Characterisation Of An Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer For Data Storage Utilizing Holographic Angular Multiplexing, Hosam Sherif, Izabela Naydenova, Suzanne Martin, Colm Mcginn, Vincent Toal
Articles
An acrylamide-based photopolymer formulated in the Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics has been investigated with a view to further optimisation for holographic optical storage. Series of 18 to 30 gratings were angularly multiplexed in a volume of photopolymer layer at a spatial frequency of 1500 lines/mm. Since the photopolymer is a saturable material, an exposure scheduling method was used to exploit the entire dynamic range of the material and allow equal strength holographic gratings to be recorded. This investigation yielded the photopolymer M/# for moderately thin layers. Photopolymer temporal stability was also studied by measuring variations of material shrinkage, …
Investigation Of The Diffusion Processes In Self-Processing Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer System, Izabela Naydenova, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Robert Howard, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Investigation Of The Diffusion Processes In Self-Processing Acrylamide-Based Photopolymer System, Izabela Naydenova, Raghavendra Jallapuram, Robert Howard, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Articles
Results from the investigation of the diffusion processes in a dry acrylamide-based photopolymer system are presented. The investigation is carried out in the context of experimental work on optimization of the high spatial frequency response of the photopolymer. Tracing the transmission holographic grating dynamics at short times of exposure is utilized to measure diffusion coefficients. The results reveal that two different diffusion processes contribute with opposite sign to the refractive index modulation responsible for the diffraction grating build up. Monomer diffusion from dark to bright fringe areas increases the refractive index modulation. It is characterized with diffusion constant D0=1.6E-7 cm2/s. …
Electronic Speckle Pattern Shearing Interferometer With A Photopolymer Holographyc Grating, Emilia Mihaylova, Izabela Naydenova, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Electronic Speckle Pattern Shearing Interferometer With A Photopolymer Holographyc Grating, Emilia Mihaylova, Izabela Naydenova, Suzanne Martin, Vincent Toal
Articles
A photopolymer holographic grating is used to produce the two sheared images in an electronic speckle pattern shearing interferometer. A ground glass screen following the grating serves the purpose of eliminating unwanted diffraction orders and to remove the requirement for the CCD camera to resolve the diffraction grating’s pitch. The sheared images on the ground glass are further imaged onto the CCD camera. The fringe pattern contrast was estimated to be above 90%. A validation of the system was done by comparing the theoretical phase difference distribution with the experimental data from the three point bending test.
Ion Contribution To The Astrophysical Important 447.15, 587.56 And 667.82 Nm He I Spectral Lines Broadening, Vladimir Milosavljevic, Stevan Djenize
Ion Contribution To The Astrophysical Important 447.15, 587.56 And 667.82 Nm He I Spectral Lines Broadening, Vladimir Milosavljevic, Stevan Djenize
Articles
Characteristics of the astrophysical important Stark broadened 447.15 nm, 587.56 nm and 667.82 nm spectral line profiles have been measured at electron densities between 0.3 10 and 8.2 10 m and electron temperatures between 8000 and 33 000 K in plasmas created in five various discharge conditions using a linear, low-pressure, pulsed arc as an optically thin plasma source operated in a helium-nitrogen-oxygen gas mixture. On the basis of the observed asymmetry of the line profiles we have obtained their ion broadening parameters ( A) caused by influence of the ion microfield on the line broadening mechanism and also …
Hysteresis And Anchoring Energy In Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals, Yuri Panarin
Hysteresis And Anchoring Energy In Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals, Yuri Panarin
Articles
The frequency dispersion of the coercive force of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals (FLC) cells has been detected and examined in the range of infralow (lower than 0.1 Hz) frequencies. To clarify the low-frequency dispersion, the model has been suggested, based on the arrangement of free charges and well describing the experimental curves. The method for determination of the energy of FLC anchoring at the surface, developed on the basis of the static hysteresis loop, has been proposed. The dependence of bistability and the anchoring energy upon the orientant layer thickness has experimentally been investigated.