Environmental Health and Protection Commons^™

Vertebrate Pests In New Zealand; Research And Control, J. Andrew Peters

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

New Zealand has been considered a classic among the world's natural laboratories where free-roaming wild mammals demand, and obtain, a rather overwhelming national attention. The enormous devastation by erosion processes is the consequence of intentionally introducing exotic species of mammals, for food, for sport and for fur. By its isolation in the Pacific, the flora of New Zealand evolved in the absence of a grazing and browsing fauna. There were no native mammals, save for the seals and two species of bats. The land has been the home of a most diverse fauna of flightless birds -kiwis, the giant moa, …

Experimental Population Suppression Of Richardson's Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus Richardsonii) In Alberta, Dale E. Alsager, Robert Yaremko

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Richardson's Ground Squirrel is one of the most economically harmful rodents in east central Alberta. In an effort to develop an effective, safe, economical and practical method of long-term population control over large areas, experimental field testing was begun in 1970 to evaluate a variety of potential control techniques. Although tests with a machine bait applicator proved unsuccessful due to the unique soil structure, its potential in other areas of the province is discussed. Use of portable baiting stations is limited by the manufacturing and maintenance costs as well as the limited attractabi1ity of the stations. Attractabi1ity of the stations …

The Extension Trapper System In Kansas, F. Robert Henderson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Kansas is unique because it is the only state that has an organized state-wide program that is administered through the State Cooperative Extension Service and where that program is the only form of a governmental predator program in the state. Missouri and the eastern part of South Dakota have Extension Trapper Systems administered through the state wildlife conservation departments. These states also pay bounties on predatory animals. Kansas does not. To fully appreciate the Kansas system, it is important to understand the agency that administers the program. Let us briefly review the Cooperative Extension Service, Created by the Smith-Lever Act …

Methiocarb, A Chemical Bird Repellent: A Review Of Its Effectiveness On Crops, Joseph L. Guarino

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Since 1964, when the effectiveness of methiocarb for preventing pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) from damaging sprouting corn was proven in South Dakota, an aggressive program has been carried out by personnel of the Denver Wildlife Research Center and many cooperators to develop methiocarb as a broad spectrum avian repellent. The successful use of methiocarb for preventing damage caused by several species of birds to sprouting corn in several states and to sprouting soybeans in South America is reviewed. Recent results obtained from spraying methiocarb on ripening rice in California, ripening sorghum in Colorado and Oklahoma, cherries in Michigan, and grapes in …

Some Approaches To Controlling Depredations By Crows And Jays In Tulare County, George Simpson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

In 1966 Tulare County nut growers became keenly aware of an ever increasing problem to their industry--the common crow. Growers requested help in solving this problem. The Tulare County Agricultural Commissioner's Office undertook this program with the assistance of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and California State Department of Agriculture. Growers in the county estimated losses to be anywhere from 6% to 18% of their nut crops. Monetary losses to almond growers have reached estimates of over $85,000 during one season. Walnut growers have reported observing crows carrying off nuts day after day, amounting to hundreds of pounds …

Bird Damage To Peanuts And Methods For Alleviating The Problem, Donald F. Mott, Jerome F. Besser, Richard R. West, John W. Degrazio

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Investigations from 1969 through 1971 of bird damage to peanuts in south-central Oklahoma have shown that losses are caused mainly by common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula). These losses, as high as $36 per acre, have been reduced primarily through the use of exploders and early harvesting of the crop. A fright-producing chemical, 4-aminopyridine, was also effective in scaring grackles from windrowed peanut fields. Banding has shown that many of these grackles breed in western Nebraska and Kansas and winter in northeastern Texas.

Factors Relating To Alarm Stimuli In Bird Control, Gordon W. Boudreau

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

I'm sure all of you have often heard of bird control methods which were successful in one place and failures elsewhere. Perhaps you have experienced these results yourself. Quite often, bird control apparatus or concepts are condemned as failures when actually other factors are responsible. Today, I shall explain some of the reasons these discrepancies occur. My observations, over a period of 15 years, reveal that birds' responses to alarm stimuli varies with environmental conditions, clocktime, physiological requirements, social structure, species, and other factors. All of the observations reported herein were made under natural conditions while researching methods to reduce …

Starling Control In Sonoma County, Harry F. Mccracken

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

The European Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, began the invasion of California from the north and east as early as the late 1930's. In the winter of 1954, 20,000 of these birds were reported spending the winter in or near the Sonoma, Mendocino Coast. Then in 1961, Walter Ball, at that time the Chief of the Bureau of Rodent and Weed Control in Sacramento, in a talk to the Agricultural Commissioners at the Spring Convention, stated Starlings had been reported from nearly every section of California. In reviewing Walter Ball's paper given at that time, it is somewhat surprising how accurately the …

Avian Thermoregulation And Its Significance In Starling Control, Robert G. Schwab, Vincent F. Schafer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

The ability of birds and mammals to maintain a relatively stable internal body temperature while under a considerable range of ambient environmental temperatures results in distinct ecological and physiological advantages. A constant body temperature facili-tates the activity of homeothermic (warm-blooded) animals in cold environments because the many temperature-dependent physiological and biochemical processes of the body are un-impeded. Conversely, poikilothermic (cold-blooded) animals lack the ability for precise thermoregulation and can function at top physiological efficiency only when ambient environmental temperatures are within a rather narrow optimum range. Homeothermia is accomplished by a system of physiological feed-back mechanisms which maintain a thermal …

Efficacy Testing Of Vertebrate Pest Control Agents, Paul Ochs

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Justification for efficacy testing is provided under the present FIFRA, and the PR notice 70-15 requirements. In addition, the Pure Food and Drug Laws, the Delaney Amend-ment and other laws effect the requirements of registration of all economic poisons. Basic preliminary registration information such as toxicological data, chemistry data, must be provided on all chemicals proposed as economic poisons. Once the basic chemical and toxi-cological properties have been determined, the applicant must consider basic efficacy requirements. Efficacy requirements should consider the effects of particle size and shape, taste and odor, impurities, diluents, stickers and solvents, volatility, mode of action, and …

The Problem Of Anticoagulant Rodenticide Resistance In The United States, William B. Jackson, Dale E. Kaukeinen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Resistance of commensal rodents to anticoagulant rodenticides is not a new phenomenon. Its confirmed presence in several areas of northern Europe is wel1-documented (Jackson 1969, 1972; Bentley 1969; Lund 1969). Not until 1971 was a similar situation with the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) to be demonstrated in the United States (Jackson et al. 1971). Because it represents an initial occurrence, the site and background observations will be described in some detail. The rural area involved around Cleveland School in Johnson County is 25 miles SE of Raleigh, N. C. and about five miles in diameter (fig. 1). The typical farm …

House Mouse Behavior And Its Significance To Control, W. D. Klimstra

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

It seems explicitly evident that animal control practices must now, and especially in the future, emphasize fuller appreciation of the habits of each kind of animal. Further, this will require consideration be given to behavioral aspects as expressed by a population as a whole of a given species, as well as each individual animal within that population. Animals react with one another and with all characteristics of their environment; and, this in turn results in an identifiable reaction or behavior of each population as a unit of social organization. Although within broad limits some aspects of these responses, whether individual …

The Influence Of Attractants And Repellents On The Feeding Behaviour Of Rattus Norvegicus, J. O. Bull

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Poison baits are extensively used for commensal rodent control; considerable folk lore exists regarding the use of additives to induce rodents to come to and eat poison baits. This paper describes a rational evaluation of attractants and the influence of different odours in inducing Rattus norvegicus to feed at given locations. The influence of certain repellents was also examined. Tests consisted of attempts to induce rats to feed at non-preferred sites or to repel them from preferred sites. Place preference was the dominant factor in feeding by rats, and odours failed to influence feeding activity significantly.

An Innovation In Roof Rat Control, Donald R. Brothers

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Within the past ten years, the roof rat (Rattus rattus) problem in residential Santa Clara County has developed from an insignificant nuisance to one of major concern. When a considerable number of complaints to the Santa Clara County Health Department reported roof rats on telephone cables, a study was made of 29 city blocks to determine the feasibility of utility pole baiting as a means of roof rat control. In the baiting process, rat signs were commonly observed on telephone equipment attached to the utility poles. A correlation was observed between bait consumption and the close proximity of vegetation to …

Rat Reduction With Indigenous Methods, P. J. Deoras

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Mujumdar (1968) has recorded that there are 566,000 villages in India as compared to 2699 towns, and that there is 322,460,000 acres of cultivable land and probably 500 million domestic rats in India. The food production target in 1968 in India was to be 110 million tons. National rodent committee 1967 mentioned of a loss of one million ton of food grains by rats alone. Deoras (1968) has mentioned that 3 common rats in Bombay were consuming 26 gm. of food grains per day, that is, about one ounce, while the quantum of cereal rations available per man in some …

Opening Remarks - Fifth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

It is a pleasure to welcome you to the Fifth Vertebrate Pest Conference. It has been 10 years since the first Conference was held in Sacramento in February of 1962. The attendance has grown at each successive conference and, from the looks of the audience this morning, we shall surpass all previous records. It would, however, be wrong to judge the significance of this conference on attendance alone, for we are equally or more concerned with the quality of the conference and its ultimate contribution to the specialized area of wildlife management. The Conference is sponsored by the California Vertebrate …

Keynote Address - Vertebrates: A Resource Needing Management, Donald A. Spencer

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

A veritable storm of concern for wildlife - approaching biotechnology - is currently sweeping the nation. Some of this concern has a sound basis. But the very best of ideas and programs can be carried so far that they become irrational. We appear to be driving head-on into irrational actions with respect to environmental good housekeeping. The vegetative cover in the United States has changed markedly as the result of Man's occupancy, reducing the habitat on which some wildlife species depend and greatly enhancing that of others. Competition, a no-holds-barred struggle, continues unabated between all living things for the finite …

The Extending Of Cotton Rat Range In California - Their Life History And Control, Dell O. Clark

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

Cotton Rats (Sigmodon hispidus eremicus Mearns) are known to have reached the Imperial Valley in 1921 from the Colorado River along canal banks. Recently (1967-69) cotton rats were found distributed throughout the irrigated portion of the Imperial Valley, Imperial County, California. Limited crop damage has occurred and is described. Life history information is included. Control measures are listed.

Related Laws On Exotic And Native Wild Animals, Donald F. Stork

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 5th (1972)

This paper is submitted in an effort to acquaint the personnel of allied State agencies with related laws which control the public and private possession of live exotic and native wild animals. The need for this common knowledge of related laws by agencies with law enforcement responsibility is readily apparent when the annual number and related problems from imported or resident wild animals in California are examined. In addition to resident wild animal populations, millions of fish and thousands of mammals, birds, and reptiles enter California each year through the utilization of most methods of transportation. Most of these imported …

Eutrophication Factors In North Central Florida Lakes, H. D. Putnam, Patrick L. Brezonik, Earl E. Shannon

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

A small Florida lake has been receiving a regimen of nutrient addition equivalent to 500 mg/m³-yr N and 43 mg/m³-yr P since 1967. Data has been accumulated through 1969. The effect on the lacustrine ecosystem of various biogenes includes production by primary producers, species diversity of plankton and certain production estimates at the secondary trophic level using natural populations of planktivorous fish. Plankton production using isotopic carbon is ca. 58 grms/m²-yr; Species diversity is slowly changing to a mixed chlorophycean and yellow-green. Biomass of benthic green filamentous types has increased slightly. Nutrient addition has …

An Argument For The Open Ocean Siting Of Coastal Thermal Electric Plants, Clarence M. Tarzwell

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

A great deal of research is yet to be done before we will definitely know all the effects of thermal electric generating plants. It is evident, however, that the chlorination of the intake water is definitely lethal to a high percentage of planktonic and other organisms; that thermal shock is detrimental to some of the more sensitive forms; that the continued exposure to high temperatures after thermal shock is lethal to many forms, especially the zooplankton; that the screening and turbulence in such plants is lethal to larval fishes and several invertebrates, and that immense amounts of waters are put …

Plant Cover For Bare And Salt Affected Land, Department Of Agriculture, Western Australia

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

The contributions made by this State to land reclamation were recognised at an international level last year.

Mr. C. V. Malcolm, a research officer with the Soils Division, presented a paper entitled "Establishing Shrubs in Saline Environments" at a symposium on Useful Wildland Shrubs, Their Biology and Utilisation, at Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

The conclusion to Mr. Malcolm's review, set out below, summarises much of what is known about shrub establishment in saline areas.

Report On Water Pollution Problems In Las Vegas Wash And Las Vegas Bay, Environmental Protection Agency

Publications (WR)

This report was prepared by the Federal Water- Quality Administration, Pacific Southwest Region, now the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region IX, at the request of the State of Nevada, Department of Health, Welfare, and rehabilitation. In a letter, dated December 5, 1969, this agency asked for technical assistance, as authorized by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, in developing discharge standards appropriate for Las Vegas Bay, Lake Mead, and the Lower Colorado River. The subsequent study was performed by EPA from January through August, 1970. The establishment of Nevada State Water Quality Standards for these waters will enable responsible officials …

Final Report Emission Inventory For The State Of Nebraska, The Ibm Corporation Federal Systems Division, Environmental Protection Agency

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

The following report represents the results of the work performed under BOA 68-02-0043, Task Order Number 1 from The Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office. A note of thanks is due to Mr. E. J. Lillis and D. Dunbar of the EPA Project Office and Mr. Peter Culver, the EPA Project Engineer for their assistance and excellent cooperation during the study. A note of special thanks is due to Mr. Gene Robinson of the Nebraska Division of Air Pollution Control without whose efforts successful completion of this task would not have been possible.

Real Property Owned. By The Federal Government In The' State Of Nebraska, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

This inventory report Is a summary compilation of the major facilities of real property owned by the Federal Government in this state. The installations are listed alphabetically by the city in which they are located and the listing includes a brief description of the installation, the agency which operates the facility, the GSA inventory number, the GSA location code, the total floor area of all the buildings and a size classification code. The operating agency and Installation descriptions are those reported to the General Services Administration as of June 30, 1970. Installations with a total floor area less than 1,500 …

The Impact On The Navy Of Public Concern With Control Of Pollution Of The Seas By Oil, Robert Augustus Fisher

Marine Affairs Theses and Major Papers

It is difficult at best to evaluate the biological and chemical damages of oil pollution, but the physical effects are graphically evident in the blackened beaches and coastlines around the world and in the floating "tar-balls" found in mid-ocean. It is this dramatically visible effect that has stirred public concern. Thus, prevention of such damage is high on the list of priorities for both national and international concern. In the face of the ever increasing potential for pollution, President Nixon has pledged that federal agencies will take the lead in pollution abatement programs.

Ua45/6 Attack On The Environment, Wku Registrar

WKU Administration Documents

Elvis Stahr's 1971 commencement speech.

A Conceptual Draft Of A Dynamic Hydro-Biological Model For Lake Mead, L. G. Everett, Bureau Of Reclamation

Publications (WR)

Food and energy transformation in an aquatic system must be understood in order to develop a simulation approach. This report provides a comprehensive study of an aquatic ecosystem. The objectives of this report are to show: (1) the biological relationships in an aquatic system (2) the role of nutrients in the biological cycle (3) the role of abiotic factors in a limnetic environment (4) the status of the art of "Eutrophication modeling".

Ua77/1 Western Alumnus, Vol. 39, No 5, Wku Alumni Association

WKU Administration Documents

WKU alumni magazine. Features the following articles:

• What's Going On In Teacher Education? - Tate Page Hall
• Conway, Sheila. Faithful Servant of Generations - Shirley Posey
• Cravens, Raymond. Western & the Accreditation Process
• The Educational World: Where Does Western Stand?
• Photo Feature: Downing University Center
• Armstrong, Don. The Environment & Cornfield Calculus - Marvin Russell
• Service Lives On at Western - Alpha Phi Omega, Gamma Sigma Sigma, Gamma Beta Phi, Circle K
• Wilder, Jerry. Undergraduate Advisement: They Shall Not Fail!
• Downing, Dero. Founder's Day Meditation
• Cochran, Robert. What Do We Mean by School Public Relations?
• Given, Ed. Hitch-Hiker on Football's …

Tree Establishment In The Wheatbelt, F Batini

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Although most of the Forests Department's activity has centred around the State Forests in the higher rainfall areas, the Department has, for many years, encouraged the planting and conservation of trees throughout the farming areas.