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Articles 6181 - 6210 of 7823

Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection

Urban Animal Damage Control In California, John R. Maestrelli Mar 1990

Urban Animal Damage Control In California, John R. Maestrelli

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Requests for assistance, monetary losses attributed to wildlife, and numbers of wild animals removed from urban areas in California increased significantly between 1982 and 1989. Five species of wildlife are responsible for the majority of complaints received from the public. Because of the inherent problems associated with animal damage control in densely populated urban areas, specialized control equipment and techniques such as cage traps, crossbows and night vision goggles are utilized by U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control (USDA-APHISADC) personnel. Urban ADC programs help educate a large segment of the population about the need …

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Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1990

Microencapsulation Of Rodenticides, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)


Microencapsulation materials and techniques have advanced significantly over the past two decades. Encapsulation techniques are now used in a wide range of products from drugs to perfumes and food fragrances. As an industry, microencapsulation had its beginning in the research laboratories of National Cash Register (NCR) in Dayton, Ohio, in the late 1930s. It came into commercial use in 1954 when carbonless copy paper was introduced on the market. The entire field has made enormous progress since that time.

Microencapsulation and other associated controlled- release technology play an important role in time-release pesticides, giving them a delayed or longer action …

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An Examination Of The Browsing Animal Problem In Australian Eucalypt And Pine Plantations, Thomas L. Montague, David C. Pollock, Wendy Wright Mar 1990

An Examination Of The Browsing Animal Problem In Australian Eucalypt And Pine Plantations, Thomas L. Montague, David C. Pollock, Wendy Wright

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The severity and extent of browsing damage to pine and eucalypt plantations and possible solutions are examined. Twenty-six percent of all trees surviving 9 months after planting were browsed yet only six percent had more than 50% of foliage damaged. The most common form of damage was for the foliage to be browsed or the tree bitten off with browsing damage implicated in the mortality of the 24% of trees that died. No difference in the extent of damage between Pinus radiata and eucalypts was detected. Slight differences between three Eucalypt species and two ages of seedlings were detected; however, …

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Bird Problems In New Zealand–Methods Of Control, Peter C. Nelson Mar 1990

Bird Problems In New Zealand–Methods Of Control, Peter C. Nelson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

New Zealand horticulturists are experiencing increasing damage to a variety of crops from a number of introduced bird species. With the advent of the increasing problem there is a need for carefully planned control operations most of which, by necessity, will be carried out by the growers themselves. This means that a variety of baits and toxins is currently being evaluated for control purposes. Growers are being trained in the use of those toxins as well as how to get more effective use from a range of bird-scare devices. Control agencies continue to carry out control of certain bird species …

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Vertebrate Pests Of Beekeeping, John M. O'Brien, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1990

Vertebrate Pests Of Beekeeping, John M. O'Brien, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Information concerning vertebrate pests of beekeeping was gathered from state and provincial apiary inspectors through a questionnaire. Forty-eight states and 9 provinces responded. Additional pest information has been assembled from published articles. Bears represent the major vertebrate pest based on severity of damage to colonies. Total estimated losses reported amounted to $623,000 annually. Loss estimates for the various pest species are probably grossly underestimated because many states with problems could not or did not provide loss estimates. Skunks and house mice represent the next most important species from a damage point of view, with annual damage averaging $423,050 and $100,450, …

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Red-Winged Blackbird And Starling Feeding Responses On Corn Earworm-Infested Corn, Flavian H. Okurut-Akol, Richard A. Dolbeer, Paul P. Woronecki Mar 1990

Red-Winged Blackbird And Starling Feeding Responses On Corn Earworm-Infested Corn, Flavian H. Okurut-Akol, Richard A. Dolbeer, Paul P. Woronecki

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

We examined the feeding behavior of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) on ears of corn (Zea mavs) artificially infested with corn earworms (Helicoverpa zea). In 30-minute aviary tests, redwings and starlings directed 39 to 79% more feeding responses to ears of corn with worms than to ears without worms but they damaged the same proportion of ears with and without worms. In 3-hour aviary tests and a field evaluation, birds damaged more ears with worms than without worms. In spite of more feeding responses directed to ears with …

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Responses Of Captive Coyotes To Chemical Attractants, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Richard M. Engeman Mar 1990

Responses Of Captive Coyotes To Chemical Attractants, Robert L. Phillips, F. Sherman Blom, Richard M. Engeman

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Seasonal responses of captive coyotes (Canis latrans) to 9 chemical attractants (W-U lure, TMAD, SFE, FAS, CFA, artificial smoked fish flavor, artificial beef liver flavor, yeast autolysate and decanoic acid) were evaluated. Twenty-six additional attractants were tested only during the summer. W-U lure and FAS produced the greatest total response times from coyotes during all seasons of the year. FAS and smoked fish flavor evoked the most lick-chew-bite and pulling behaviors during the summer and have potential for improving the performance of M-44 devices in warm weather.

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Keynote Address--Thoughts On The Future Of Vertebrate Pest Management, Russell F. Reidinger Jr. Mar 1990

Keynote Address--Thoughts On The Future Of Vertebrate Pest Management, Russell F. Reidinger Jr.

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)


I greatly appreciated the invitation to attend this Conference, and to share some thoughts on the future of vertebrate pest management in the form of a Keynote Address.


In making the presentation, I will dwell mostly on a single document. This document is entitled “Strategic Plan for Animal Damage Control,” and became available in December 1989, from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).

The document is one of the products from a strategic planning process that began in APHIS about 2 years ago, and continues today. The process began at the highest level of …

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An Evaluation Of Fencing To Exclude Pocket Gophers From Experimental Plots, Terrell P. Salmon, Robert H. Schmidt, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1990

An Evaluation Of Fencing To Exclude Pocket Gophers From Experimental Plots, Terrell P. Salmon, Robert H. Schmidt, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

We evaluated the ability of underground fencing to exclude pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) from experimental plots planted with alfalfa. Fencing extending 61 cm below and 91 cm aboveground, with a 15.2-cm lip bent 90 degrees inward at the bottom, did not prevent marked and unmarked gophers from escaping, invading, or moving among six adjacent plots. Complete underground screening, in combination with gopher control, may be the only technique which ensures the complete exclusion of gophers from experimental and ornamental plots.

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Rodent Damage To Hawaiian Sugarcane, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugihara, Asher K. Ota Mar 1990

Rodent Damage To Hawaiian Sugarcane, Mark E. Tobin, Robert T. Sugihara, Asher K. Ota

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Rattus norvegicus, R. exulans, and R. rattus cause extensive damage to Hawaiian sugarcane. This paper gives an overview of the problem and briefly summarizes the history of rodent control on Hawaiian sugarcane plantations. Current baiting practices with zinc phosphide may favor the proliferation of R. norvegicus, and more effective control methods are needed for this species. A cooperative research and development program by the Denver Wildlife Research Center and the nonprofit Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association is described.

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A Comparison Of Three Traps For Removal Of Columbian Ground Squirrels, W. Daniel Edge, Sally L. Olson-Edge Mar 1990

A Comparison Of Three Traps For Removal Of Columbian Ground Squirrels, W. Daniel Edge, Sally L. Olson-Edge

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

A study to determine the relative effectiveness of three trap types for Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus) removal was conducted during May and July 1985 in Missoula County, Montana. A Two-way Analysis of Variance was used to test for differences in reduction of burrow activity between conibear, box, and live traps versus controls. All trap types significantly reduced ground squirrel activity when compared to the controls for each month, but no trap type was significantly more effective than the others. Ground squirrels are more easily caught in July; trapping during both months is recommended for maximum reduction in …

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Black Bear Feeding On Second Growth Redwoods: A Critical Assessment, Gregory A. Giusti Mar 1990

Black Bear Feeding On Second Growth Redwoods: A Critical Assessment, Gregory A. Giusti

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Black bear (Ursus americanus) feeding on coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) has been documented for several years. Quantitative analysis of the feeding damage has not been done. Feeding damage was analyzed on six belt transects in two drainages of the Smith River, Del Norte County, California. Bears are selecting trees of specific d.b.h. classes and not feeding on the size class most abundant. Damage estimates are presented for number of trees per hectare and percentage of stands that are impacted by bear feeding. A proposed approach to bear management is presented with emphasis on a multi-management approach.

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Day-Glo® Fluorescent Particles As A Marker For Use In M-44 Cyanide Capsules, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly, Peter J. Savarie Mar 1990

Day-Glo® Fluorescent Particles As A Marker For Use In M-44 Cyanide Capsules, Richard J. Burns, Guy E. Connolly, Peter J. Savarie

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Tracerite®, the chemical marker used in M-44 cyanide capsules, contains cadmium which the Environmental Protection Agency identified as an inert ingredient of toxicological concern. An alternative nontoxic marker was identified and tested. In a weathering test, capsules with Day-Glo® performed as well as those containing Tracerite, and presence of potassium chloride in the capsules did not improve capsule function. Day-Glo was further tested by allowing captive coyotes to discharge M-44s containing sodium cyanide and various colors of Day-Glo. Twelve of 13 coyotes that died or were euthanized soon after recovering from sublethal doses had obvious marks in their mouths for …

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An Evaluation Of Drc-2698 Treated Baits For Reducing Blackbird Populations Associated With Sunflower Damage, John L. Cummings, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham Mar 1990

An Evaluation Of Drc-2698 Treated Baits For Reducing Blackbird Populations Associated With Sunflower Damage, John L. Cummings, Edward W. Schafer Jr., Donald J. Cunningham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)


From 30 August to 18 September 1985, sunflower and corn mixed baits (75% sunflower meats and 25% cracked corn) treated with 1.50% CAT, (N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)acetamide) were evaluated for reducing blackbird populations near Churchs Ferry, North Dakota. Baits were applied on baiting lanes in sunflower fields with an electric seeder mounted on an all-terrain cycle. Three noncommercial (decoy) sunflower fields were baited with CAT-treated baits diluted 1:9 with similar mixture of untreated bait at a rate of 50 lbs/lane acre (9.3 total treated acres). Based on total bait consumption, the estimate of blackbirds killed by the CAT treatment ranged from 13,266 to …

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Opening Remarks--Fourteenth Pest Conference, Lewis R. Davis Mar 1990

Opening Remarks--Fourteenth Pest Conference, Lewis R. Davis

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)


Good morning. On behalf of the Vertebrate Pest Council, I welcome you to the 14th Vertebrate Pest Conference.

I am Lew Davis and will be serving as your chairman for this conference. I am rather “a new kid on the block” as this is only the 10th conference I have attended. As chairman, one of the few responsibilities I have is to present the opening remarks. Looking back at past opening remarks, I have found them to be short and not too philosophical except I did research back into the records of time and looked at the proceedings of the …

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The Use Of Dogs And Calls To Take Coyotes Around Dens And Resting Areas, Craig Coolahan Mar 1990

The Use Of Dogs And Calls To Take Coyotes Around Dens And Resting Areas, Craig Coolahan

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The use of dogs and calls to take coyotes (Canis latrans) around dens and resting areas has been used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Cooperative Animal Damage Control program for many years. This technique, when properly employed, is highly selective, humane, and very effective. In more remote, inaccessible areas it is one of the most cost-effective control methods currently available. Current and future public sentiment, as expressed in Legislative mandate, may oblige ADC to depend on methods perceived as more humane and selective. Dogs may become a more important control tool in the not-so- distant future. This …

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Ground Squirrel Burrow Destruction: Control Implications, Arlette Gilson, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1990

Ground Squirrel Burrow Destruction: Control Implications, Arlette Gilson, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Rapid reinvasion of low-density sites by dispersing ground squirrels often results in short-term benefits from otherwise effective population control methods. Existing vacant burrow systems appear to play an important role in facilitating the local population recovery. The potential of destroying the ground squirrel burrow entrances to reduce site reinvasion, following population removal, was tested. Under the conditions of the tests, deep ripping resulted in >85% reduction in burrow reinvasion by California and Belding ground squirrels. Studies are still in progress to evaluate the consistency of the results and include long-term effects and cost information. The inclusion of this technique into …

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Status Of Compound Drc-1339 Registrations, C. Edward Knittle, Edward W. Schaffer Jr., Kathleen A. Fagerstone Mar 1990

Status Of Compound Drc-1339 Registrations, C. Edward Knittle, Edward W. Schaffer Jr., Kathleen A. Fagerstone

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Compound DRC-1339 is a restricted-use, slow-acting avicide that is registered to control a number of avian pests. It is unique because of its selective high toxicity to most pest birds, low-to-moderate toxicity to most mammals and predatory birds, and lack of known secondary hazards when used on baits. The most widely known product containing DRC- 1339 is Purina Mills’ Starlicide Complete®, a pelleted bait used to control blackbirds and starlings in feedlots. Other DRC- 1339 registrations are held by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS), for the use of nonpelletized baits at feedlots and …

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Vertebrate Pests Of Uk Agriculture: Present Problems And Future Solutions, Anthony R. Hardy Mar 1990

Vertebrate Pests Of Uk Agriculture: Present Problems And Future Solutions, Anthony R. Hardy

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The status of damage by vertebrate pests to growing and stored agricultural crops is reviewed in the light of changing patterns of agricultural practice and land use within the UK. Significant problems and existing management techniques are briefly discussed. The results of recent research by the Agricultural Department and Advisory Service (ADAS) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food are explored to indicate the future direction of vertebrate pest management to reduce crop damage. Recent changes in legislation and public attitudes impose constraints on some of the approaches to solving problems. The continued role of traditional control methods is …

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Animal Welfare And The Control Of Vertebrates, Harry V. Thompson Mar 1990

Animal Welfare And The Control Of Vertebrates, Harry V. Thompson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The relationships between man and other animals have attracted increased attention and some controversy in recent years. Their importance in biomedical research, farming, and wildlife control are discussed in the United Kingdom context.

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Control Of The African Striped Ground Squirrel, Xerus Erythropus, In Kenya, Gillian E. Key Mar 1990

Control Of The African Striped Ground Squirrel, Xerus Erythropus, In Kenya, Gillian E. Key

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The African striped ground squirrel, Xerus erythropus (E. Geoffroy), has been found to constitute a serious pest to maize seed at the planting stage, causing mean losses of 9.7% and accounting for 57.3% of total damage found. A feature of ground squirrel damage is its unpredictable nature. Methods of reducing losses of planted maize seed to X. erythropus at the subsistence farmer level in southern Kenya were investigated. Constraints affecting a control program by farmers were identified as follows: low standards of living and education, limited financial resources, strong individualistic attitude of farmers and small field size in relation to …

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Adc Guarding Dog Program Update: A Focus On Managing Dogs, Jeffrey S. Green, Roger A. Woodruff Mar 1990

Adc Guarding Dog Program Update: A Focus On Managing Dogs, Jeffrey S. Green, Roger A. Woodruff

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

One hundred dogs were placed with sheep producers in Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming during summer 1987 through summer 1988 as part of the APHIS-ADC livestock guarding dog program. Mortality as of February 1990 from culling and accidents is 39% and was evenly split between the first and second year of life. The 60 dogs currently working were rated as follows: 78% good, 12% fair, and 10% poor. All dogs rated good or fair were judged to have reduced predation or helped to keep predation minimized. Success of the dogs was breed-related but did not differ between pasture and rangeland …

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Rodents As A Food Source, Lynwood A. Fiedler Mar 1990

Rodents As A Food Source, Lynwood A. Fiedler

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Rodents, one of several kinds of vertebrates included in the human diet, are very suitable as human food. More than 71 genera and 89 species of rodents, mostly hystricomorphs, have been consumed by man. Some have even been domesticated for private or commercial production of food for human consumption. Rodents in the temperate world serve only as a supplement to the regular diet of humans; but in the tropical world, they are widely accepted and a popular source of protein. Although harvesting field rats for human food is beneficial, it is not an effective pest control strategy. Consuming rodents in …

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The Human Element In Wildlife Damage Situations, Ron J. Johnson Mar 1990

The Human Element In Wildlife Damage Situations, Ron J. Johnson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

The field of prevention and control of wildlife damage is changing and evolving along with clientele needs, pressures from user and non-user groups, and other factors. A theoretical overview of the field may offer an action model regarding changing trends and potential responses. I propose that three things happen every time a wildlife damage problem occurs: 1) A human activity, desire, or need is interfered with, 2) the experience fosters an opinion about a wild animal - usually negative, and 3) a decision is made to tolerate the situation or to control it. If control is selected, availability and effectiveness …

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Rabies Control For Urban Foxes, Skunks, And Raccoons, Richard C. Rosatte, Michael J. Power, Charles D. Macinnes, Kenneth F. Lawson Mar 1990

Rabies Control For Urban Foxes, Skunks, And Raccoons, Richard C. Rosatte, Michael J. Power, Charles D. Macinnes, Kenneth F. Lawson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Rabies is currently enzootic in many cities of southern Ontario. The Ministry of Natural Resources is utilizing two different tactics for the control of rabies in urban wildlife rabies vectors-oral immunization with baits (foxes) and vaccination by injection following live-capture (skunks and raccoons). Between 47 and 79% of the skunks and 61 and 76% of the raccoons were captured and vaccinated (Imrab) in a 60-km2 urban area of Metropolitan Toronto during 1987, 1989. Only three cases of rabies in skunks have been reported since control began in 1987. Population increases of 120% for skunks and 40% for raccoons were noted …

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Exclusionary Methods And Materials To Protect Plants From Pest Mammals--A Review, Rex E. Marsh, Ann E. Koehler, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1990

Exclusionary Methods And Materials To Protect Plants From Pest Mammals--A Review, Rex E. Marsh, Ann E. Koehler, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)


Protecting individual plants or small clumps of plants with some type of protective material or device represents a positive nonlethal approach to damage prevention that is often much less expensive than fencing an entire garden or crop or netting over the entire area to prevent damage by such species as deer (Odocoileus spp.), rabbits (Lepus spp., Sylvilagus spp.), and ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp.). This review article does not include fencing or the netting or screening of entire crops, which are subjects unto themselves.

Tree trunk guards or protectors include commercial tree wraps and other materials affixed directly …

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Use Of Alpha-Chloralose To Remove Waterfowl From Nuisance And Damage Situations, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer, Thomas W. Seamans Mar 1990

Use Of Alpha-Chloralose To Remove Waterfowl From Nuisance And Damage Situations, Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer, Thomas W. Seamans

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

From 1988 through early 1990 alpha-chloralose (A-C) was successfully used in the United States to immobilize and remove 70 Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), 315 mallard, domestic and hybrid ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), and 348 coots (Fulica Americana) from 17 commercial and residential sites including golf courses, pools, and ponds. Field trials and baiting techniques with bread and corn are described. The optimum dose of A-C for geese, ducks, and coots, using orally administered bread and corn baits, was about 20-30 mg/kg. We are currently pursuing registration of A-C as a bird control chemical with the …

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Frightening Methods And Devices/Stimuli To Prevent Mammal Damage-- A Review, Ann E. Koehler, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1990

Frightening Methods And Devices/Stimuli To Prevent Mammal Damage-- A Review, Ann E. Koehler, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Various frightening stimuli, primarily visual and acoustic, have been used to prevent or alleviate damage by depredating mammals (e.g., deer (Odocoileus spp.), raccoons (Procyon lotor), tree squirrels (Sciurus spp.), coyotes (Canis latrans). Frightening methods are most appropriate for use where a crop or situation needs protection from pest mammals for only a period of a few days or weeks. The ability of animals to habituate to such stimuli limits their long-term usefulness. Against nocturnal species, various types of lights and noisemakers are the most useful. Combining acoustic and visual stimuli can enhance effectiveness, while …

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Communal Starling Roosts: Implications For Control, Donald F. Caccamise Mar 1990

Communal Starling Roosts: Implications For Control, Donald F. Caccamise

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

Roosting behavior is common to most avian pests of agriculture. Movements from highly aggregated distributions in roosts to highly dispersed distributions on foraging grounds determine pattern and severity of avian pest problems. This research seeks an understanding of how roosting behavior influences the dispersion of avian agricultural pests and the damage they cause. My focus is on why birds form communal roosts and how communal roosting influences the selection of foraging sites. I document patterns of roosting behavior in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) through population level studies, followed by analysis of individual behavior using radio telemetry. Starlings maintain …

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Planning Rodent Control For Boston's Central Artery/Tunnel Project, Bruce A. Colvin, A. Daniel Ashton, Wellard G. Mccartney, William B. Jackson Mar 1990

Planning Rodent Control For Boston's Central Artery/Tunnel Project, Bruce A. Colvin, A. Daniel Ashton, Wellard G. Mccartney, William B. Jackson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 14th (1990)

A comprehensive rodent control program is being planned for a $4.4 billion highway-construction project in Boston, MA This IPM program will include broad participation by project personnel, city and state agencies, and community groups. Surveys, public education, and sanitation improvements will begin more than a year before construction; baiting will begin approximately 3 months before construction. All control activities will be maintained until construction is complete. Mitigation of community impacts during construction projects is a growing concern, and improved approaches to construction-related rodent control are needed.

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