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Articles 5911 - 5940 of 7823

Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection

Administrative Procedures And Contracts For Vertebrate Pest Programs, Bruce A. Colvin, Curtis A. Meininger, Michael J. Grealy Mar 1992

Administrative Procedures And Contracts For Vertebrate Pest Programs, Bruce A. Colvin, Curtis A. Meininger, Michael J. Grealy

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A proactive (rather than reactive) approach to rodent control includes effective planning, administration, and coordination. Centralized coordination, detailed scheduling, and well-defined contract specifications provide a solid basis for managing an integrated pest management program. Documentation and data management help to ensure cost effective and efficient operations. The ability to work with people and bureaucracies is essential for the science of rodent control to be applied effectively in real world situations and for vertebrate pest programs to succeed.

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Conference Participants Mar 1992

Conference Participants

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Participants came from 32 states, the District of Columbia, and from 11 other countries for a total of 327 registered attendees. The wide representation from the United States and countries throughout the world contributed to the success of the conference by providing a highly diversified group for the exchange of information on research progress, technological advances, management strategies, new products and materials, prevailing management philosophies, the protection of endangered species, and a range of other vertebrate pest topics.

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Ecological Approach To Managing Problems Caused By Urban Canada Geese, Michael R. Conover Mar 1992

Ecological Approach To Managing Problems Caused By Urban Canada Geese, Michael R. Conover

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Urban-suburban Canada geese (Branta canadensis) create nuisance problems at their foraging sites by littering them with feces. An ecological approach to the problem involves inducing the geese to use alternate foraging sites by reducing the attractiveness of problem sites. This can be accomplished by reducing the forage quality at the nuisance site by not fertilizing and infrequently mowing the lawn or by replacing the lawn with a less palatable grass species or other ground cover. Further, sites can be made less attractive to geese if they are surrounded by tall trees which make it harder for geese to …

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Development Of Rodent Control Technology For Confined Swine Facilities, Robert M. Corrigan, Cheryl A. Towell, Ralph E. Williams Mar 1992

Development Of Rodent Control Technology For Confined Swine Facilities, Robert M. Corrigan, Cheryl A. Towell, Ralph E. Williams

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

This paper discusses the development of site-specific baiting technology for controlling the house mouse (Mus musculus) in confined swine facilities utilizing specific rodenticide formulations, bait stations, and baiting strategies. Behavioral research was also conducted to identify primary nesting and travel activities of mice within grower-finishing units. The rodenticide bromadiolone in a block formulation was found to be effective in most baiting trials, and provided resistance to the harsh environment of the swine facility and the necessary versatility for securing baits to minimize hazards to swine. A commercially available tamper resistant bait station was found to be effective for …

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Coyote Control To Protect Endangered San Joaquin Kit Foxes At The Naval Petroleum Reserves, California, Brian L. Cypher, Jerry H. Scrivner Mar 1992

Coyote Control To Protect Endangered San Joaquin Kit Foxes At The Naval Petroleum Reserves, California, Brian L. Cypher, Jerry H. Scrivner

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

We investigated the effectiveness of a coyote (Canis latrans) control program implemented to increase numbers of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) at the Naval Petroleum Reserves in California (NPRC). Between 1980 and 1985, the kit fox population on NPRC declined approximately 66% while coyote abundance apparently increased. Coyote predation was identified as the primary cause of mortality for kit foxes. From 1985 to 1990, the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored a program to kill coyotes with the objective being to reduce predation on kit foxes and increase fox numbers. Control methods …

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Sterilants For Managing The Populations Of Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus), Andrew Cyr, Diane Lacombe Mar 1992

Sterilants For Managing The Populations Of Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus), Andrew Cyr, Diane Lacombe

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Male Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) being gregarious, and causing heavy damage to corn crops in the northeast, including southern Québec and Ontario, sterilization has been studied as a mean's to manage their populations. With chemosterilants (thiotepa and Omitrol®) tested, year to year variations in reproductive success occurs. The spermatogenesis is disrupted, but the overall effect is not specific. Biosterilisation with 10.0 μg doses of GnRH-analogue hormones is more specific, and the spermatogenesis is disrupted for at least a month, but several spaced injections were required. No field trials have been done yet.

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Unmasking Mascall's Mouse Traps, David C. Drummond Mar 1992

Unmasking Mascall's Mouse Traps, David C. Drummond

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Twelve mouse traps described and figured by Leonard Mascall in 16th Century England are illustrated and interpreted afresh. Special attention is given to one that is also depicted on the Merode altarpiece, an important 15th Century Dutch painting. Since Mascall's era many of his mouse traps have virtually disappeared. Others have been made more effective by various design changes, including the incorporation of small powerful helical springs and improved release mechanisms, and by the greater use of wire mesh and sheet metal.

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Toxic Bait And Baiting Strategies For Feral Cats, Charles T. Eason, David R. Morgan, B. Kay Clapperton Mar 1992

Toxic Bait And Baiting Strategies For Feral Cats, Charles T. Eason, David R. Morgan, B. Kay Clapperton

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

To improve feral cat control we developed a dry pelleted toxic bait and evaluated the potential of lures. A polymer fish meal bait was preferred by cats from a range of bait types tested. L-alanine further increased bait acceptance by cats in pen trials and catnip may have the potential to increase field acceptance and target specificity. An oral LD90 of 0.38 mg/ kg was established for sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in feral cats voluntarily eating surface-loaded baits. Acute toxicity to cats of warfarin, cholecalciferol, and gliftor was tested. However, because the cat proved highly sensitive to 1080, we recommend …

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High Frequency Sound Devices Lack Efficacy In Repelling Birds, William A. Erickson, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1992

High Frequency Sound Devices Lack Efficacy In Repelling Birds, William A. Erickson, Rex E. Marsh, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Ultrasonic or high-frequency sound-producing devices are marketed as a scaring or frightening method for bird control. Although inaudible to humans, most birds also do not hear in the ultrasonic frequency ranges of above 20,000 Hz, thus the credibility of advertised claims raises questions. A review of efficacy studies conducted and published by a number of researchers fails to demonstrate the usefulness of such bird control devices.

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An Integrated Approach To The Management Of Urban Canada Goose Depredations, Steven D. Fairaizl Mar 1992

An Integrated Approach To The Management Of Urban Canada Goose Depredations, Steven D. Fairaizl

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in the Reno-Sparks, Nevada urban area have become a problem of increasing significance. Nuisance complaints from city parks, golf courses, and housing developments augment the bird hazard to aircraft operations at the local airport. Eleven goose collisions with commercial aircraft, between January 1986 and April 1989, caused $250,000 in structural damages but no injuries or loss of human life. The Federal Aviation Administration required action be taken to reduce the hazard if airport certification was to continue. A multi-agency task force was formed to develop and implement an integrated pest management plan. Population surveys …

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Front Matter And Contents Mar 1992

Front Matter And Contents

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)


Contents:

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Avitrol Use In The Protection Of Wine Grapes From The House Finch (Linnet) In Sonoma County, Pierre Gadd Mar 1992

Avitrol Use In The Protection Of Wine Grapes From The House Finch (Linnet) In Sonoma County, Pierre Gadd

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Two field trials were conducted to determine the effectiveness of Avitrol® (4-aminopyridine) mixed grains 0.50% in the repelling of house finches (Carpodocus mexicana) from two vineyards in Sonoma County. In the first trial, two properties were prebaited for twelve and fourteen days respectively. After the removal of the prebait, Avitrol treated grain mixture was then placed in the bait troughs for a period of from two to four days. A count of the house finch (linnets) number visiting the troughs during the prebaiting and treatment phases of the trial was recorded. Subsequent linnet counts were made to determine …

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A Review Of The Results From Laboratory Tests Of Some Rodenticides Against Eight Rodent Species, J.E. Gill Mar 1992

A Review Of The Results From Laboratory Tests Of Some Rodenticides Against Eight Rodent Species, J.E. Gill

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The susceptibility of eight rodent species to a range of widely used and candidate rodenticides was determined in laboratory feeding tests. No choice and choice tests were used to assess toxicity and effect on palatability of the rodenticides to Meriones shawi (Shaw's gerbil), Arvicanthis niloticus (Nile rat), Acomys cahirinus (Egyptian Spiny mouse), Mastomys natalensis (Multimammate rat), Sigmodon hispidus (Cotton rat), Rattus exulans (Polynesian rat), and R. rattus (Ship rat) which responded differently to each chemical. The results of these tests suggest possible rodenticides suitable for control of each species. Field trials are now needed to assess the effectiveness of these …

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Urban Crow Roosts In California, W. Paul Gorenzel, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1992

Urban Crow Roosts In California, W. Paul Gorenzel, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

We reviewed the historical and current status of the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), urban crow roosts and control efforts in California. Crows aggregate in traditional winter roosting areas. In the late 1930s most crows in California roosted in the Sacramento Valley in rural locations. Crow roosts were not a concern except for potential damage to adjacent farmlands. From the 1960s through 1980s crows colonized urban areas for nesting and winter roosting. A phone survey of vertebrate pest management officials indicated all known roosts were in urban areas, with most occurring in the Sacramento Valley. From 1970 to 1989 …

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Metoclopramide Hydrochloride Did Not Prevent 1080-Induced Vomiting In Coyotes, Jeffrey S. Green Mar 1992

Metoclopramide Hydrochloride Did Not Prevent 1080-Induced Vomiting In Coyotes, Jeffrey S. Green

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Vomiting is a characteristic, although undesirable effect when using Compound 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) as a method of predator control for coyotes. Compound 1080 meat baits with (treatment) and without (control) an antiemetic, metoclopramide hydrochloride (MH), were fed to captive coyotes to determine whether MH would prevent vomiting. All treatment and control animals died as a result of consuming the 1080 bait with no difference between the groups in time from bait consumption to death. There was no significant difference between the number of treatment and control animals that vomited after consuming the baits. Likewise there was no difference between the …

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Reinfestation Of Bandicota Bengalensis (Gray) In Irrigated Field Habitat, B.K. Guruprasad Mar 1992

Reinfestation Of Bandicota Bengalensis (Gray) In Irrigated Field Habitat, B.K. Guruprasad

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Bandicota bengalensis, a predominant species inhabiting irrigated fields is a potential pest on agricultural crops and is known to live in extensive burrow systems. The burrow opening covered with mud which is an indicator of its activity seems to be discontinuous. An analysis of burrow systems and their occupations indicated reuse of abandoned burrow systems by new entrants. A study simulated in semi-natural conditions supported the view that there is occupation of old burrows by new immigrants. Non-effective barriers; and availability of Panicum repens on bunds, a food alternative may support the population influx. Availability of old burrow systems …

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Closing Remarks For The Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Wendy S. Halverson Mar 1992

Closing Remarks For The Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference, Wendy S. Halverson

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)


As chair-elect for the 16th Vertebrate Pest Conference it is my responsibility to provide the closing remarks for this conference. In achieving this objective I would like to accomplish three things: summarize the 15th conference, leave you with some thoughts to take home, and provide information and an invitation to the 16th Vertebrate Pest Conference to be held in 1994.

At this conference, over the last three days, eighty-one papers have been presented. There were 327 registered participants representing eleven foreign countries and thirty-two states. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the individuals who have worked very …

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California Ground Squirrel Field Efficacy Study Using 0.005% Chlorophacinone Bait, Brent Hazen, Richard M. Poche Mar 1992

California Ground Squirrel Field Efficacy Study Using 0.005% Chlorophacinone Bait, Brent Hazen, Richard M. Poche

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A field efficacy study was completed using Wilco Ground Squirrel Bait (containing 0.005% chlorophacinone) to control California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) in Madera County, California. Bait was applied in plastic stations at the rate of 2 lbs. per station. Two plots with buffer zones were treated (about 11.5 acres each). Visual and burrow counts were used as the census indices to determine field efficacy. Pretreatment and posttreatment census observations were conducted over three days pretest and three days posttreatment. Efficacy after 21 days was 94.4% for plot T-l and 100% on plot T-2 using visual counts. Burrow count …

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Vertebrate Pesticides No Longer Registered And Factors Contributing To Loss Of Registration, William W. Jacobs Mar 1992

Vertebrate Pesticides No Longer Registered And Factors Contributing To Loss Of Registration, William W. Jacobs

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Many pesticide chemicals once used to control vertebrate pests are no longer registered in the U.S. Changes in pesticide laws and regulations have played a major role in the loss of vertebrate pesticides, but relatively few products, uses, or compounds have been lost because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determined that they were too hazardous to be registered. Most canceled products, use patterns, and chemicals have been lost because their registrants abandoned them, choosing not to pay the fees or data development costs necessary to maintain registrations. Pesticide users or other interested parties may be able to "save" a …

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Improved Aerosol Methodology For Applying Cpt To Control Roosting Species Of Pest Birds, Brad E. Johns, R. Daniel Thompson, Kenneth A. Crane Mar 1992

Improved Aerosol Methodology For Applying Cpt To Control Roosting Species Of Pest Birds, Brad E. Johns, R. Daniel Thompson, Kenneth A. Crane

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Colony roosting species of blackbirds (Icterinae), including European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), can be significant pests. The chemical avicide CPT has been applied experimentally in the U.S. and France to roosting blackbirds. However, apparent effective aerial application rates are high, 44-101 kg/ha (40-90 lbs/a), and the actual efficacy, expressed as percent mortality, is difficult to determine. We assessed CPT as a respirable aerosol for potential use as a roost avicide. Starlings exposed to 17 ppm CPT for 5.5 min received lethal doses. The birds appear very sensitive to CPT administered in this manner. The methods of CPT entry into …

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Evaluations Of Aversive Agents To Increase The Selectivity Of Rodenticides, With Emphasis On Denatonium Benzoate (Bitrex®) Bittering Agent, Dale E. Kaukeinen, Alan P. Buckle Mar 1992

Evaluations Of Aversive Agents To Increase The Selectivity Of Rodenticides, With Emphasis On Denatonium Benzoate (Bitrex®) Bittering Agent, Dale E. Kaukeinen, Alan P. Buckle

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Aversive agents are proposed as potential additives to rodenticides to increase selectivity to the target species. Examples of various aversive agent categories are given, including odorants, tastants, and emetics, with examples of evaluations. Tastant additives have been found that do not interfere with rodenticidal efficacy. Denatonium benzoate (commercially available as Bitrex®) is an intensely bitter but non-toxic substance, being increasingly used to adulterate common household materials to reduce the potential risks involved with accidental exposures. No known prior research results have been published concerning the incorporation of Bitrex in rodenticides. Rate determination studies utilizing different rodenticidal formulations were conducted. A …

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The Field Rat Control Campaign, Chiapas, Mexico, Gillian E. Key, Romeo De La Piedra Constantino Mar 1992

The Field Rat Control Campaign, Chiapas, Mexico, Gillian E. Key, Romeo De La Piedra Constantino

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

The Secretariat for Rural Development of the State Government of Chiapas, southern Mexico, has been charged with conducting a campaign against the field rat which began in February 1991. Four areas were identified as key sites for the campaign benefiting 3,355 farmers in a total area of 8,000 ha and an initial budget of approximately $500m Mexican pesos (US $170,000). The major crops for which damage is reported are maize, sugar cane and cacao. The term “field rat” is a general one encompassing any rodent causing damage to field crops and in Chiapas probably covers a variety of species; no …

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Nontarget Hazards Associated With Egg Baits Used To Control Corvid Depredations On Endangered California Least Tern Eggs At Camp Pendleton, California—1990 (Abstract Only), C. Edward Knittle Mar 1992

Nontarget Hazards Associated With Egg Baits Used To Control Corvid Depredations On Endangered California Least Tern Eggs At Camp Pendleton, California—1990 (Abstract Only), C. Edward Knittle

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Several small nesting colonies of the endangered California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni) remain along the California coast. The largest of these is located on Camp Pendleton Marine Base in southern California. Many forms of disturbance have apparently contributed to the decline of this tern species, including corvid, primarily raven (Corvus corax), predation on the eggs. Efforts to eliminate corvid predation have primarily focused on shooting offending birds; this method is selective, but it has inherent public safety problems. In 1988, biologists from the Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC) and the U.S. Navy, in cooperation with …

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Laboratory Studies Of More Durable Baits For Controlling Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1992

Laboratory Studies Of More Durable Baits For Controlling Pocket Gophers, Ling Ling Lee, Walter E. Howard, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A laboratory study of 68 Botta's pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) was carried out to compare the preference for 20 different nontoxic baits and the preference and efficacy of 14 different toxic baits. All baits were designed to be more durable (i.e., longer lasting) than loose grain baits to increase the chance that one baiting might successfully control any new gopher invader that moved into an unoccupied burrow system. Bait types ranged from pure paraffin cubes, polyethylene bags of grain bait (plain or coated with paraffin and carrot powder), and paraffin grain baits (3.4 g and 10 g). Wide …

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Electronic Frightening Devices For Reducing Coyote Predation On Domestic Sheep: Efficacy Under Range Conditions And Operational Use, Samuel B. Linhart, Gary J. Dasch, Richard B. Johnson, Jerry D. Roberts, C. Joe Packham Mar 1992

Electronic Frightening Devices For Reducing Coyote Predation On Domestic Sheep: Efficacy Under Range Conditions And Operational Use, Samuel B. Linhart, Gary J. Dasch, Richard B. Johnson, Jerry D. Roberts, C. Joe Packham

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)


A portable 12-v battery-operated coyote frightening device was developed for reducing coyote predation on sheep and evaluated on fenced pasture farm flock operations (1979-1982). In 1986, the final experimental model consisted of a PVC case, a timer, a blinking strobe light, and a warbling type siren that was activated for 7-10 seconds at about 6-7 minute intervals throughout the night. The devices were generally suspended about 2 m above the ground and were activated at dusk by a photocell and turned off about 2 hours after dawn by a timer. Here we report tests on high mountain summer sheep ranges …

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Scarecrows And Predator Models For Frightening Birds From Specific Areas, Rex E. Marsh, William A. Erickson, Terrell P. Salmon Mar 1992

Scarecrows And Predator Models For Frightening Birds From Specific Areas, Rex E. Marsh, William A. Erickson, Terrell P. Salmon

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Scarecrows and raptor models are fairly common traditional methods of attempting to frighten unwanted birds. Their effectiveness depends on the conditions under which they are used and the unwanted bird species involved. Best results are obtained from those that are most lifelike and have motion. When coupled with loud startling sounds or recorded distress calls their effectiveness is generally enhanced. Habituation by at least some birds is inevitable so the duration of effectiveness diminishes with time. It is essential to know what works best in a given situation so those methods can be employed to achieve maximum efficiency. An understanding …

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Reflections On Current (1992) Pocket Gopher Control In California, Rex E. Marsh Mar 1992

Reflections On Current (1992) Pocket Gopher Control In California, Rex E. Marsh

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Rodenticide options for pocket gopher control are more limited now than anytime in the last 40 years. Strychnine remains the most economical and efficacious of the rodenticides available for use in production agriculture and forestry. The anticoagulant rodenticides, diphacinone and chlorophacinone, provide the best alternative to strychnine where the latter is thought inappropriate (e.g., school grounds, parks, etc.). The development of a behavioral type resistance to strychnine baits is currently jeopardizing control on certain ranches. Perishable baits (e.g., cubed raw carrots) are no longer an option because technical or concentrated strychnine is no longer registered for such uses. The development …

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Nonlethal Repellents: The Development Of Cost-Effective, Practical Solutions To Agricultural And Industrial Problems, J. Russell Mason, Larry Clark Mar 1992

Nonlethal Repellents: The Development Of Cost-Effective, Practical Solutions To Agricultural And Industrial Problems, J. Russell Mason, Larry Clark

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

Repellents substances and devices cause pest species to avoid otherwise attractive or palatable materials. For birds, repellents can be visual, auditory, pyrotechnic, tactile, chemosensory, physiologic, or physical. Here, we consider chemical agents only. Few substances are registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and thus legally available for use. This lack of available bird repellent technology reflects the small demonstrable economic impact of many agricultural bird damage problems. Accurate information about damage and market size is virtually nonexistent, and private companies are reluctant to invest resources in the unknown. To successfully commercialize new repellents, clearly lucrative markets must be …

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Studies On Bait Preference And Acceptance Of Flocoumafen In Rattus Rattus Infesting Poultry Farms And Godowns, Manju Mathur, A.P. Jain, Nisha Kashyap, Farzana Parveen Mar 1992

Studies On Bait Preference And Acceptance Of Flocoumafen In Rattus Rattus Infesting Poultry Farms And Godowns, Manju Mathur, A.P. Jain, Nisha Kashyap, Farzana Parveen

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)


The black rat (Rattus rattus) has global distribution with 570 forms (Walker 1940). However, in India it is represented by 16 sub-species (Biswas and Tiwari 1969) with R.r. rufescens as most common commensal rodent (Barnett and Prakash 1975). It distinctly occupies rural and urban areas in Rajasthan. Besides infesting human dwellings rats occupy poultry farms, godowns, shops, flour mills, etc. With increase in poultry farming the rat problem has become critical and so is the fate of farm produce being stored at farmers’ godowns which are small, non-scientifically constructed and nonrodent proof.

Often it is recommended that poultry …

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Zinc Phosphide: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog—Domestic Ferret Secondary Poisoning Study, George A. Matschke, Keith J. Andrews, Richard M. Engeman Mar 1992

Zinc Phosphide: Black-Tailed Prairie Dog—Domestic Ferret Secondary Poisoning Study, George A. Matschke, Keith J. Andrews, Richard M. Engeman

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 15th (1992)

A laboratory study was conducted in which tissues from zinc phosphide-killed black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) were fed to domestic ferrets (Mustelaputorius). Prairie dogs were fed a 2.03% zinc phosphide bait and upon death, two tissue complexes were prepared: stomach, liver, and intestines, and the remaining carcass. Five male and five female ferrets were each fed one of the two treated tissue complexes. A similar number of ferrets were each fed one of the two control tissue complexes. No poisoning symptoms or emesis were observed and no ferret mortality occurred. Zinc phosphide residue was determined in …

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