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Articles 5761 - 5790 of 7823

Full-Text Articles in Environmental Health and Protection

Survey Of Nuisance Urban Geese In The United States, James E. Forbes Dec 1993

Survey Of Nuisance Urban Geese In The United States, James E. Forbes

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Problems caused by Canada geese in urban areas include defecation and molted feathers on lawns and golf courses, fowling water supplies, noise, attacks upon small children, and bird hazard to aircraft at airports. Detailed discussion of nuisance Canada geese in Connecticut and New York are reported by Forbes (1982) and Converse (1985). This paper updates the survey of nuisance Canada geese in urban areas of the eastern U.S. by Conover and Chasko (1985).

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An Evaluation Of Laminated Offset Jawed Traps For Reducing Injuries To Coyotes, John M. Houben, Merrilee Holland, Sherman W. Jack, Carolyn R. Boyle Dec 1993

An Evaluation Of Laminated Offset Jawed Traps For Reducing Injuries To Coyotes, John M. Houben, Merrilee Holland, Sherman W. Jack, Carolyn R. Boyle

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Increasing public concern about injuries caused by foothold traps has resulted in a considerable amount of research for more humane traps. Much of this research effort has focused on evaluating the Victor No. 3 Soft-Catch trap manufactured by Woodstream Corporation, Lititz, Pennsylvania (Linhart and Dasch 1992). Research has concentrated on two major areas: (1) efficiency and selectivity of different trap types and modifications used for capturing coyotes (Canis latrans) and (2) reducing animal injuries associated with trapping (Phillips and Mullis 1991). The Soft-Catch trap has been shown to reduce foot injury sustained by most captured furbearers (Tullar 1984, Olsen et …

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Update On Development Of A Tranquilizer Trap Device, Peter J. Savarie, Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Edward W. Schafer Jr. Dec 1993

Update On Development Of A Tranquilizer Trap Device, Peter J. Savarie, Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Edward W. Schafer Jr.

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The foothold trap is an important tool that is used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal Damage Control (ADC) program to capture coyotes (Canis latrans) that are causing livestock depredations. In FY 1990 and FY 1991 the ADC program trapped 17,732 and 15,805 coyotes, respectively (USDA 1991;1992). Foothold traps can cause trauma and injury to feet and legs (Englund 1982; Linhart et al. 1986; Olsen et al. 1986, 1988; Onderka et al. 1990, Tullar 1984) and Onderka et al. (1990) observed oral injuries such as broken teeth, and tongue and gum lacerations in captured animals. The ADC program and …

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Wildlife Damge And The Iowa Farmer. The Influence Of Perspective, James L. Pease Ph.D. Dec 1993

Wildlife Damge And The Iowa Farmer. The Influence Of Perspective, James L. Pease Ph.D.

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

Over 90% of Iowa's land base is privately owned and managed for agriculture. Less than 2% is publicly-owned and managed specifically for wildlife. Thus, virtually all of Iowa's 36 million acres (14.8 million hectares) has been altered. Some 70% of the forests have been lost, over 95% of the wetlands drained, and over 99.9% of the native prairies have been converted to agricultural, transportation, or other human uses. Such extensive alteration of habitats encourages the wildlife species that are ecological generalists to flourish. These species are also those that are most likely to come into conflict with humans, competing with …

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The Impact Of European Community's Humane Trapping Resolution On U.S. Wildlife Damage Control Program, Mahadev Bhat, Robert Gotie, Luther Keller Dec 1993

The Impact Of European Community's Humane Trapping Resolution On U.S. Wildlife Damage Control Program, Mahadev Bhat, Robert Gotie, Luther Keller

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

This paper discusses the implications that The European Economic Community's recent Wild Fur Regulation (WFR) might have on the U.S. wildlife damage control program. Beginning Jan. 1, 1995, the regulation will ban fur imports originating from countries which fail to (1) stop foothold trapping, and (2) adopt international humane trapping standards. Countries which pledge to adopt humane trapping standards will be granted a one-year extension to comply with the WFR. Because the European community is an important market for American furs, the regulation will affect the trapping of many American fur-bearing species, including raccoon, beaver, bobcat, muskrat, coyote, otter, badger, …

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Endangered Species And Pesticides: The Kansas Program, Sue Ann Funk Dec 1993

Endangered Species And Pesticides: The Kansas Program, Sue Ann Funk

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), because of its responsibility for registering pesticides for use in the U.S., is subject to the restrictions of federal Endangered Species Law. Before a pesticide can be registered, and subsequently marketed, EPA must guarantee that specific pesticides will not place an endangered species in peril. The Division of Plant Health of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture has received a grant from EPA to enforce the protection of listed species from pesticide exposure in Kansas.

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Urban Nuisance Wildlife Control In Kentucky, Thomas G. Barnes Dec 1993

Urban Nuisance Wildlife Control In Kentucky, Thomas G. Barnes

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

A variety of factors including increased urbanization, decreased funding for governmental animal damage programs, and increases in some urban wildlife populations have resulted in a greater demand for urban nuisance wildlife control. Historically, this demand was met by Cooperative Extension Service (San Julian 1987), state fish and wildlife agency, or USDA-APHIS-ADC employees (Bollengier 1987). These agencies provided educational materials, consultations, and/or physically removed animals. Recently, there is an increased demand for physical animal removal evidenced by increasing numbers of private pest control operators (PCO) specializing as urban nuisance wildlife control operators (NWCO).

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Livestock Protection Collars In The United States, 1988-19931, Guy Connolly Dec 1993

Livestock Protection Collars In The United States, 1988-19931, Guy Connolly

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

The livestock protection collar (LP Collar) i: one of the few technical innovations: developed over the past 20 years fog managing coyote depredation on livestock Invented by Roy McBride in 1970, the LF Collar was researched at length by the Denver Wildlife Research Center (DWRC; and several cooperators before being approved for use with Compound 1080 by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1985 (Burns et al. 1988, 1991; Connolly et al. 1978; Connolly 1980, 1985, 1990; Connolly and Burns 1990; Littauer 1984; Scrivner 1983; Scrivner and Wade 1986; TAMU 1983).

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How To Involve Local Communities In Wildlife Damage Control Decision-Malting, Scott R. Craven Dec 1993

How To Involve Local Communities In Wildlife Damage Control Decision-Malting, Scott R. Craven

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

In most cases the impetus for wildlife damage control (ADC) comes from the individual or group victimized by the problem, i.e., the farmers losing crops to migrating waterfowl or the homeowners frustrated with the loss of valuable ornamental plants to marauding deer. These "victims" or "stakeholders" are clearly best positioned to describe the nature and extent of the problem, how they feel about it, and to comment on what action could/should be taken to reduce or end the problem.

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Contraception In Domestic And Wild Animal Populations Using Zona Pellucida Lmmunogens, Bonnie S. Dunbar Oct 1993

Contraception In Domestic And Wild Animal Populations Using Zona Pellucida Lmmunogens, Bonnie S. Dunbar

Contraception in Wildlife Management

The human population presently exceeds 6 billion and is continuing to expand at a startling rate. This population increase has resulted in the depletion of Earth's resources, which are essential for human survival. An unfortunate consequence of this expansion has been the destruction of wildlife habitats. As these habitats have diminished, numerous problems have arisen, including conflicts between wildlife and human populations. The threat of extinction of many plant and animal species has already become a reality; other wildlife populations have increased due to reductions in predator populations. While the increase in the human population must ultimately be checked, there …

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A Review Of Baits And Bait Delivery Systems For Free-Ranging Carnivores And Ungulates, Samuel B. Linhart, Andreas Kappeler, Lamar A. Windberg Oct 1993

A Review Of Baits And Bait Delivery Systems For Free-Ranging Carnivores And Ungulates, Samuel B. Linhart, Andreas Kappeler, Lamar A. Windberg

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Baits and bait delivery systems have been described for orally administering a variety of chemicals and biologicals to selected carnivores and ungulates. Development has varied from species for which bait preferences and means of distributing oral contraceptives have not yet been determined even on a limited scale (e.g., white-tailed deer) to cooperative, multicountry programs involving the annual distribution of millions of mass-produced oral rabies vaccine baits (e.g., red foxes in Europe). Much of the technical literature on the subject has appeared in sometimes obscure sources encompassing such fields as medical epidemiology, wildlife diseases, animal behavior, applied ecology, flavor chemistry, furbearer …

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Contraception In Wildlife Management
Table Of Contents, Terry J. Kreeger Oct 1993

Contraception In Wildlife Management Table Of Contents, Terry J. Kreeger

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Table of Contents

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The Development Of Contraceptive Methods For Captive Wildlife, Cheryl S. Asa Oct 1993

The Development Of Contraceptive Methods For Captive Wildlife, Cheryl S. Asa

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Contraception has become critical in managing zoo populations, both to limit production of surplus animals and to promote genetic health. One role of the Contraception Advisory Group, formed in 1989, is to coordinate research to develop new contraceptive methods. Because melengestrol acetate (MGA) implants, which have been used by zoos for almost 20 years, recently have been associated with uterine pathology in felids, several new contraceptive techniques are being evaluated. These include other steroid hormone formulations, such as the birth control pill Depo-Provers®, the Norplant® implant, and MGA added to feed; bisdiamine, an oral male contraceptive; zona pellucida (ZP) vaccine; …

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Authors' Affiliations Oct 1993

Authors' Affiliations

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Authors' Affiliations

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Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Analogs Or Active Immunization Against Gnrh To Control Fertility In Wildlife, Susan E. Becker, Larry S. Katz Oct 1993

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (Gnrh) Analogs Or Active Immunization Against Gnrh To Control Fertility In Wildlife, Susan E. Becker, Larry S. Katz

Contraception in Wildlife Management

The administration of analogs, both agonists and antagonists, of GnRH and immunization against GnRH have been investigated for their ability to control reproductive function in domestic species. These methods can be used to inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins, the necessary stimulants for steroidogenesis and gametogensis, thereby potentially preventing ovulation and inhibiting spermatogenesis. Induction of infertility in this manner could be used for nonlethal population control of wildlife species. Relatively little research has been done in this area. This chapter reviews relevant studies with domestic species and discusses results from studies with wildlife species.

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Potential Use Of Contraception For Managing Wildlife Pests In Australia, Mary Bomford, Peter O'Brien Oct 1993

Potential Use Of Contraception For Managing Wildlife Pests In Australia, Mary Bomford, Peter O'Brien

Contraception in Wildlife Management

There is an increasing level of interest in contraception to manage wildlife pests in Australia, due mainly to concerns over high recurrent costs, animal welfare, and the failure of current control techniques to prevent damage in some instances. We have developed criteria that need to be met for contraception to be successful for pest control:
• Technology exists to reduce fertility
• An effective delivery mechanism to treat wild animals exists.
• The end result of reduced animal damage is achieved.
• Effects are humane and nontoxic.
• Product is target specific, cost effective, and environmentally acceptable.

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Lmmunocontraceptive Vaccines For Control Of Fertility In The European Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes), Mark P. Bradley Oct 1993

Lmmunocontraceptive Vaccines For Control Of Fertility In The European Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes), Mark P. Bradley

Contraception in Wildlife Management

This paper describes the strategies being employed in the development of an immunocontraceptive vaccine using sperm antigens, to control fox populations in Australia. It is proposed that such a vaccine will be delivered orally in a bait, thereby ultimately stimulating a mucosal immune response within the female reproductive tract. The eventual success in producing such a vaccine requires the identification of game antigens that cause immunological infertility, a detailed understanding of the reproductive immunology of foxes and the selection of the most effective form of antigen delivery system.

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Human Dimensions Of Contraception In Wildlife Management, Paul D. Curtis, Daniel J. Decker, Rebecca J. Stout, Milo E. Richmond, Cynthia A. Loker Oct 1993

Human Dimensions Of Contraception In Wildlife Management, Paul D. Curtis, Daniel J. Decker, Rebecca J. Stout, Milo E. Richmond, Cynthia A. Loker

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Wildlife damage management was so much simpler in the good old days. If deer (Odocoileus virginianus), beaver (Castor canadensis), or other animals were a problem in a particular situation, people simply had them shot, trapped, or poisoned. Not many years ago, most people would go along with this approach, and those who didn't like it were marginalized as the "radical fringe." Not so today. Greater and more diverse segments of the public want a say in what professionals decide to do with their wildlife. The public wants to participate in setting objectives for management and in …

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Thunder In The Distance: The Emerging Policy Debate Over Wildlife Contraception, R. Bruce Gill, Michael W. Miller Oct 1993

Thunder In The Distance: The Emerging Policy Debate Over Wildlife Contraception, R. Bruce Gill, Michael W. Miller

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Wildlife contraception is only now emerging as a wildlife policy issue It will emerge into a sociopolitical environment that is already polarized from a clash of ideologies. The wildlife conservation/hunting community strives to preserve the status quo while animal welfare and animal rights activists struggle to change wildlife management philosophy and practice to conform to their respective beliefs. Recent professional and popular literature reveal at least four major areas of conflict: (1) anti-management sentiment, (2) anti-hunting sentiment, (3) animal rights sentiment, and (4) animal welfare sentiment. Wildlife managers anticipate that the conflict over the use of contraceptives will involve value …

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Contraception In Wildlife Management: Reality Or Illusion?, David C. Guynn Jr. Oct 1993

Contraception In Wildlife Management: Reality Or Illusion?, David C. Guynn Jr.

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Nuisance wildlife in areas where hunting is not an accepted practice and declining public support of lethal control measures have prompted research on contraceptives as a way to manage population levels. However, complex legal. biological, economic, and ethical issues should be addressed before such techniques are tested even on small, isolated populations. Regulatory authority by State and Federal agencies must define protocols for using contraceptive materials in wild populations. Registration of wildlife contraceptives either as pesticides or vaccines will likely be necessary. Health-related issues include harmful effects on target species, nontarget species and humans who may consume carcasses. Models for …

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Considerations For Lmmunocontraception Among Free-Ranging Carnivores: The Rabies Paradigm, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Charles E. Rupprecht Oct 1993

Considerations For Lmmunocontraception Among Free-Ranging Carnivores: The Rabies Paradigm, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Charles E. Rupprecht

Contraception in Wildlife Management

The raging North American controversy over the reintroduction of wolves into the ecosystem of the greater Yellowstone National Park area exemplifies the emotive relationship between humankind and the Carnivora. What forces act in concert to portray this much maligned Order in unfavorable light? Control of free-ranging carnivore populations by Homo sapiens has been practiced for centuries as part of a pastoral lifestyle, with the intent of protecting one's own life and livelihood from becoming freshly killed prey in the onslaught from mammalian competitors. Traditionally, control is equated most commonly with population reduction through direct elimination of individuals (e.g., typically social …

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Research To Develop Contraceptive Control Of Brushtail Possums In New Zealand, Simon E. Jolly, Phil E. Cowan, Janine A. Duckworth Oct 1993

Research To Develop Contraceptive Control Of Brushtail Possums In New Zealand, Simon E. Jolly, Phil E. Cowan, Janine A. Duckworth

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Common brushtail possums are serious pests in New Zealand, where they threaten the survival of native plants and animals and spread bovine tuberculosis. A National Science Strategy Committee established in 1991 to coordinate possum research gave high priority to research aimed at biological control of possums, particularly contraceptive control. Surveys are identifying pathogens and potential vectors, and research has begun on immunology, gene transcription, potential contraceptive targets, and sociobiology. As there are more than 60 million possums in New Zealand, contraceptive vaccine delivery systems need to be cost effective, and they must be publicly acceptable. A vaccine could be included …

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Surgical Sterilization: An Underutilized Procedure For Evaluating The Merits Of Induced Sterility, James J. Kennelly, Kathryn A. Converse Oct 1993

Surgical Sterilization: An Underutilized Procedure For Evaluating The Merits Of Induced Sterility, James J. Kennelly, Kathryn A. Converse

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Despite more than 4 decades of effort, development of effective wildlife damage control programs based on sterilization of target species has met with limited success. This is partly due to the fact that investigators have assumed, rather than empirically tested, whether the reproductive strategies of the target populations were vulnerable to the planned treatment. Equally important, methods selected to induce sterility usually involve a chemical agent that can affect sociosexual behaviors of the nuisance population. In this report, we illustrate how surgically induced sterility circumvents both problems-how it enables one to assess the feasibility and applicability of the concept without …

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Remotely Delivered Contraception With Needle-Less Norgestomet Implants, Darrel J. Kesler Oct 1993

Remotely Delivered Contraception With Needle-Less Norgestomet Implants, Darrel J. Kesler

Contraception in Wildlife Management

A remotely delivered contraceptive was developed that suppressed estrus and prevented pregnancy in deer with 100-percent efficacy. This contraceptive utilized norgestomet, a potent progestin that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in cattle. Although the needle-less norgestomet implant is not FDA approved for use in deer, it is safe for treated animals, humans, and the environment. The remote delivery of this implant can be accomplished up to 40 m away and causes minimal tissue damage and stress if administered properly. Because of its ease, its simplicity of delivery, and the control it provides for proper …

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Contraception Of Wild And Feral Equids, Jay F. Kirkpatrick, J.W. Turner Jr., I.K.M. Liu Oct 1993

Contraception Of Wild And Feral Equids, Jay F. Kirkpatrick, J.W. Turner Jr., I.K.M. Liu

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Fertility control in wild horses has been attempted with both stallions and mares. Nonreversible surgical sterilazaiton by means of vasectomy has been successful in inhibiting reporcution in wild horses in Montana and Nevada. Administration of a microencapsulated form of testosterone to wild stallions reduced sperm counts and motility and foal counts. In a third approach, intraperitoneal SilasticTM implants containing ethinylesdtradiol and progesterone blocked ovulation in wild mares for up to 3 years.

The first immunological fertility control of free-ranging wildlife was accomplished with wild horses, Initial experiments demonstrated that immunization with porcine zonae pellucidae was capable of causing contraception …

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Overview Of Delivery Systems For The Administration Of Contraceptives To Wildlife, Terry J. Kreeger Oct 1993

Overview Of Delivery Systems For The Administration Of Contraceptives To Wildlife, Terry J. Kreeger

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Successful contraception in wildlife requires both an efficacious and safe contraceptive agent and an efficacious and safe method of delivering that agent to the animal. Remote delivery systems (RDS)-mechanical devices capable of administering a single dose to an unrestrained animal, usually by means of a ballistic projectile-can target specific animals and facilitate the administration of contraceptives on a body weight basis. Liquid, solid, and semisolid formulations can be delivered via RDS, and sometimes treatment costs can go down with this methodology. Disadvantages of RDS include the fact that many of them can be used only on larger animals and RDS’ …

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Development Of A Bait For The Oral Delivery Of Pharmaceuticals To White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus), J. Russell Mason, N.J. Bean, Larry S. Katz, Heidi Hales Oct 1993

Development Of A Bait For The Oral Delivery Of Pharmaceuticals To White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus), J. Russell Mason, N.J. Bean, Larry S. Katz, Heidi Hales

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Solid and liquid baits were tested for the delivery of drugs to white-tailed deer. The solid bait was compromised of a mineral block paired with apple, peanut butter, or acorn extract. The liquid bait was compromised of water, apple juice, glycerine, salt, and either peanut butter or apple odor. Although both solid and liquid baits were attractive to deer, the latter may be more useful because consumption can be measured directly, ingestion by nontarget animals is minimized, and bait degradation by weathering is reduced.

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Delivery Of Lmmunocontraceptive Vaccines For Wildlife Management, Lowell A. Miller Oct 1993

Delivery Of Lmmunocontraceptive Vaccines For Wildlife Management, Lowell A. Miller

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Immunocontraceptive technology appears to be a viable approach for population control of nuisance species of wildlife. The administration of immunocontraceptive vaccines is presently performed by syringe injection or by remote delivery via darts or biobullets. In order for immunocontraception to be successful in free-roaming animals, the vaccine must be delivered in an oral form. Recent advances in molecular biology, immunology, and pathology of mucosal infections give us tools to develop effective oral vaccines. Oral vaccines encapsulated in either biodegradable microspheres, synthetic adhesive liposomes, or nonvirulent live vectors hold promise as a practical approach for immunocontraception of free-roaming wildlife. Issues of …

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Contraception In Wildlife Management: Index Oct 1993

Contraception In Wildlife Management: Index

Contraception in Wildlife Management

Index

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Lmmunocontraception In White-Tailed Deer, John W. Turner Jr., Jay F. Kirkpatrick, Irwin K.M. Liu Oct 1993

Lmmunocontraception In White-Tailed Deer, John W. Turner Jr., Jay F. Kirkpatrick, Irwin K.M. Liu

Contraception in Wildlife Management

lmmunocontraception may have management application for white-tailed deer populations in parks and preserves. where hunting 1s illegal or impractical. This study examines physiological aspects of immunocontraception with porcine zonae pellucidae in 53 fertile white-tailed does. In separate studies, we employed protocols of three and two porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) injections as well as two different protocols using one injection. Each one-injection vaccination consisted of one dose of porcine zonae pellucidae as in other protocols plus a second controlled-release dose of the material delivered via an osmotic minipump implant or injected, biodegradable polymer microspheres. We monitored fawn production for 1 to …

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