Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

Remote-Split Operations And Virtual Presence: Why The Air Force Uses Officer Pilots To Fly Rpas, Lt Col Matt Martin

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

Since the advent of Remote-Split Operations (RSO) for MQ-1/9 remotely-pilot aircraft (RPA), where pilots fly aircraft that are thousands of miles away, a popu-lar view is that this distance instills a psychological gap, making it easy to carry out lethal actions. A common further assumption is that RPAs are automated and don't require traditional aviation or leadership skills to operate. But 20 years of combat RPA experience has led practitioners to a different view—that the effec-tive employment of RPAs has been improved by using pilots with previous expe-rience in manned aircraft and undergraduate training where pilot candidates re-ceived a foundation …

Un-Alerted Smoke And Fire: Checklist Content And Intended Crew Response, Barbara K. Burian

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

An in-flight smoke or fire event is an emergency unlike almost any other. The early cues for un-alerted conditions, such as air conditioning smoke or fire, are often ambiguous and elusive. The checklists crews use for these conditions must help them respond quickly and effectively and must guide their decisions. Ten years ago an industry committee developed a template to guide the content of Part 121 checklists for un-alerted smoke and fire events. This template is based upon a new philosophy about how crews should use the checklists and respond to the events. To determine the degree to which current …

Flight Operational Quality Assurance (Foqa) – Do Exceedances Tell The Story?, Brian G. Dillman, Dennis Wilt, Shawn Pruchnicki, Mark Ball, Marshall Pomeroy

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

The concept of Flight Operational Quality Assurance (FOQA) programs have been widely utilized throughout the aviation industry. The premise behind the concept is to establish thresholds for flight situations based upon company operations specifications, regulatory guidance, aircraft limitations, and standard operating procedures and then monitor performance on the aggregate to determine if operations fall within acceptable boundaries. A singular exceedance may not trigger corrective actions, but if overall exceedances for the company exceed a predetermined acceptable threshold then mitigation strategies are employed to bring performance back within acceptable limits. Does this tell the whole story? Would allowing feedback for performance …

Assessing Potential Human Performance Safety Impacts Associated With Integrating Multiple Time-Based Flow Management Concepts, Michael W. Sawyer, Katherine A. Berry, Devin Liskey, Richard Rohde

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

Time-Based Flow Management (TBFM) seeks to enhance system efficiency by improving scheduling and interval management tools that expand and enhance the flow of traffic. This paper presents the results of an integrated human performance safety assessment of TBFM concepts planned for implementation between 2016 and 2020. The assessment utilized the Human and Organizational Safety Technique (HOST) to provide a structured method for identifying potential human error modes and estimating their contribution to the risk profile. HOST further defined graphical human-system interaction models for each proposed change and an integrated interaction model across all assessed TBFM changes. The HOST assessment resulted …

Evaluating Startle, Surprise, And Distraction: An Analysis Of Aircraft Incident And Accident Reports, Andrew B. Talone, Javier Rivera, Camilo Jimenez, Florian Jentsch

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

Over the years, startle, surprise, and distraction have been frequently cited as potentially having negative effects on aircraft flightcrew performance. This paper aims to build upon and extend our prior research (Rivera, Talone, Boesser, Jentsch, & Yeh, 2014) in which we found evidence that (a) startle may be less problematic to flight deck performance than surprise, and (b) negative flight deck performance following startle is most likely due to concurrent distraction or surprise. The current research examined the theoretical foundations underlying these concepts and analyzed two accident/incident databases to identify potential trends and assess the prevalence of startle, surprise, and …

An Operational Analysis Of Human Factors In An Unmanned Air System, Saskia D. Revell, Victoria J. Cutler

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

Previous research has highlighted Human Factors (HF) issues associated with operating Unmanned Air Systems (UAS). This research has examined the human-machine interface, error types found in UAS mishaps, and examined specific factors such as workload or situation awareness. Fewer studies have examined the HF issues experienced during live military UAS operations in a conflict zone. Accordingly, a HF analysis was undertaken of a UK UAS unit operating in Afghanistan. The analysis was conducted using the Operational Events Analysis (OEA) approach, which is a structured, qualitative method of identifying flight safety HF issues. The OEA included UAS operators and maintenance personnel. …

Avionics Touch Screen In Turbulence: Simulation For Design, Sylvain Hourlier, Xavier Servantie

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

As touch screens are everywhere in the consumer market Thales has launched in depth evaluations on their introduction in the cockpit. One of the challenges is to verify its compatibility with in flight use under turbulence conditions, including light, moderate and severe. In flight accelerometer collections were performed to provide us with a baseline for choosing between possible simulation solutions. Thales recognized early on the need for such a tool as it would enable us to define recommendations for our HMI designs. The objectives were first to validate specific complex touch/gestures using all the potential of touch interactions for novel …

The Role Of Personnel Selection In Remotely Piloted Aircraft Human System Integration, Thomas R. Carretta, Raymond E. King

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

Effective human-system integration (HSI) incorporates several domains: manpower, personnel, and training, human factors, environment, safety, occupational health, habitability, survivability, logistics, intelligence, mobility, and command and control. These domains are interdependent and must be considered in terms of their interrelationships. Human factors engineers typically focus on system design with little attention to the skills, abilities, and other characteristics needed by the human operator. Personnel selection is seldom considered during the HSI process. Complex systems require careful selection of the individuals who will interact with the system. Selection is a two-stage process: Select-in procedures determine who has the aptitude to profit from …

Understanding Distinctive Beliefs And Perceptions About Depression Among Haitian Men, Darlyne Richardson

2010-2016 Archived Posters

This is a quantitative analysis exploring the relationship between levels of depression in Haitian men as related to restrictive emotionality, self-­reliance, subjective masculine stress, spiritual well-­being, and length of time in the United States. The data were obtained from demographic questionnaires and surveys among 90 Haitian men residing in the United States.

The Relationship Of Mental Health Agency Productivity Standards With Marriage And Family Therapist Job Satisfaction And Turnover Intent, Gilbert E. Franco

2010-2016 Archived Posters

A quantitative study investigated how productivity standards were related to self-­efficacy, job satisfaction, and marriage and family therapist (MFT) turnover intent. The results show that productivity standards predict turnover intent, mediated by job self-­efficacy and job satisfaction. It was found that productivity predicts job satisfaction, mediated by job self-­efficacy.

Expert Consensus Document: Mind The Gaps—Advancing Research Into Short-Term And Long-Term Neuropsychological Outcomes Of Youth Sports-Related Concussions, Aaron J. Carman, Rennie Ferguson, Robert Cantu, R. Dawn Comstock, Penny A. Dacks, Gerard A. Gioia, +20 Additional Authors

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Faculty Publications

Sports-related concussions and repetitive subconcussive exposure are increasingly recognized as potential dangers to paediatric populations, but much remains unknown about the short-term and long-term consequences of these events, including potential cognitive impairment and risk of later-life dementia. This Expert Consensus Document is the result of a 1-day meeting convened by Safe Kids Worldwide, the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, and the Andrews Institute for Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine. The goal is to highlight knowledge gaps and areas of critically needed research in the areas of concussion science, dementia, genetics, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, neuroimaging, sports injury surveillance, and information sharing. For …

Use Of Oxytocin As A Preventative Treatment For Ptsd, Laurel V. Kovalchick

UROP Posters

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health disorder triggered by experiencing a traumatic event. PTSD causes recurrent flashbacks of traumatic memories that lead to over-consolidation. Memory over-consolidation prevents extinction of emotional and physiological responses to the memory. Because individuals can respond differently to stress and frightening experiences, no measures are currently practiced to prevent PTSD. By studying the changes in the brain during PTSD and after stress, it can be hypothesized that treatments that regulated HPA axis activity may prevent PTSD symptoms if applied soon after stress. Risk of developing PTSD is associated with abnormal cortisol and norepinephrine levels …

Developing A Neuroplasticity-Based Treatment Program For Psychopathy: Treatment Foci And Options, Mariah Villanueva

UROP Posters

Psychopathy is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is commonly misunderstood as the condition of criminals, and many people believe the best cure is simple confinement for those who ignore society’s laws. Psychopathy, though, is a genuine condition with a genetic basis that manifests itself through neurotransmitter system disruption and hormone imbalances. Psychopathy has a serious neurological impact on an individual, with impairments largely focused in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, as well as overall negatively affecting the limbic system of the brain. Together, the total impact causes issues with that individual’s ability to empathize, to experience emotions normally, to develop a …

Minding The Interpersonal Gap: Mindfulness-Based Interventions In The Prevention Of Ostracism, Alex T. Ramsey, Eric E. Jones

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

Ostracism is a ubiquitous phenomenon, occurring across a broad range of social contexts and detrimentally impacting personal outcomes. Through enhanced present-moment attention and awareness, mindfulness-based interventions may help prevent this harmful behavior. The current research examined the role of state mindfulness in reducing the propensity to commit ostracism. This relationship was investigated in two studies: a field-based quasi-experiment (Study 1, n=. 51) and a laboratory-based experiment (Study 2, n=. 100). Both studies supported the utility of brief mindfulness-based interventions in reducing the propensity to ostracize others. The current studies support the relevance of mindfulness in addressing the substantial problem of …

The Effect Of Clinician Hardiness On Posttraumatic Growth And Trauma Based On Vicarious Trauma Exposure, Maria Anne Stevens

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

There is a gap in the literature that examines posttraumatic growth outcomes in clinical psychologists. Additionally, few studies have explored personality characteristics that can mitigate negative psychological outcomes and foster growth. This study examined if the same model of Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) would be found in clinical psychologists who work with trauma as those who have experienced a traumatic event. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) indicated moderate model fit. Additionally, the study assessed whether the relationship between cumulative Vicarious Trauma Exposure (VTE) and Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS), and cumulative VTE and PTG would depend on the moderator hardiness, but no significant …

Biological Basis Of Motherhood And Effect Of Stress On Maternal Psychophysiology, Erin Loree Minnick 15

Honor Scholar Theses

No abstract provided.

An Analysis Of Cognitive Factors In School-Aged Children With Emotional Disturbance And Adhd Using The Wisc-Iv, Maria Fragnito Maddalo

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

Children with Emotional Disturbance and ADHD demonstrate social, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that present many challenges for School Psychologists because of differences between each student’s individual needs. A high level of comorbidity exists for these children with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Little is known about neurocognitive factors as they relate to ED versus ADHD. The current study examined the cognitive profiles of a total of 58 children with ED versus ADHD, using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). Index scores that were examined included Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed. The groups were compared …

Naturalistic Clinical Decision Making By Emergency Department Staff And The Assignment Of Categorical Suicide Risk Ratings Within An Urban Veteran Population, Gerd R. Naydock

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

The ability to comprehensively and effectively identify those individuals who are at greatest risk to engage in self-directed violence (SDV) forms the cornerstone for all professional suicide prevention activities. To that end, mental health professionals have come to rely on the use of risk stratification to identify at-risk individuals as a way to inform and guide risk management and treatment, without having the benefit of empirical evidence to support such practices. The current program evaluation examined archival data comprised of suicide risk assessments conducted by mental health professionals on suicidal veterans (N = 1,560) in the emergency department of a …

Adhd Versus Ptsd In Preschool-Aged Children: Implications For Misdiagnosis, Klaudette D. Stewart

PCOM Psychology Dissertations

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been one of the most diagnosed disorders in children since it was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders−III (DSM−III) in 1980. The number of children who have been diagnosed since that time has grown significantly, raising concerns about the overwhelming number of young children being diagnosed and prescribed medication. According to the literature, young children are diagnosed at a higher rate by pediatric primary care physicians (PCPs) than clinical child psychologists (CCPs) because they are taken to a PCP’s office by a parent, rather than referred from a school environment, …

Is Burnout Separable From Depression In Cluster Analysis? A Longitudinal Study, Renzo Bianchi, Irvin Sam Schonfeld, Eric Laurent

Publications and Research

Purpose: Whether burnout and depression represent distinct pathologies is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine whether burnout and depressive symptoms manifest themselves separately from each other or are so closely intertwined as to reflect the same phenomenon.

Methods: A two-wave longitudinal study involving 627 French schoolteachers (73 % female) was conducted. Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory and depression with the 9-item depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire.

Results: Burnout and depressive symptoms clustered both at baseline and follow-up. Cluster membership at time 1 (T1) predicted cases of burnout and depression at time 2 …

A Couple’S Marital Disharmony And Its Psychological Effects On Their Children During The Hiv Disclosure Process In Kenya, Grace Gachanja

Walden Faculty and Staff Publications

Limited published data exists on how HIV-positive parents perform disclosure to all their children. A couple’s HIV disclosure experience to all their children is presented. They participated in a larger study conducted to understand the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process. Each underwent individualized in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interviews were transcribed and transferred into NVivo 8 for analysis using the Van Kaam method. Three themes emerged including HIV testing, full disclosure delivery accompanied by marital disharmony, and postdisclosure psychological effects on the family. Marital disharmony and non-involvement of the father caused the mother to fully …

Relationships1 Among Applications Of Tacit Knowledge And Transformational/Transactional Leader Styles: An Exploratory Comparison Of The Mlq And Tkml, Teresa Z. Taylor, Joseph Psotka, Peter Legree

Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine intercorrelational relations among the self-report behavioral construct Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) 5X transformational and transactional subscales and the Tacit Knowledge for Military Leaders Inventory (TKML) leader-level specific situational judgment test scenarios.

Design/methodology/approach: Two leadership measures, the behavioral construct Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the cognitive construct Tacit Knowledge for Military Leaders Inventory (TKML) assess different aspects of how a leader functions and were administered to 125 active US Army officers representing three leader levels: platoon, company, and battalion. We examine the intercorrelational relationship between these two measures.

Findings: Results show a …

The Effect Of Asynchronous Data On Pilot-Controller Communication In A Dynamic Environment With Subject-Matter Experts, Samuel Lien, Jonathan Histon

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

Integrating Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) into controlled airspace may introduce communication challenges if there are time delays associated with the distribution of a common surveillance source of those UAS. Termed “information asynchrony” by Yuan et al (2012), an earlier, static image study showed large time delays had an observable impact on controller-pilot communication, but the effect was not present for time delays of less than 1 minute. A follow-up study is being conducted using an online ATC-flight simulator with professional pilots and controllers as participants. Effects on communication are being analyzed objectively through measurable characteristics of communication breakdown, and subjectively …

‘We Need Priority Please’ Mitigated Speech In The Crash Of Avianca Flight 052, Simon Cookson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

On 25 January 1990, Avianca Flight 052 was flying from Columbia to the United States when it crashed after a missed approach to JFK Airport in New York. The direct cause of the accident was fuel exhaustion but the NTSB investigation identified multiple causal factors. The Avianca captain, who was flying the aircraft, repeatedly instructed the first officer to notify ATC about the fuel emergency. The first officer, however, did not use the word ‘emergency’ but instead requested ‘priority’ and told ATC that the airplane was ‘running out of fuel’. Why did the first officer mitigate the captain’s instructions? This …

Understanding Automation Surprise: Analysis Of Asrs Reports, Julia Trippe, Robert Mauro

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

Pilots are frequently surprised by aircraft automation. These include cases in which the automation: 1) produces alerts to anomalies, 2) commands unexpected control manipulations (that may result in flight path deviations), or 3) simply disconnects. Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) reports in which pilots indicated that automation produced unexpected actions were analyzed. Three general conclusions were drawn. First, many factors precipitate automation surprises. These include problems in: the auto-flight system and associated displays and interfaces, other aircraft sensors and systems, and interactions with weather and ATC. Second, inappropriate pilot actions are involved in a large proportion of these events. Third, …

Visualization Methods For Communicating Unmanned Vehicle Plan Status, Kyle J. Behymer, Heath A. Ruff, Elizabeth M. Mersch, Gloria L. Calhoun, Sarah E. Spriggs

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

In order to facilitate a single operator controlling multiple unmanned vehicles, numerous autonomous support tools are being considered. One such candidate tool monitors the situation and alerts the operator when a deviation from the vehicle’s plan has occurred. The goal of this research was to develop an effective visualization method for conveying plan deviations. Two interface formats were developed based on a review of the literature: a pie chart and a bar chart. Each format allows an operator to compare values for parameters that have different units, value ranges, and relative priority. Twelve participants were tested using a 2 (chart …

Design And Evaluation Of A Haptic Display For Flight Envelope Protection Systems, J. Ellerbroek, M.J.M. Rodriguez Y Martin, M.M. Van Paassen, M. Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

This paper describes the design and initial evaluation of a haptic display that is aimed to complement a `hard’ flight envelope protection system. The evaluation mainly focused on usability of the presented haptic cues, and on the handling qualities of the stick with active feedback. Results are presented for two evaluations, concerning stall protection feedback and load factor protection feedback respectively. They show that while subjects are positive about the added information cue, and are able to correctly identify limiting actions, they are not consistently able to identify changes in the aircraft’s condition.

Detecting Structure In Activity Sequences: Exploring The Hot Hand Phenomenon, Taleri Hammack, John Flach, Joseph Houpt

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

Can humans discriminate whether strings of events (e.g., shooting success in basketball) were generated by a random or constrained process (e.g., hot and cold streaks)? Conventional wisdom suggests that humans are not good at this discrimination. For example, Kahneman (2011) writes that “the hot hand is entirely in the eye of the beholders, who are consistently too quick to perceive order and causality in randomness. The hot hand is a massive and widespread cognitive illusion” (p. 117). Following from Cooper, Hammack, Lemasters, and Flach (2014), a series of Monte Carlo simulations and empirical experiments examined the abilities of both humans …

Airframe Parachute Knowledge And Deployment Scenarios: A Collegiate Perspective, Scott R. Winter, Robert C. Geske, Stephen Rice, Richard O. Fanjoy, Lauren Sperlak

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

As airframe parachutes in general aviation aircraft become more popular, training is essential in fostering a willingness to use the system in the appropriate situation. Aviation decision-making literature suggests that individuals make choices based on experience and pattern matching, such as emergency situations and airframe parachute deployment scenarios. This led the researchers to investigate the knowledge and perspectives of collegiate pilots who train in aircraft equipped with airframe parachutes. Participants completed a surveyfocused on airframe parachute knowledge and scenario-based examples. Training experts were used to validate the parachute deployment scenarios used in the instrument. Responses indicate that pilots find aircraft …

Planning For The Future: Human Factors In Nextgen Air Traffic Management, Edward M. Austrian, Katherine A. Berry, Michael W. Sawyer, Alyssa Dehaas

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2015

The National Airspace System (NAS) Enterprise Architecture (EA) describes Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) goals, operational changes, and guidance materials. While the primary focus of the NAS EA is on infrastructure delivery, the function of human factors is to assess and respond to the impacts of planned changes on end-users. The Federal Aviation Administration’s Human Factors Research and Engineering Division has strengthened the presence of human factors activities in NextGen products in the Human Systems Integration (HSI) and other Roadmaps. This paper will present the HSI Roadmap and explore NextGen human factors integration opportunities in tower operations. Opportunities have …