Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Informing Social And Behavior Change Programs: Using Social Listening And Social Monitoring, Breakthrough Research

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This brief offers practical guidance on social listening and social (media) monitoring as tools to inform social and behavior change programs, intended for global and regional program implementers, evaluators, and donors in USAID priority countries. This brief explains how social listening and social monitoring can be important tools for collecting information about target audiences’ knowledge and attitudes, as well as their exposure and responses to particular interventions. Using applied examples in Francophone West Africa, it illustrates social and social monitoring steps, provides examples of lessons, and identifies how these methods can be applied to social and behavior change programming. People …

Analysis Of Newspaper Coverage Of Psilocybin From January 1, 1989 To December 31, 2019, Dax Oliver

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Psilocybin is a chemical compound that has received a lot of attention from medical researchers in recent years. However, this research is not merely a medical issue but a social and political one as well. In the 1960s, psilocybin and other psychedelic compounds were widely ingested outside of clinical settings. This alarmed some of the American public, resulting in severe legal restrictions on psilocybin use and research.

Today, many psilocybin advocates hope that it will avoid the negative public sentiment of the 1960s. To help gauge public sentiment about other psychoactive compounds, some studies have examined newspaper coverage, but there …

Neurodevelopmental Mechanisms Of Adverse Trauma Outcomes In Emerging Adulthood, Olena Kleshchova

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Background: Exposure to traumatic stress and adversity during the formative years of development can have adverse effects on mental health, neuroendocrine stress system function, and the brain, that persist into adulthood. One candidate mechanism that might confer vulnerability to enduring adverse outcomes of early life trauma is disruption of normal brain maturation. As the brain matures, functional interactions among brain regions change until the functional brain architecture (i.e., the functional connectome) reaches a mature state in adulthood. Given that different neural circuits have distinct developmental trajectories and sensitive periods, traumatic stress at a given point in development might have …

Attachment, Exploration, And Internalized Homonegativity, Gregory J. Gagnon

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Background: Internalized homonegativity (IH; a.k.a. internalized homophobia), has been implicated in health disparities between lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons (LGBs) and their heterosexual peers. Yet, little available research has explored factors that may increase or decrease IH.

Objective: This dissertation investigates relations between child and adult attachment and IH. It further examines the mediating and moderating roles of exploration and mentalization, respectively, in the attachment–IH relation.

Method: One hundred fifty cisgender LGB adults participated in two waves of an online survey. The first assessed recalled child–maternal and child–paternal attachment and current attachment to the romantic partner. The second, conducted two …

Taking It To Heart: Trauma And Cardiovascular Risk In Court-Involved People Of Color, Tanya Erazo

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Research supports that racial disparities in health persist in the United States, with cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular disease remaining particularly high in low-income, communities of color (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013; Winkleby, Jatulis, Frank, & Fortmann, 1992). Public health literature often focuses on sociodemographic variables when assessing for health disparities without considering trauma or forensic populations. This dissertation provides an overview of literature that examines cardiovascular disease and its relationship to trauma, particularly in low-income, communities of color, and forensic populations. Although the dissertation culminates in providing results for an investigation …

Sex/Gender Differences In Serial Position Profiles In Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment And Healthy Controls, Emnet Z. Gammada

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease disproportionately affects more women, but paradoxically, men have a higher incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Researchers have suggested that women’s verbal memory advantage across the lifespan reflects better premorbid skills, which then require more neurodegeneration to manifest early clinical impairment. To date, measurement of sex differences in verbal memory have used total list scores. We proposed that a granular examination of serial position effects (SPE) in list-learning can refine the source of sex/gender differences.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of participants with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Healthy Controls (HC) was examined from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging …

Object Relations, Identity Formation, And Transitional Space In Religious Conversion, Arielle Rubenstein

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Conversion between broad religious groups is a life transformation undertaken by 15% of Americans, yet it has seldom been studied closely from a psychodynamic perspective. The psychological study of conversion began with a Protestant paradigm of sudden and total transformation of the self, and over time came to characterize different manifestations of conversion to more diverse religious groups. Research on conversion has primarily sought to understand whether conversion is essentially a psychopathological phenomenon, and has led to a multiplicity of both positive and negative, at times contradictory, findings. Research has shown that conversion is associated with insecure attachment, neurotic personality …

Drug-Overdose Death Rates: The Economic Misery Explanation And Its Alternatives, Barbara Blake Gonzalez, Richard Cebula, James V. Koch

Economics Faculty Publications

‘Deaths of despair’ is the most commonly cited explanation for the 151% increase in drug-overdose deaths that occurred in the USA between 2010 and 2018. We use panel data describing 84 Virginia cities and counties to assess the validity of the deaths of despair hypothesis and alternate explanations that focus on disability rates, travel time to work, urban vs. rural location, educational attainment, racial and ethnic characteristics, the influence of other health conditions such as obesity, and supply-side factors that include pill availability and pharmacy market shares. We find deaths of despair to be only a partial explanation for the …

Influence Of Season On Stereological And Histomorphometric Characteristics Of Testes Of Ouled Djellal Rams In Algeria, Yamina Belkhiri, Souheyla Benbia, Amal Djaout

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of season on testicular morphometry, on ram body weight, testosterone concentration and on stereological structure of the testes in Ouled Djellalrams. Twenty seven rams were randomly selected and the live weight and testicular size were recorded. At the beginning of each season (autumn, winter, spring), among the study group, three rams were randomly selected, slaughtered and their left testes were removed and weighed. For microscopic study, tissue samples were excised from the left testes, fixed in formalin solution and embedded in paraffin and, afterwards, quantitative evaluation was performed. Statistical analysis …

Clinical Assessment Of Brachycephalic Airway Obstructive Syndrome Using Questionnaire And 6-Minute Walk Test In French Bulldogs, Tamolwan Anyamaneecharoen, Krishaporn Kradangnga, Saikaew Sutayatram, Sumit Durongphongtorn, Pasakorn Brikshavana

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS) is an anatomical abnormality of the upper airway commonly found in brachycephalic breeds leading to clinical signs and physical capacity impairment. The purposes of this study were to objectively assess the severity of the clinical signs and physical capacity in French Bulldogs with BAOS using questionnaire and 6-minute walk test (6-MWT), respectively. A total of 26 French Bulldogs were enrolled in this study and divided into a normal group (n = 7), a moderate BAOS group (n = 8) and a severe BAOS group (n = 11). After history taking and physical examination, the questionnaire …

Isolation And Identification Of Klebsiella Aerogenes From Bee Colonies In Bee Dysbiosis, Oleksandr Galatiuk, Tatiana Romanishina, Anastasiia Lakhman, Olga Zastulka, Ralitsa Balkanska

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This article presents modern methods for obtaining and isolatingpure culture from bee colonies (from honeycombswith infected broodsand contaminated by faeces of bees), and the identification and indication of pathogenic bacteria of Klebsiellaaerogenes species in honey beesduring the winter, spring,summer andthe autumn. The purposewas to isolate and identifythe pure culture of enterobacteria from the pathological material of diseased bee colonies. The study of their basic biological properties for the possible use of the obtained strains, which should be used as indicator bacterial cultures in the study of the biological properties of drugs for the treatment and prevention of enterobacteriosis of beeswas …

Effects Of Systemic Administrations Of Medetomidine And Xylazine On Ex Vivo Platelet Aggregation In Clinically Normal Cats, Takuya Matsukawa, Yoshiaki Hikasa

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of systemic administration of medetomidine and xylazine on ex vivo platelet aggregation inclinically normal cats.Five cats were repeatedly used in each of 7groups.The cats received saline as the non-medicated control; 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg xylazine; and 20, 80, and 160 μg/kg BW medetomidine intramuscularly.Venous blood was collected 4 times (0, 2, 4, and 7 h) after injection of both agents and platelet-rich plasma was prepared. Ex vivo percent platelet aggregationwas determined via a turbidimetric method. Collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were used to initiate aggregation. Administrations of xylazine at all …

Rapid Detection Of Mycoplasma Bovisby Real-Time Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification, Yan Pan, Ying Ming Wei, Garmendia Ae, Hao Peng, Shi Wen Feng, Li Tao, Jun Li

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Mycoplasma bovis(M. bovis) is one of the most significant pathogens in cattle. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid real-time LAMP assay, specific for M. boviswith designed primers targeting the OPPD/F gene. The assay was tested for 1 h at 63°C. The results could be visualized by the addition of calceindye. Real-time LAMP was specific exclusively for M. boviswithout cross-reactivity with other bacteria. The sensitivity of the real-time LAMP was determined to be 2.29×10-3ng/μL of DNA and was 100 times higher than conventional PCR. Lamp assay was conducted on 65 clinical samples to test its usefulness and …

Biosecurity Practices In Commercial And House Hold Poultry Farms In The Delta Region, Egypt: I-Correlation Between Level Of Biosecurity And Prevalence Ofpoultry Mites, Fatma Abouelenien, Maha Eleisway, Ismail Elshahawy, Samy Almidany, Nagham Elsaidy

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The risk of parasitic disease outbreaks among commercial poultry farms can result in significant economic loss for the farmer and the integration. These diseases can be reduced by the proper application of biosecurity measures. This study primarily aimed at assessing the current biosecurity practices applied in different kinds of poultry farm (broiler, layer, duck and mixed farms) inKafrelshiekh Governorate (Delta region), Egypt.Correlating the compliance of the studied biosecurity measures with the prevalence of poultry mites in the surveyed farms was the second aim. For achieving these aims, on-farm questionnaire surveys and observational studies were conducted from January 2017 to August …

Effect Of Fermented Red Radish (Raphanus Sativus L) In Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury In Rats, Ayhan Atasever, Duygu Yaman Gram, Gorkem Ekebas, Nurhan Ertas Onmaz, Meryem Senturk, Meryem Eren, Lutfiye Ekici

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

In this study, the possible protective effect of red radish containing total phenolic content and antioxidant components on histopathological and immuno histochemical active caspase-3, TNF-α and Iba-1, serum ALT activity, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were evaluated in CCl4induced liver injury in Wistar rats. The rats were randomly divided into six groups (n= 12 to each group). The first group was used as a control which was given only intraperitoneal 0.9% NaCl (0.2 mL / kg / bw); while fermented red radish (FRR) at a dose of 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg was …

The Effects Of Water Submersion On Cattle Ticks, Atchara Artchayasawat, Parichart Boueroy, Thidarut Boonmars, Benjamabhorn Pumhirunroj, Pranee Sriraj, Ratchadawan Aukkanimart, Sirintip Boonjaraspinyo, Opal Pitaksakulrat, Panaratana Ratanasuwan, Apiporn Suwannatrai, Chatanun Eamudomkarn, Porntip Laummaunwai, Wu Zhiliang

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)microplusis an important vector transmitting hemoparasitesin cattle and is, therefore, the cause of significant loss to cattle production. The control of ticks with synthetic acaricides is partially successful. However, parasite resistance to these compoundshas been reported.This study aimedto evaluate the effects of water submersion on cattle ticks. Ticks were divided into three weight classes[small (3-10 mg),medium (10-30 mg)and large(>70 mg)].All ticks in the small weight class died after immersion in water for as little as 5 mins. Some ticks in the medium weight class died after immersion for10 and 15 minsbutnone in the largest weight class died at …

Production Of Immunoglobulin Y Against Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (Dea) 1.1 From Egg Yolk, Noppadol Prasertsincharoen, Pornphimon Metheenukul

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) as a blood group antigen in dogs, especially DEA 1.1, has the highest immunogenicity. IgYis an excellent antibody for use in immunological assays involving mammalian sera. The aim of this study was to produce and purify IgY against DEA1.1 from chicken egg yolks for canine blood group detection. Hens were immunized by intramuscular vaccination. IgY was achieved after three booster immunizations by DEA 1.1-positive canine ghost cells. The extraction of total IgY from the egg yolk was carried out using precipitation by polyethylene glycol 6000 and dialysis. The purified protein and yield of IgY were …

Antiviral Evaluation Of Bioactive Azo Derivatives To Treat Endemic Poultry Viruses, Tehreem Tahir, Muhammad Ashfaq, Mirza Imran Shahzad, Rukhsana Tabassum

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The present study focused on the synthesis, In Ovoantiviral evaluation and In silicostudy of most active antiviral compounds of the azo series. The synthesis of title compounds was done by the coupling reaction of diazonium salt solutions withactive methylene (1,3-dioxolane and benzimidazole), to yield [(E)-1-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-2-phenyldiazene] (A1), [(E)-1-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-2-(4-methyl-phenyl)diazene] (A2), 2-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]-1H-benzimidazole] (A3) , [(E)-1-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-2-(4-ethylphenyl)diazene] (A4) and [(E)-1-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-2-(2-methylphenyl)diazene] (A5). The structures of newly synthesized molecules were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques (EI-MS and FT-IR). In Ovoscreening of compounds against avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 strain and Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) Lasota strain was done. The evaluation data suggested that azo compound (A5) exhibited the …

A Case Of Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens., Davin Barnett, John Casey

Heart and Vascular Articles

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD) is a rare presenting condition that carries a high mortality and morbidity risk. It is a cannot miss diagnosis with potentially deadly sequelae, and we highlight the importance of a thorough physical examination and initiation of empiric treatment to help prevent such.

Magnetic Dual-Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based On Syringe-To-Syringe Magnetic Solid-Phase Microextraction For Selective Enrichment Of P-Coumaric Acid And Ferulic Acid From Pomegranate, Grape, And Orange Samples, Ebrahim Alipanahpour Dil, Mehrorang Ghaedi, Arash Asfaram, Fatemah Mehrabi, Ardeshir Shokrollahi, Amir Abbas Matin, Lobat Tayebi

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

Magnetic dual-template molecularly imprinted polymer (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-MDMIP) was prepared to enrich and determine both p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) and ferulic acid (FA) based on syringe-to-syringe magnetic solid-phase microextraction (SS-MSPME). The obtained MDMIP was characterized and recognized, and then its adsorbing performance was studied. Based on the results, the Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-MDMIP indicated selective recognition towards p-CA and FA with large adsorption capacity. The optimization of MDMIP–SS-MSPME conditions (pH, Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-MDMIP mass, NaCl concentration, number of cycle, and elution volume) were conducted using the central composite design (CCD). …

Biomineralization, Strength And Cytocompatibility Improvement Of Bredigite Scaffolds Through Doping/Coating, R. Keihan, A. R. Ghorbani, E. Salahinejad, E. Sharifi, Lobat Tayebi

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

Coprecipitation-derived, sacrificial polymeric (urethane) foam-fabricated bredigite (Ca₇MgSi₄O₁₆) scaffolds were processed by individual and combined treatments of fluoride doping and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coating and then studied in terms of structure, mechanical strength, bioactivity and cell biocompatibility in vitro. According to scanning electron microscopy and Archimedes porosimetry, the geometrical characteristics of pores for all the scaffolds are in the appropriate range for hard tissue regeneration applications. The apatite-formation ability of the samples immersed in a simulated body fluid is improved by doping for both the bare and coated conditions, based on …

Nine-Year Prospective Efficacy And Safety Of Brain-Responsive Neurostimulation For Focal Epilepsy., Dileep R Nair, Kenneth D Laxer, Peter B Weber, Anthony M Murro, Yong D Park, Gregory L Barkley, Brien J Smith, Ryder P Gwinn, Michael J Doherty, Katherine H Noe, Richard S Zimmerman, Gregory K Bergey, William S Anderson, Christianne Heck, Charles Y Liu, Ricky W Lee, Toni Sadler, Robert B Duckrow, Lawrence J Hirsch, Robert E Wharen, William Tatum, Shraddha Srinivasan, Guy M Mckhann, Mark A Agostini, Andreas V Alexopoulos, Barbara C Jobst, David W Roberts, Vicenta Salanova, Thomas C Witt, Sydney S Cash, Andrew J Cole, Gregory A Worrell, Brian N Lundstrom, Jonathan C Edwards, Jonathan J Halford, David C Spencer, Lia Ernst, Christopher T Skidmore, Michael R Sperling, Ian Miller, Eric B Geller, Michel J Berg, A James Fessler, Paul Rutecki, Alica M Goldman, Eli M Mizrahi, Robert E Gross, Donald C Shields, Theodore H Schwartz, Douglas R Labar, Nathan B Fountain, W Jeff Elias, Piotr W Olejniczak, Nicole R Villemarette-Pittman, Stephan Eisenschenk, Steven N Roper, Jane G Boggs, Tracy A Courtney, Felice T Sun, Cairn G Seale, Kathy L Miller, Tara L Skarpaas, Martha J Morrell, Rns System Ltt Study

Neuroscience Articles

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate safety and efficacy of brain-responsive neurostimulation in adults with medically intractable focal onset seizures (FOS) over 9 years.

METHODS: Adults treated with brain-responsive neurostimulation in 2-year feasibility or randomized controlled trials were enrolled in a long-term prospective open label trial (LTT) to assess safety, efficacy, and quality of life (QOL) over an additional 7 years. Safety was assessed as adverse events (AEs), efficacy as median percent change in seizure frequency and responder rate, and QOL with the Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-89) inventory.

RESULTS: Of 256 patients treated in the initial trials, 230 participated in …

Nsaids For Analgesia In The Era Of Covid-19, Daniel L Herzberg, Harry P Sukumaran, Eugene R. Viscusi

Department of Anesthesiology Faculty Papers

Globally, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are highly used to treat pain. With the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic, the safety of NSAIDs use has been called into question. These concerns are worthy of review. At present, there is no compelling data showing that NSAIDs worsen the severity of COVID-19 symptoms or increase one's likelihood of contracting the illness. For patients in pain and without symptoms that could potentially be attributed to COVID-19 (cough, fevers/chills, lethargy, myalgias, anosmia and so on), NSAIDs should continue to remain a viable option to provide analgesia to patients in need.

Neurotoxicity Of Isomers Of The Environmental Toxin L-Bmaa, Thomas Schneider, Catherine Simpson, Prachi Desai, Madeleine Tucker, Doug Lobner

Biomedical Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

There is evidence that the environmental toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA) may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases. However, a number of controversies exist regarding L-BMAA, one of which is the possibility that when assaying for L-BMAA, its isomers are being detected instead. There are at least four isomers of BMAA that are known to occur: L-BMAA, β-N-methylamino-D-alanine (D-BMAA), 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB), and N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG). The fact that isomers of BMAA exist in nature also leads to the possibility that they are involved in toxicity. We set out to determine both the potency and the mechanism of toxicity of L-BMAA, D-BMAA, DAB, and …

Cdsss For Cvd Risk Management: An Integrative Review, Elisabeth Mary Campbell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a preventable disease affecting almost half of adults in the United States (U.S.) and can have significant negative outcomes such as stroke and myocardial infarction, which can be fatal. Utilizing clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) in the primary care and community health setting can improve primary prevention of CVD by supporting evidence-based decision making at the point of care. This integrative review synthesizes the most up-to-date literature on the use of clinical decision support (CDS) tools to support guideline-based management of CVD risk. Using Whittemore and Knafl’s framework for integrative reviews, a systematic search of CINAHL, …

Addressing Prescription Opioid Misuse Through The Increased Reporting Of Prescription Monitoring Program (Pdmp) Data: An Integrative Review, Claudia Hannah Georgestone

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Opioid misuse relating to prescription pain killers have claimed the lives of many Americans, posing an escalating nationwide public health crisis. Prescription opioid overdose and death can impair an individual’s functionality, destabilizes family, and impose a significant financial burden. In 2014, the U.S. had an estimated 36 million people ages 12 years and older who had used prescription opioids for non-medical reasons. In that same year, there were “28,647” (61%) of 47,055 prescription and non-prescription opioid overdose deaths, indicating an increase from previous years (Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2020). Several measures to address the opioid crisis have been implemented, …

Frequency And Outcome Of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome In Babies Born With Meconium-Stained Liquor At Secondary Care Hospital In Pakistan: A Case Series Study, Abdul Moeed, Heeramani Lohana, Sarwat Urooj, Sheraz Ahmed, Khalil Ahmed, Khadija N Humayun

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) in the newborn is characterized by hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis. MAS is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAP) in babies born with meconium-stained liquor. The secondary outcome was to estimate the meconium aspiration syndrome; in terms of hospital stay, complications, and mortality.
Methods: The study was done at Aga Khan Maternal and Child Care Centre, Hyderabad, Pakistan. Study design was case series and the duration of the study was of 6 months. All patients who fulfilled …

Determinants Of Health Care Seeking Behaviors In Puerperal Sepsis In Rural Sindh, Pakistan: A Qualitative Study, Shabina Ariff, Fatima Mir, Farhana Tabassum, Farrukh Raza, Atif Habib, Ali Turab, Amnesty Lefevre, Linda A. Bartlett, Sajid Bashir Soofi, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: Puerperal sepsis (PS) is one of the major causes of maternal death, contributing to 26,000 deaths per year in developing countries. Early recognition and treatment are essential to managing PS, but numerous social, cultural and technical barriers prevent or delay access to care and necessary medical attention. Through this qualitative study, we identified barriers to care seeking for puerperal sepsis among recently delivered women in Matiari, Pakistan.
Methods: We conducted 20 in-depth interviews among recently delivered women with and without sepsis and their family members in September 2012. Key informant interviews were conducted with 14 healthcare providers and traditional …

Neuroanesthesia Updates 2020, Stanlies D'Souza

All Scholarly Works

No abstract provided.

Afatinib For The Treatment Of Egfr Mutation-Positive Nsclc: A Review Of Clinical Findings, R. Donald Harvey, Val R. Adams, Tyler Beardslee, Patrick Medina

Pharmacy Practice and Science Faculty Publications

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors represent the standard of care in patients with EGFR mutation-positive (EGFRm+) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The availability of several EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors approved for use in the first-line or later settings in NSCLC warrants an in-depth understanding of the pharmacological properties of, and clinical data supporting, these agents. The second-generation, irreversible ErbB-family blocker, afatinib, has been extensively studied in the context of EGFRm+ NSCLC. Results from the LUX-Lung 3 and 6 studies showed that afatinib was more active and better tolerated than chemotherapy in patients with tumors …