Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons^™

Effects Of Straw Cover And Seed Burial On Changes In Hard Seededness Of Annual Medics, P E. Quigley, E D. Carter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Self-regenerating annual legumes, including subterranean clover and medics (Medicago spp.) are important pasture species in the cereal-livestock production zone of southern Australia and other Mediterranean climatic zones of the world. The pattern of germination in the genus Medicago, in which only a small percentage of seed germinates at one time because of hard-seededness has many ecological advantages particu­larly for the successful dissemination and colonization of medics. When medic pastures are incorporated into rotation systems with field crops the hard-seededness trait enables the medic seed population in the soil to survive periods of one, two or possibly three or more …

Seed Reserve And Self-Regeneration Of Annual Medic Pastures In A Mediterranean Environment, T E. Ameziane, M Mazhar, O Berkat

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the Mediterranean Basin, a growing concern towards the adoption of the South Australian dryland farming technology, known as the ley-farming system, is observed, particularly in countries of North Africa and West Asia. It is widely believed that tremendous agricultural productivity of these countries would result from the use of annual self-regenerating pasture legumes in rotation with cereals (e.g. Carter, 1978). However, it is also recognised that some targetted agronomic research should be conducted locally if transfer of this technology is to be feasible (Boyce et al., 1985; Mazhar, 1987). Field research involving the study of relevant principles of the …

Comportement Et Interet Herbager Du Sorgho Fourrager Conduit En Irrigue En Conditions Bioclimatiques Tunisiennes, B Taamallah Salem

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Le bilan fourrager, en Tunisie, reste jusqu'a present tres deficitaire. On note un deficit de l'ordre de 456.000 UF en 1985 (ministere de I' Agriculture). Le grand deficit fourrager se concentre surtout pendant la saison estivale, saison seche et relativement chaude de l'annee. Plusieurs tentatives de redressement ont ete entreprises depuis plusieurs annees visant particulierement: la diversifica­tion des ressources fourrageres et la mobilisation des ressources disponibles en eau au profit de quelques cultures fourrageres. En effet, la construction de barrages dans quelques regions relativement pluvieuses en hiver encourage !es agriculteurs a tenter la conduite de certaines especes fourrageres en irrigue, …

The Study Of Grasses, Legumes And Other Forage Plants Germplasm Resources In Xishuangbanna Of Yunnan Province, China, Wu Renrun, Lu Xinshi, Zhang Deyin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture (XDAPJ is situated in Southern Yunnan, with an area of 19,220 km , being equivalent to 1/500 of the total area of China. The number of species in flowering, moss and fern plants altogether was esti­mated appriximately at 5,000 equalling to 1/6 of that in PRC, about as many as 1/3 of that in Yunnan. So that XDAP is well known as the « Green Treasure Land » throughout the country. Xishuangbanna lies at 21° !0'-22°37'N & 99°55'-101°50'E, consisting of 3 counties, Jinghong, Menghai and Mengla. The general topography is featured by higher in west and …

Adaptation Of Medicago Polymorphia To The Subhumid Mediterranean Zone Of Chile, A Del Poso, C Ovalle, J Avendano, P Del Canto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Annual medics (Medicago spp.) were accidentally introduced in Chile and to date have been reported six naturalized species in the Mediterranean zone: M. polymorpha, M. arabica, M. minima, M. orbicularis, M. turbinata and M. Lupulina, the first two being the most abundant. M. polymorpha is found over a wide range of bioclimatic

conditions, ranging from the arid Mediterranean zone (30° S), with 130 mm mean annual rainfall and neutral to alkaline soils, to the humid Mediterranean zone (38° S), with 1300 mm of pre­cipitation and moderately acid soils. M. arabica is often found growing together with M. polymorpha in the …

Desiccation Tolerant < Resurrection > Grasses For Dryland Areas, D F. Gaff

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It has long been appreciated that seed of most plant species have protoplasm that survives full air-dryness. Unfortunately, this genetic capacity for desiccation tolerance is rarely expressed in the vegetative tissues of higher plants. Before 1970, only ten flowering plants had been reported to have leaf proto­plasm which could recover uninjured after becoming air-dry. In general, these were relatively rare species in families with little commercial importance. The discovery of a grass species with leaves, which were able to « revive» from air-dryness (Gaff, 1971), prompted the author to initiate a protracted search for other such desiccation tolerant grasses. This …

Regression Models To Assess Adapatation Of Annual Medics (Medicago Spp.) In Semi-Arid Subtropical Australia, N M. Clarkson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Annual medics improve production and quality of herbage in winter and are naturalised in inland eastern Australia to lat. 24° S. In southern inland Queensland (lat. 24 to 29 °S, mean annual rain 500 to 800 mm with two-thirds in summer), pro­ductivity of the summer-growing grass pasture is limited by rainfall and soil N in summer, and by low temperature and frost in winter. Thus, I tested medic as a self-regenerating win­ter forage component. Because rainfall is highly variable in our region, I also used rainfall over the past 120 years to estimate the production of medics and so provide …

Palatability Of The Main Fodder And Pasture Species Present In S.E. Spain: Ii. Herbaceous Species, A Robledo, E Correal, S Rios

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the cultivated areas of SE Spain there are many her­baceous species growing as weeds that represent a problem for farmers ; nevertheless, some of them are traditionally utilized by sheep and goats. Some of these weeds could be grown in combination with traditional crops to obtain supplementary feed for livestock ; to decide initially which of them have greater potential as fodder covercrops, a pen-feeding palat­ability study has been carried out.

Palatability Of The Main Fodder And Pasture Species Present In S.E. Spain: I. Woody Species (Trees And Shrubs), S Rios, E Correal, A Robledo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In S.E. Spain, livestock is mostly fed with the subproducts from cultivation of cereals. As a result of the limited feed resources available and because of the growth restriction imposed by climate, several feeding gaps occur along the year : at the end of summer, during winter, and at the end of spring. In a search of new fodder resources to cover the mentioned feeding gaps, a first step was to compare the palatability of the main fodder species present in cultivated and range areas.

Conversion Of Tropical Forest To Pasture In Latin America, H A. Pearson, Susanna B. Hecht, T E. Downing

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A major workshop concerning the impacts of tropical forest conversion to pastures in Latin America was conducted in Oax­aca, Mexico, October 4-7, 1988, by the U.S. Man and the Bios­phere Program (MAB). The workshop described the current situation and history, reviewed the economic, environmental, and social impacts and dynamics of deforestation, discussed production alternatives and development perspectives, and identified research, technological, and policy options and priorities. The purpose of this paper is to summarize results and recommendations of the Oaxaca workshop and emphasize it significance at the XVI International Grassland Congress.

Environmental Related Variation In A Natural Grassland Of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil, V De P. Pillar, A.V A. Jacques, I I. Boldrini

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Vegetation ecology studies help research efforts to improve natural grassland productivity by laying foundations for improvement techniques directed to benefit desired plant com­munities. Experiments reveal knowledge about the environ­mental conditions responsible for community structure and productivity, while surveys are a fast and cheap means for exploratory studies. In either case, data interpretation are helped by multivariate methods described by different authors, e.g., Orloci and Kenkel (1985). Our work is aimed to identify the environmental factors most responsible for vegetation variation in natural grasslands, locally known as « campos », and to formulate hypotheses about the effects of fertilization and grazing …

Introduction, Selection And Evaluation Of Annual Sown Forage Legumes Under Continental Mediterranean Climate Conditions In Pakistan, Asghar Ali, J.D H. Keatinge, B Roidar Khan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The upland areas (> 1000 m) of Baluchistan Province in Pakistan (Latitude 28-32° N) experience a continental semi­arid Mediterranean climate with some irregular additions of summer monsoonal rainfall. The current farming systems rely on the production of small ruminants from degraded Artemesia and Chrysapogon sp. rangeland and subsistence cropping of wheat/fallow rotations (Icarda, 1988). Sheep and goat numbers in Baluchistan have increased since 1955 from approximately two to thirteen million head in 1986 (Icarda, 1988). This has resulted in severely overgrazed rangelands and periodic acute feed deficits. In response the Arid Zone Research Institute has initiated a program for the …

Intensive Maize Production - The Basis For Intensification Of Cattle Production In Venezuela, J Cizec

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The two main branches of cattle production in Venezuela are beef production and dairy production. Both branches are still rather extensive, mainly due to very extensive forage pro­duction. This is particularly evident in beef cattle production where almost 50 % of the weight gain achieved in the rainy season is lost during the dry period. Thus, it takes three to four years for the cattle to achieve slaughtering weight (Moore, 1970). On the other hand, relatively satisfactory milk production of dairy cows is enabled only by consumption of large quantities of expensive concentrates. Within an agricultural and industrial development project …

Study On The Eco-Biological Characteristics And Utilization Of Artemisia Growing On Arid Ranges, Shi Dingsui, Smayi Balaty, Xu Peng

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Artemisia species are found in large areas of the Zhunger Basin, Tacheng Valley, Yili Valley, the northern slope of the Qulun mountains of Xingjiang ; the total area is larger than 6.67 million ha. The drought-enduring Artemisia has a high resistance to bad conditions and high protein and fat contents. Artemisia transiliensis Poljak at branched stage has 21.4 per cent crude protein, and the content of fat at the mature stage of seeds is 5.7 per cent. They are the best forages for lambs in early spring, autumn and winter, especially for fattening in autumn and milking in early …

Forage Production From Barley, Oats And Triticale Under Semi-Arid Conditions, D Droushiotis

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Under Mediterranean climatic conditions and systems of Agriculture, cereals are important contributors to animal feed­ing. They are, in general more drought and cold resistant than forage legumes. Barley in particular is a very important forage crop because of its reliability and versatility. As interest in live­stock increases in this area, fodder production becomes more and more important. The limited rainfall makes it difficult to get away from cereals and they will, for a long time to come, continue to be a major source of grazing, freshly cut forage, hay, silage and grain-straw.

Dorycnium And Other Mediterranean Species - Their Use For Forage And Soil Conservation In Semi-Arid Environments Of New Zealand, B J. Wills, J.S C. Begg, J S.S Sheppard

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Dorycnium is one of several Mediterranean plant species that have been under evaluation for soil conservation purposes in New Zealand since the 1970's. In the dry South Island hill country, particular problems exist in relation to drought-prone, wind and frost affected, low to moderate fertility soils. In many cases these areas can provide for stock wintering and lambing, but in a semi-arid climate they produce little stock forage and provide an ideal habitat for rabbits. The two Dorycnium species described in this paper are nitro­gen fixing, leguminous plants which have shown considerable promise for revegetation in drought-prone and semi-arid areas …

Effects Of Temperature On Photosynthesis Of Miscathus Species, Jen-Hsien Weng

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Miscanthus spp. is a perennial C4 grass. It distributes in the Pacific Islands, Philippines, China and Japan. In Taiwan (N 21°55' - 25°18'), Miscanthus is the most widely distributed and important native grass. It grows vigorously from flat areas up to 3000 m high in mountain areas. Photosynthesis is one of the major determinants of biomass production in higher plants. In many cases, the photosynthesis of C4 plants was reduced remarkably at low temperature as compared to that of C3 plants (Berry and Bjorkman, 1980). In general, the species of C4 plants decreased with increasing lati­tude and elevation (Takeda and …

Yield Of Grass And Legumes In Relation To The Rainfall Pattern In The Dryland Farming Area Of Bali, W Sukanten, I M. Nitis, S Putra, M Suarna, K Lana

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

According to Schmidt and Ferguson classification, the cli­matic of Bali varies from climatic zone B to climatic zone F (Manik et al., 1977). The dryland farming area with climatic zone F has average annual rainfall of 1000 mm with 116 rainy days distributed during the 8 months dry and 4 months wet seasons (Nitis et al., 1987). Some grass and legume species could grow in dry land farming area with average annual rainfal as low as 300 - 700 mm (O'Reilly et al., 1987). The objective of this paper was to study the response of the grass and legume yields …

Preliminary Results Of Field Trial Evaluations Of Some Tropical Pasture Species Performance In The Humid And Sub-Humid Tropical Zones Of Yunnan Province, Southern China, Xu Xuie Jun, Wang Tu, Guo Zhen Yun

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Yunnan province has a very complex topography and climate. There are tropical and sub-tropical zones at altitudes ranging from 100-1 000 m. The project started its tropical pas­ture species evaluation trial in 1983 at Daliuhu - a dry tropical zone, and some results were reported (Mathison et al., 1985). In 1987, a similar trial was conducted at Mangzhongtien - a humid tropical zone. The objective of the work is to provide recommendations on species useful for pasture improvement for increased livestock production. This paper compares the first year's results from the two sites.

Effet De L'Arbuste Fourrager Atriplex Repanda Phil. Sur La Fertilite Du Sol Et Sur La Strate Herbacee Associee, S Lailhacar, A Carasco, M A. Sadzaw, G Castellaro

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Au cours des dernieres annees, les plantations d'arbustes fourragers ont prolifere pour corriger Jes deficiences nutritives saisonnieres en proteine et carotene des therophytes qui domi­nent la strate herbacee des prairies de climat mediterraneen aride du Chili. En 1988 la rve Region possedait plus de 30.000 ha de plantations d'Atriplex repanda et A. nummularia. Etant donne les qualites nutritives de ces arbustes, ils doivent etre consideres comme complement du fourrage herbace et non pas comme son substitut, et, autant que possible, les deux res­sources devraient etre presentes pour fournir un regime satis­faisant a la fin de la gestation d'ovins et de …

Etude Microhistologuque Du Regime Alimentaire Des Ruminants En Zone Sahelo-Soudanienne: Difficultes Methodologiques, H Planton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Un programme de recherches sur !'utilisation des parcours naturels a ete mis en place au Ferlo (Senegal) pour etudier la composition des regimes alimentaires et leur relation avec celle des paturages. Les observations de terrain et les prelevements ont ete recueillis en 1982 et 1983, annees dont la pluviosite resta comprise entre 400 et 500 mm repartis sur 3 a 4 mois (Guerin, 1987). L'analyse microhistologique de 105 echantillons recoltes en 1982-1983 a ete realisee en 1986 dans le but de tester en milieu tropical sec cette methode habituellement utilisee en milieu tempere.

Rest Period Requirements And A Role For Stylosanthes In Cereal Cropping Systems In The Nigerian Subhumid Zone, M A. Mohamed Saleem, K B. Adeoye, R R. Von Kaufmann

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ferric luvisols that dominate the subhumid zone of Nigeria and west Africa (60 % of the land area) are the main group of soils suitable for grain crops. However, when cropped repeat­edly these soils are rapidly degraded leading to low grain yields. Most tropical soils suited for annual crops require a crop free period (Rest Period) of varying duration to maintain soil in a productive state (Young and Wright, 1984). Recuperation of degraded land is slow under the traditional practice of bush fallowing. This cannot sustain the yields and cropping fre­quency necessary to support the increasing population. Alternatives to natural …

Salt Tolerant Legumes From The Guadalquivir Delta (S.W. Spain), T Maranon, J M. Romero, J M. Murillo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Saline environments occupy about 15 millions ha in the Mediterranean basin (Le Houerou, 1986). Many of those areas have been traditionally devoted to grazing. Native salt tolerant ecotypes of forage legumes and grasses are increasingly menaced. Overgrazing may lead to local extinction of the most palatable races ; on the other hand, their habitats are decreasing in salt marshes by drainage and farm­land reclamation. Therefore, a coordinated program of survey, evaluation and conservation of salt tolerant plant genetic resources would be desirable in the Mediterranean basin. A project to study the ecology, physiology and nutritive value of salt tolerant annual …

Introduction Of Fourwing Saltbush (Atriplex Canescens) Into Degraded Rangelands In Upload Baluchistan, S R. Aro, M I. Sultani, M Asghar, J.D H. Keatinge

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The grassland and shrubland range types in upland Baluchis­tan have a climate which is continental, arid to semi-arid, and Mediterranean in character. Winter precipitation predominates but significant summer monsoonal rainfall occurs in the grass­land areas. The latitudinal zone is from 28° to 32°N. Dominant species in the shrubland type are Artemisia maritima and Haloxylon griffithii, where the annual precipitation is 200 mm, with 80 % occurring during winter. Dominant species in the grassland type are Cymbopogon jwarancusa and Chrysopogon aucheri, where annual precipitation is 300 mm, with 40 % occurring in summer. Range stocking densities, mostly from sheep …

The Assessment Of Grazing Persistence And Vigor Of Tropical Forage Legumes For The Caribbean, M W. Michaud, Y Soso De Rosa, W D. Pitman, A E. Kretschmer Jr

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Research in both the U.S. Virgin Islands (Oakes, 1970) and the Dominican Republic (Soto de Rosa, 1987) has identified forage legumes appropriate for pasture plantings. Despite the success of these research programs, there are still numerous untested accessions in international and regional collections that may be adapted to the climatic, edaphic, and management conditions ot the Caribbean. To test some of the more promis­ing lines available from both commercial and experimental sources, tropical forage legumes were planted in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Dominican Republic and subsequently grazed. The objectives of the research were to determine the most …

Persistence Of Subterranean Clover Cultivars In A Cleared Forest Area In Northern Greece, V Papanastasis, P Platis

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is con­sidered a very valuable species for the improvement of degraded Mediterranean pastures and rangelands. Its persist­ence on such areas, however, depends on the particular culti­vars used and the physical and chemical conditions of their soil (Gomez, 1981; Collins et al., 1984, Crespo and Romano, 1985). Degraded forests covered by shrubby oaks occupy large areas in northern Greece. The grazing value of these areas, especially for sheep, is very low. However, if the oaks are cleared by buldozer and the areas are sown after cultivation with subterranean clover, very productive pastures may be developed …

Improving Pasture Resources In West Africa: Evaluation Of Forage Legumes To Meet The Social And Ecological Constraints, S A. Tarawali, M Peters, M A. Mohamed Saleem

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, poor nutrition is a major constraint to livestock production (Henzell and t'Mannetje, 1980). In the West African subhumid and semi arid zones, the harsh dry season means that the quality of the naturally avail­able forage is insufficient to meet cattle maintenance requirements for more than half the year (Mohamed-Saleem, 1986) ; in more humid areas intensive cropping restricts access to fodder. The introduction of improved forage legumes is recognised to be a viable approach to alleviating this problem (Jones et al., 1984). In Nigeria, the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) has successfully introduced Stylosan­thes pastures to …

Evaluation Of 16 Gliricidia Provenances In Dryland Farming Area In Bali, I M. Nitis, K Lana, M Suarna, W Sukanten, S Putra

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The present taxonomy indicates that Gliricidia, with its ori­gin in South America, consists of three species: G. sepium (Jacq.) Walp., G. maculata (HBK) Steud, and G. ehrenbergii (Schlecht) Rydb (Hugues, 1987). Gliricidia sepium is one of the shrub legume commonly used in the tropics for shade, fence, green manure, firewood and fod­der (NFTA, 1987). However, it is not definitely known how its growth habit affects its utilization. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the growth of 16 provenances of Gliricidia sepium collected from 8 countries in the tropics.

A Study On The Importance Of Forage Trees On The Native Grazing Land, E Bin Quan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Inner Mongolia grassland has a rather simple management and low production. Artificial pasture covers 0.08 % of the total grassland, the output value of animal husbandry is only 24 % of that of agriculture. In 1984, 13.66 kg beef and mutton, 20.8 kg cow and sheep milk, 4.8 kg fine hair were produced for a hundred mu grassland(]). Herbivore value was RMB 82 Yuan. Because of coldness and shortage of forage, during the period of 1952-1985 there was a total livestock loss of 81.000.000 and per sheep lossed weight of 5 kg every winter and spring. In the heavy snowfall …

Grassland Improvement And N Fertilization Management Of Woodland In Korea, S Seo, Y C. Han, M S. Park

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The 66 % of total national land is forest in Korea. Among them potential area for grassland is estimated as over 1.0 mil­lion ha. Therefore, the grassland development on woodland has become an important issue for forage production. Generally shade is a limiting factor in forage production beneath a canopy of trees. Yields of forages decreased with increasing shade. Also shading by standing trees may con­tribute to toxic level of nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -N) and reduction of sugar propuction in forages (Stritzke et al., 1976). N fertilization on woodland pasture was very benefic for increasing grass yield and protein yield. …