Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons^™

Herbicide Injury From Dicamba And 2,4-D: How Much Is Too Much In Lettuce?, Xinzheng Chen, Amit J. Jhala, Stevan Z. Knezevic, Samuel E. Wortman

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Off-target herbicide injury from dicamba and 2,4-D is an increasingly common problem for specialty crop growers in the Midwest United States. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a common specialty crops grown in Nebraska, but proximity to corn and soybean production leaves growers vulnerable to crop injury and significant economic loss. The goal of this study was to quantify crop injury and yield loss in greenhouse grown lettuce after exposure to simulated sub-lethal drift rates of 2,4-D and dicamba. Sublethal doses were determined based on a percentage of the maximum labeled rate and ranged from 25% to 0.01%. Tested lettuce …

Soil Quality Indices Based On Long-Term Conservation Cropping Systems Management, Helen C.S. Amorim, Amanda J. Ashworth, Brian J. Wienhold, Mary C. Savin, Fred L. Allen, Arnold M. Saxton, Phillip R. Owens, Nilton Curi

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

The Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) may provide insight into how conservation practices affect soil quality (SQ) regionally. Therefore, we aimed to quantify SQ in a long-term (15-yr) crop rotation and bio-covers experiment under no-tillage using SMAF. Main effects were cropping rotations of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], corn (Zea mays L.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Split-block bio-cover treatments consisted of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L. sativum var. arvense), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), poultry litter, and fallow (control). Seven SQ indicators—soil pH, total organic carbon …

Residual Herbicide Concentrations In On-Farm Water Storage–Tailwater Recovery Systems: Preliminary Assessment, Erin M. Grantz, Deborah Leslie, Michele Reba, Cammy Willett

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

On-farm water storage–tailwater recovery systems reduce groundwater usage and intercept agrochemical loads, but pesticide residue dynamics in these systems are not well understood. This study monitored concentrations of seven herbicides in seven northeast Arkansas tailwater recovery systems (April 2017–March 2018). Clomazone, glyphosate, metolachlor, and quinclorac were frequently detected, with minimal detections of 2,4-D, dicamba, and propanil. Concentrations peaked during the growing season (1 Apr.–15 Sept.), reflecting an interaction of application and precipitation. Clomazone, glyphosate, and quinclorac concentrations were greater in ditches (−1, respectively) than in the associated reservoir (−1, respectively), but metolachlor concentrations were not different between structure types (maximum …

Skeleton Weed Program Review - A Review Undertaken For The Grains, Seeds And Hay Industry Funding Scheme Management Committee 2020, Department Of Primary Industries And Regional Development, Western Australia

Biosecurity published reports

This review was undertaken in two stages. Stage 1 reviewed the Skeleton Weed Program and the global situation on skeleton weed. Stage 2 involved targeted stakeholder consultation to build on the information identified through Stage 1 and identify perceptions and attitudes amongst the Western Australian grain/seed/hay industry with regard to the Skeleton Weed Program (the program). The results of these two processes were used to formulate the key findings and recommendations by the Review Panel to assist the Grains, Seeds and Hay Industry Funding Scheme (IFS) Management Committee in its decision-making.

Using Hydrogeophysics And Xrf To Produce A High-Resolution 3-Dimensional Soil Cadmium Map For Evaluating Hybrid Wheat Trials, Thierry Bienvenu, Trenton Franz, Nuwan Wijewardane, Yufeng Ge

UCARE: Research Products

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in wheat decreases germination, growth, grain yield, and in higher concentration leads to adverse effects on human health (Liu et al, 2018). Due to wheat cultivars variation in Cd accumulation, wheat breeders aim to select those at low Cd concentration lines in a field. Hence the need to quantify the concentration of Cd at different parts of a field and visually represent on a high resolution Cd distribution map. Various ways to quantify the concentration of soil Cd exist. However, the cost of equipment required make the process quite expensive and labor intensive. This work studied the …

Spring Meadow Management Practices: What’S A Rancher To Do?, Tara M. Harms, Jerry D. Volesky, Mitchell B. Stephenson

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Subirrigated meadows are a valuable forage resource to ranching operations in the Nebraska Sandhills, being used for both hay production and livestock grazing.

The water table of these meadows is within one meter of the soil surface during the growing season.

In some years, wet conditions hinder meadow utilization, resulting in a buildup of standing dead and litter plant material which can lower forage production.

Investigate if burning and mowing are effective strategies to remove dead plant material from meadows • Determine if burning or mowing interact with grazing to influence end of season forage production

Burning or mowing effectively …

Maize Growth, Yield, Water Productivity And Evapotranspiration Response To Different Irrigation Methods And Amounts And Different Timing And Methods Of Nitrogen Applications, Ali T. Mohammed

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Declining the quantity and quality of freshwater resources in many parts of the world, including Midwestern USA, especially in the light of rapidly growing world’s population and changing climate, imposes significant and, in some cases imminent, challenges for producers, policy- and decision-makers to produce more yield with less water and other inputs, particularly in water scarcity regions.

There is not comprehensive previous research has quantified and evaluated coupled impacts of irrigation rates and nitrogen timing management strategies and their interactions on maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and its various attributed efficiency index metrics under different irrigation methods under the …

Comparison Of Weed Control Technologies For Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase-Resistant Palmer Amaranth, Michael Mckinley Houston, L. Tom Barber, Jason K. Norsworthy, Trenton L. Roberts

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Confirmation of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S.Watson) in 2015 limited weed control options for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producers. With already prevalent 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase-, acetolactate synthase-, beta-tubulin-, and very-long-chain fatty acid-resistant Palmer amaranth, there are few remaining effective pre-emergence and postemergence herbicides labeled in soybean. The recent commercialization of soybean varieties resistant to dicamba and 2,4-D give producers effective options to control multiresistant Palmer amaranth. To evaluate new and existing technologies and postemergence herbicide options, two experiments were conducted in 2017. These experiments were conducted in Marion and Crawfordsville, AR, two locations with confirmed …

Benzobicyclon Carryover To Crops In The Mississippi Delta, Jason K. Norsworthy, Mason L. Young

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

One experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2016 on a Calloway and Dewitt silt loam soil near Pine Tree (pH 8.3) and Stuttgart (pH 6.0), Arkansas, respectively. The objective was to evaluate the potential for a benzobicyclon application to carryover from rice and cause damage to corn, cotton, grain sorghum, soybean, and sunflower planted the subsequent year. No injury or stand reduction occurred for any crop after applications of benzobicyclon at 0.22 and 0.44 lb a.i. acre⁻¹ at either location. Grain sorghum had a 29% height reduction at Pine Tree at 12 d after planting (DAP); however, no differences …

Integrating The Bioenergy Production With Biodiversity Conservation On Semi-Natural And Riparian Grasslands, Tomasz Goliński, Piotr Goliński

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Semi-natural grasslands in Poland have been identified as having extraordinary biodiversity value. In the past, the species richness of these semi-natural landscapes has been managed through grazing. However, livestock numbers are now in decline, many grasslands are abandoned and consequently the diversity of these landscapes is under threat. In order to prevent these habitats from turning to scrublands, these areas have to be extensively harvested. Regulations dictate a late harvest time to allow reproduction of the flora and fauna. Many of semi-natural and riparian grasslands are protected under the European Habitats Directive and their management is financially supported by introduction …

Plant Species Diversity Along A Precipitation Gradient In Temperate Grasslands Of China And Mongolia, Yunxiang Cheng, Yi Sun, Mitsuru Tsubo, Takehiko Y. Ito, Fujiang Hou

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Variations in species diversity can be linked to several ecological gradients (Huston 1994). Plant functional type is characterized by an adaption of plants to certain ecological conditions (Galan de Mera et al. 1999). In addition, patterns of species richness along an environmental gradient might be more interpretable by considering both species richness of different functional types and total species richness (Pausas and Austin 2001). Water availability generally signifies total precipitation available to support plant growth (Adler and Levine 2007), and its temporal distribution is the main driver of species composition and species diversity in arid and semi-arid environments (Shmida …

What Is The Effect Of Long-Term Cutting Versus Abandonment On The Vegetation And Chemical Properties In The Soil And The Herbage Of A Mountain Hay Meadow (Polygono-Trisetion)?, Pavlů Lenka, Pavlů Vilém, Hejcman Michal, Gaisler Jan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Polygono-Trisetion meadow communities are endangered in Europe. These meadows are common in the Alps, but in the past, such meadows were also common in the western alpine regions of Central Europe. The aim of our experiment was to find a suitable management regime for the maintenance of these Polygono-Trisetion grasslands and its effect on the vegetation and chemical properties of the soil and in the herbage.

How Many Persian Gazelle (Gazella Subgutturosa) Can Graze On Golestan National Park Of Iran?, Elham Bagherirad, Norhayati Ahmad, Mansour Mesdaghi, Masoume Amirkhani

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Golestan National Park, with an area of 98,000 hectares and diverse fauna and flora is one of the famous national parks in the Middle East. Carrying capacity was analysed based on available forage and dry matter demand of Persian gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) in spring and winter on steppe parts of Golestan National Park. The Persian gazelle is the most important ungulate species within the arid regions of Iran as well as other countries in the Middle East, Central Asia, and Western China (Farhadinia et al. 2009). This species currently categorized Vulnerable (VU) (IUCN Red List 2012). Although …

An Investigation Into The Effects Of Rural Roads On Plant Diversity Of Roadsides In Arid Rangelands Of Iran, Anahita Rashtian, Mansour Mesdaghi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Roads are essential elements of human societies. Rural roads are clear indicators of rural development. Most rural roads in Iran are dirt roads and roadside vegetation is an important part of the ecosystem. Making roads can change the microclimate, including the light regime, pH and organic matter of soil, hydrological and sedimentation regimes (Karim and Mallik 2008; Hayasakaa et al. 2012). This can affect the composition of vegetation, with increased density and frequency of some fast-growing species close to the road for example (Parendes and Jones 2000). Road-building can also contaminate the air, soil, and water, with destruction of …

Plant Species Diversity On Protected And Non-Protected Areas Of Golestan National Park And Vicinity Areas, Masoume Amirkhani, Elham Bagherirad, Mansour Mesdaghi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It is important to monitor the status of native rangeland vegetation in order to maintain existing grassland remnants which are valuable for wildlife. In the Steppe region, there has been concern that grazing of late-successional ecosystems may decrease plant species diversity on a local and regional scale and adversely affect rare, threatened, or endangered species. Native vegetation is the best indicator of the potential productivity of a specific location. Range-land herbage production is important for multiple land uses such as livestock production, wildlife food and cover, and protection against erosion. In eastern Oregon, variability in rangeland productivity is linked to …

Integration Of Biodiversity And Agricultural Production Across Australian Temperate Grasslands, Kerry L. Bridle, Jim Crosthwaite, Louise Gilfedder

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The transformation of Australian agriculture over the 20th Century saw the conversion of native pastures to improved pastures, largely through the application of artificial fertilisers. During this time biodiversity conservation was largely confined to iconic scenic reserves on public land. Today, nationally endangered temperate native grassland communities are largely confined to private land. The development of the Landcare Movement in the 1980s highlighted the role that agricultural land managers and agricultural landscapes play in maintaining biodiversity across the continent. Research into on-farm conservation was soon being funded by governments at state and commonwealth levels, as well as industry bodies. These …

Strategies To Ameliorate Pasture Production For Livestock In High Altitude Regions, M. M. Roy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The high altitude regions in India exhibit a diverse climate, topography, vegetation, ecology and land use pattern. The annual average rainfall varies from 80 mm in Ladakh to over 200 cm in some parts of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The vegetation varies from the scrub in the lower hills to arctic in the Greater Himalaya (GJK 2004). In this region, Ladakh is a unique land form encompassing distinct physical features, ecology, environment, ethnicity, agricultural systems and livestock rearing practices. This region experiences a very hostile climate and winter temperature may go as low as -30⁰ C. Summer temperature …

Local Use And Knowledge Validation Of Fodder Trees And Shrubs Resources Browsed By Livestock In Manipur (India), R. Joseph Koireng, Ansarul Haq, Kh. Priya Devi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

North Eastern states of India particularly in Manipur livestock rearing were being considered as one of the important homestead activities in the farm household. In the rural household economy, livestock is considered as an inseparable component in the whole farm business, as the production of milk and meat as well as manure, draught and transportation depends on it. It provides nutritional security to farm family and stabilizes farm income too.

As a major source of animal feeds in Manipur, fodder trees and shrubs are highly valued by farmers. They have deep root systems enabling the extraction of water and nutrients …

Framing Effect And Pastoralist Decision Making Behavior Regarding Lambing Time-An Analysis From Inner Mongolia, China, Yanting Yin, Xiangyang Hou, Xiangjun Yun, Xiliang Li

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China. However, it is seriously degraded. Lower stocking rates have been necessary for rehabilitating the degraded grassland. In order to rehabilitate the grassland the government proposed the “balancing animals and grass” policy. However, it has been resisted by pastoralists. (Brown et al., 2009). The reasons for the policy’s failure have been widely discussed. To date, there has been a lack of discussion on explicitly addressing the role of pastoralist behavior regarding stock numbers and lambing time. The pastoralists continue to maintain their traditional stocking rate, and take short-term adaptive measures to balance their …

Pasture Management For Sustainable Forage Production, Pijush Kanti Mukherjee, Putan Singh, S. S. Singh

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the livestock management grazing was the major feed resources in the past and even today a significant portion of livestock is being sustained on grazing resources from pastures and other grazing lands like forest, fallow lands, cultivable waste lands etc.

During the last few decades ever increasing livestock population has created enormous grazing pressure on pasture resources leading to deterioration and destruction of pastures. This has led to the urgent need of improvement of pastures as well as judicious implementation of grazing management practices. There has been certain constraints on pasture development which include fragmentation and degradation of …

Production And Quality Assessment Of Pasture Crop In Red Lateritic Wasteland Of Central Chhattisgarh, Mahendra Nath Naugraiya, G. S. Tomar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The livestock constitutes a very important component in rural economy, as in agriculture. Our country largely depends on livestock for manure and power. The availability of fodder is short from the requirement and an estimate of several agencies, there is more than 300 per cent gap between availability and requirement (Anon, 1980). Most of the livestock depend either partially or completely on natural and developed pastoral system, but the existing practices of utilization of range lands, grasslands and forest areas natural resources and increasing land degradation. In the improved pastoral system in wastelands, the carrying capacity of grass-legumes pastoral field …

Herders’ Forage-Livestock Decision Behavior In Northern Grassland Regions Of China, Xiangyang Hou, Yanting Yin, Tingting Wang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

China has approximately 393 million hectares of grasslands, accounting for 41.7% of the national land area. However, 90% of useable grasslands are degraded because of human and natural reasons. Overgrazing was the dominant factor affecting grassland condition. In order to control the grassland degradation problems, the government has proposed the „forage-livestock balance‟ policy in 2002. A series of ecological policies were (Hou et al., 2013) and outcomes have been described as a “partial improvement amidst overall deterioration”. Reasons for apparent failure of the policy have been the subject of much discussion over the years. However, there has been a …

Basal Cover Of Perennial Native Grasses Increases Due To Seasonal Conditions, Meredith L. Mitchell, N. P. Linden, S. Norng, L. L. Slocombe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Australian native pastures in the high rainfall zone (> 600 mm AAR) in northern Victoria and southern NSW are usually dominated by annual species, and occupy a considerable proportion of the landscape (Pearson et al., 1997; Hill et al., 1999). Productivity of native pastures can potentially be increased by using fertiliser (Lodge 1979; Garden and Bolger, 2001) but this nearly always comes at the expense of the native perennial grasses (Garden et al., 2000; Garden and Bolger, 2001). However, using a combination of fertiliser inputs and rotational grazing can provide increased productivity while maintaining the native perennial pasture base …

Effects Of Nitrogen Fertilization And Bioenergy Crop Type On Topsoil Organic Carbon And Total Nitrogen Contents In Middle Tennessee Usa, Jianwei Li, Siyang Jian, Chad S. Lane, Yuehan Lu, Xiaorui He, Gangsheng Wang, Melanie A. Mayes, Kudjo E. Dzantor, Dafeng Hui

Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Faculty Research

Nitrogen (N) fertilization affects bioenergy crop growth and productivity and consequently carbon (C) and N contents in soil, it however remains unclear whether N fertilization and crop type individually or interactively influence soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN). In a three-year long fertilization experiment in switchgrass (SG: Panicum virgatum L.) and gamagrass (GG: Tripsacum dactyloides L.) croplands in Middle Tennessee USA, soil samples (0–15cm) were collected in plots with no N input (NN), low N input (LN: 84 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in urea) and high N input (HN: 168 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in urea). Besides SOC …

Steppes And Grasslands In Morocco: Diversity, Functional Ecology And Socio-Economic Role, Mohammed Sghir Taleb, Jalal El Oualidi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

With Morocco’s geographical situation (at the crossroads between Europe and Africa, the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean), its diverse climate and habitats supports a varied natural vegetation. The floristic richness of the country is related to the heterogeneity of biotypes. From the desert to the high mountains and the littoral to the continental borders, Morocco offers varied ecological conditions that support many different plant species. Steppes and grasslands are important parts of the main plant associations encountered in Morocco. They contain a wealth of flora, play important ecological roles and, from a socioeconomic perspective, are highly significant.

Management Of Tall Wet Grasslands In Dudwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh, Indian Terai Protected Areas–Conservation Implications, Harish Kumar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Tall wet grasslands in the northern alluvial flood plains of the river Ganges and Brahmaputra are popularly known as Terai grasslands. Dudhwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh,India, is a moist deciduous forest dominated by sal (Shorea robusta) interspersed with numerous swamps and tall, wet grasslands dominated by Saccharum, Narenga, Sclerostachya, Imperata and Typha species. Common management practices used by the Dudhwa National Park Management include: (1) grass cut and burned; (2) grass cut, removed, and burned; (3) grass harrowed and burned; and (4) grass burned for tall wet grasslands. In this study split plots of 100 …

Biodiversity Mainstreaming In South Africa’S Production Landscapes: Lessons And Achievements, Aimee Ginsburg, Anthea Stephens, Mahlodi Tau, Emily Botts, Stephen Holness

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

South Africa’s grasslands are critically threatened and many biodiversity priority areas lie in production landscapes. This is a challenge best addressed by an approach aimed at strengthening the enabling environment, and innovating, piloting and mainstreaming new models for biodiversity management into production sectors, namely agriculture, forestry, urban development and coal mining. The Grassland Programme (a 20-year partnership between government, conservation agencies, non-governmental organisations, and private sector) has implemented this approach to sustain and secure grassland biodiversity and ecosystem services for the benefit of current and future generations. In five years of implementation, notable achievements have been in shaping policies and …

Improving A Transhumance Livestock System Of India With Modern Technologies, Mounir Louhaichi, Arun Kumar Misra, Khem Chand, Mahesh Kumar Gaur, Douglas E. Johnson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Traditional livestock rearing systems in grasslands evolved in response to social, climatic, vegetative and technological conditions that existed scores, hundreds, or in some cases up to a thousand of years ago. Many of these systems involve vertical transhumance where flocks and herds are moved up elevation gradients for summer pasturage or horizontal transhumance in which livestock migrate across greater distances in response to regional rainfall patterns and the resulting availability of forage. In spite of the relatively low earnings of individual herders, these pastoral systems can contribute substantially to the national economies, while providing sustenance and food security to significant …

Influence Of Different In-Situ Soil Moisture Conservation Techniques In Aonla Based Hortipasture System On Water Yield In Semi-Arid Region Of India, Ramesh Singh, Sunil Kumar, A. K. Shuka, R. K. Singh

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Land degradation, mainly because of lack of permanent vegetal cover, is major challenges to feed the ever increasing population of the world. As of now, one-sixth population is affected by land degradation. India is also suffering by land degradation as it’s having detrimental impact on production and productivity. The Bundelkhand region, located in Central India, is amongst the most degraded ecosystems characterized by undulating and rugged topography, highly eroded and dissected land, poor soil fertility and low water holding capacity, scarce ground water resources, erratic distribution of rainfall, lack of assured irrigation facilities, heavy biotic pressure on forests, inadequate vegetation …

Water Use Efficiency And Evapotranspiration Of Hybrid Napier (Pennisetum Purpureum X P. Americanum) Under Semi-Arid Indian Region, J. B. Singh, Rajiv K. Agrawal, Pradeep Behari

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Napier bajra hybrid (Pennisetum glaucum x P. purpureum) is a highly valued for its abundant quality forage, round the year fodder availability, regenerative ability and suitability to silage and hay making. It yields upto 110-120 t/ha fresh fodder as sole crop. Though, it requires moist regimes for optimum growth, but it can withstand drought for a short spell and regenerate with rains. It contains 8.7-10.2 % crude protein, 28-30.5% crude fibre and 10-11.5 % ash on dry matter basis (Agrawal et al., 2001). The hybrid napier has wider adaptability and is grown all over the country, …