Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Characterization And Estimation Of Musculoskeletal Pain Using Machine Learning, Boluwatife Faremi

Master's Theses

Traditional scales utilized for recording pain are known to be highly subjective and biased due to inaccuracies in recollecting actual pain intensities. As a result, machine learning (ML) models that are trained using these scores as ground truth are reported to have low performance for objective pain classification because of the huge disparity between what was felt in moments of pain and the scores recorded afterward.

In the present study, two devices were designed for gathering real-time, continuous in-session subjective pain scores and the recording of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) altered endodermal (EDA) activity. 24 participants were recruited to …

Use Of Electronic Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies In Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, And Sleep Research In Young Adults: Systematic Review, Kimberly R. Hartson, Luz Huntington-Moskos, Clara G. Sears, Gina Genova, Cara Mathis, Wessly Ford, Ryan E. Rhodes

Faculty and Staff Scholarship

Background: Recent technological advances allow for the repeated sampling of real-time data in natural settings using electronic ecological momentary assessment (eEMA). These advances are particularly meaningful for investigating physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep in young adults who are in a critical life stage for the development of healthy lifestyle behaviors.

Objective: This study aims to describe the use of eEMA methodologies in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep research in young adults.

Methods: The PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, and Web of Science electronic databases were searched through August 2022. Inclusion criteria were use of eEMA; sample of young adults …

Energy Costs Of Chair Sitting And Standing Video Exercises In Chinese Older Adults, Ages 60 To 89 Years, Zhenghua Cai, Minghui Quan, Muyang Huan, Guangli Sun, Stephen D. Herrmann, Barbara E. Ainsworth, Peijie Chen

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(7): 814-827, 2023. Home-based video exercise interventions improve older adults’ physiological performance and functional capacity. Little is known about the energy costs of video exercises in older adults. The Compendium of Physical Activities (PAs) has few items with PA metabolic equivalents (METs) in older adults. This study measured the energy costs of four chair and two standing exercises (sitting Tai Chi, Yoga, mobility ball, aerobics: standing, slow aerobics, and fast aerobics). Fifteen females and 14 males, 62-87 years (M ± SD, 73 ± 7.7 years), were categorized into three age groups (60-69, 70-79, 80-89). Oxygen …

Two Different Approaches To Dry-Land Training Do Not Improve The Water Performance Of Swimmers, Matheus Silva Norberto, Carlos Augusto Kalva-Filho, Guilherme Navarro Schneider, Eduardo Zapaterra Campos, Marcelo Papoti

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 770-790, 2023. Literature diverges about the performance improvement after dry-land training. Thus, the objective of the present study was to compare the effect of two models of dry-land training. Twenty-nine swimmers were divided into three groups, combined strength and power training (PTG), only strength training (STG), and a control group (CG). Measurements were taken for six weeks, before dry-land exposure (M1), after four weeks of specific training with exposure to dry-land training by two groups (M2), and after two weeks of taper without exposure to dry-land training (M3). Strength in specific exercises, jumping tests, …

Influence Of Systematic Training On Morpho-Physiological And Motor Ability Profiles Of Indian Young Female Rowers, Kayakers And Canoers, Tamoghni Manna, Snehunsu Adhikari, Alak Kumar Syamal

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 744-755, 2023. Our study was carried on junior female athletes (22 rowers, 11 kayakers and 7 canoers) adopting systemic training to explore the possible training manipulation that can be implicated in these three kinds of water sports, might be in a different way. Several morpho-physiological parameters and motor ability profiles were measured by standard methods. Accordingly, body weight (kg), performing time of 2.4 km run (sec), 6×10 meters shuttle run/agility (sec) of female rowers were reduced progressively and significantly from Preparatory Period (PP1) to General Practice Period (GPP) i.e., from (59.41±4.84) to (52.23±5.34), (773.04±92.64) …

Psychological And Physiological Responses Across Six Weeks Of Hiit And Mict In Previously Inactive Young Adults, Emily R. Dunston, Katrina Taylor

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(5): 756-769, 2023. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is suggested as a public health strategy to increase engagement in, and adherence to, physical activity. However, debate exists regarding the efficacy in inactive individuals. PURPOSE: To determine the physiological and psychological responses to three weeks of supervised and three weeks of unsupervised HIIT or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in previously inactive adults. METHODS: Young adults (n = 20; 21.4 ± 2.2 years; 13 females) were randomized to six weeks of HIIT or MICT. Pre- and post-testing included anthropometric measures, an incremental exercise test, and body composition. …

The Effects Of Hiit Versus Mict And Sedentary Controls On Blood Lipid Concentrations In Nondiabetic Overweight And Obese Young Adults: A Meta-Analysis., Christian P. Mccormick, Garrett Mamikunian, David B. Thorp

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(3): 791-813, 2023. With rates of obesity and dyslipidemia rising among young adults, this meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and sedentary controls (CON) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) in nondiabetic overweight and obese young adults to determine if HIIT or MICT is more efficacious in improving dyslipidemia. Studies included in the analysis had to be randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies, comparing the effects of HIIT versus MICT or CON on at least three variables of …

Resistance Training And Running Performance And Economy: A Literature Review, James Bottrill

University Honors Theses

Running performance is largely determined by maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max), velocity at VO₂ max, fractional utilisation of VO₂ max and running economy. Running economy is relatively under-researched and could be improved by resistance training because of its neuromuscular underpinnings. However, existing research on this topic is quite unorganised and inconclusive and is yet to prove a direct linkage between resistance training, running economy and performance. This literature review aimed to provide an organised overview of the existing literature, identify and address confounding variables and provide recommendations for future research. A search for studies was conducted via …

The Role Of Footwear, Foot Orthosis And Training-Related Strategies In The Prevention Of Bone Stress Injuries: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Alexandre Lavigne, Dominic Chicoine, Jean-François Esculier, François Desmeules, Pierre Fremont, Blaise Dubois

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(3): 721-743, 2023. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of footwear, foot orthoses and training-related strategies to prevent lower extremity bone stress injury (BSI). Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources: Four bibliographic databases (from inception until November 2021): Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL. Eligibility criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the risk of developing a BSI when using particular footwear, foot orthoses or training-related strategies such as muscle strengthening, stretching, and mechanical loading exercises. Results: Eleven studies were included in this systematic review. When wearing foot orthoses, the risk …

External Workloads Vary By Position And Game Result In Us-Based Professional Soccer Players, Gary M. Long, Sam M. Joyce, Robert T. Herrington, Kyle B. Fox, Jack E. Mumaugh

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 688-699, 2023. Professional soccer is a physically demanding sport that requires players to be highly trained. Advances using GPS allow the tracking of external workloads for individual players in practice and competition, however, there is a lack of evidence on how these measures impact match results. Therefore, we analyzed external workloads by player position and determined if they vary depending on the result of competitive matches. External workloads were analyzed in professional soccer players (n = 25) across 28 competitive games. One-way ANOVA determined if workloads varied by position (striker – ST, wide …

Efficacy Of A 6-Week Novel Exergaming Intervention Guided By Heart Rate Zones On Aerobic Performance In Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder And Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Feasibility Study, Trent Yamamoto, Bilal Pandit, Michael Viggiano, Mitchell S. Mologne, Kristin Daniels, David Gomez, Brett A. Dolezal

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(3): 710-720, 2023. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of a novel exergaming intervention guided by heart rate zones for children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eight study participants (6 females, 2 males, mean age= 11.4±1.4 years old) participated twice weekly over six weeks to complete twelve multimodal exergaming sessions. Participants significantly improved 6MWT from baseline to week 6 (575.4±55.0 m to 732.8±58.9 m; P<0.01), which conferred a 31% improvement in estimated VO_2max (31.5±5.5 ml/kg/min to 40.9±5.9 ml/kg/min), respectively. There was an upward trend of the mean percentage of time spent …

Body Mass Index But Not Physical Activity Level Moderates Lowered Cardiac Baroreflex Sensitivity In People Living With Hiv, Marcus Rangel, Juliana Barros, Deysiane Peres, Pedro Mira, Daniel Martinez, Mateus Laterza, Paulo Farinatti, Juliana Borges

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(2): 700-709, 2023. Reduced cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS) is an autonomic marker associated with a worse cardiovascular prognosis. Whether cBRS is lowered in people living with HIV (PLHIV) is yet unclear, as well as potential moderator effects of body mass index (BMI) or physical activity (PA) level. The present study aims to compare the spontaneous cBRS in PLHIV vs. HIV-uninfected controls, and to determine among PLHIV the relationship between cBRS vs. body mass index (BMI) and PA level. Total, upward (cBRS+), and downward (cBRS-) cBRS gains were assessed using the sequential method from beat-to-beat …

Effect Of Static Stretching On Agonists, Antagonists, And Agonist-Antagonist Combination On Total Training Volume, Diego Pessoa, Henrique Penfold, Sincler Pegado, Michel Gonçalves, Juliana Brandão Pinto De Castro, Jeffrey Willardson, Humberto Miranda

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 665-675, 2023. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static stretching (SS) of agonists and antagonists between sets on the total training volume (TTV) performed across multiple sets for the leg extension exercise. Twelve male subjects with experience in resistance training (RT) participated in this study. Subjects performed 10 repetition maximum (10RM) test and retest trials for the leg extension exercise. Four different protocols were randomly applied as follows: quadriceps stretching (AG); hamstrings stretching (AN); quadriceps and hamstrings stretching (AGN); and traditional control without stretching (TR). Significant differences (p≤0.05) were …

Cardiovascular Responses During Light-Intensity Aerobic Exercise With Varying Levels Of Limb Occlusion Pressures., William R. Vanwye, Alyssa M. Weatherholt, Lee J. Winchester, Johnny G. Owens, Micah Spears

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(2): 676-687, 2023. The study aimed to assess cardiovascular responses to low-intensity aerobic exercise with varying levels of limb occlusion pressures (LOP) in a healthy population of men and women 30 to 60 years. The study was a single-session repeated measures design. Thirty individuals completed the study. All subjects participated in a single bout of low-intensity cycling (30-39% HRR) with bilateral lower extremity (LE) BFR for four 5-minute stages [0% (No BFR), 40%, 60%, and 80% LOP] with a 2-minute active rest between stages (BFR pressure released). The subjects’ systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood …

Comparing Calculated And Perceived Energy Needs In Collegiate Student-Athletes, Lyndsey T. Reed

Honors Theses

The purpose of this study was to evaluate NCAA student-athletes' level of knowledge related to their energy needs. The participants were 75—42 male and 33 female—NCAA Division I student-athletes enrolled at the University of Mississippi (UM) from a variety of sports. In-person data collection took place at UM Athletics facilities by sports registered dietitians during team talks. The names of the athletes were used to find their pre-existing calculated energy, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and total energy expenditure (TEE) using the Nelson equation and the appropriate activity factor. Questionnaire and RMR/TEE data were analyzed and compared to assess knowledge related …

The Effects Of Acute Exercise On Memory: Considerations Of The Testing Effect, Philip Christian

Honors Theses

This study had three main objectives. The first objective was to determine whether or not there was evidence of a testing effect being present when a short-term memory assessment is included along with a long-term memory assessment. The second objective was to determine whether acute exercise can improve long-term memory recall over a control condition. The third objective was to determine if the potential effects of acute exercise on long-term memory are confounded by the inclusion of a short-term memory assessment. Participants were 54 undergraduate students at the University of Mississippi, with an age range of 18-22 years old. Participants …

Monitoring Training Loads In Judo Athletes: Different Time Courses Of Physiological, Neuromuscular, And Perceptual Responses., Bruno Campos, Fabio Nakamura, Eduardo Macedo Penna, Renato Moraes, João Gabriel Da Silveira Rodrigues, Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque, Luciano S. Prado

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 638-653, 2023. This study aims to elucidate the internal load, performance, physiological, and perceptual recovery responses during four weeks of traditional judo training. Ten cadet and junior judo athletes were evaluated daily for four weeks, in which their perception of recovery, heart rate variability, handgrip strength, and countermovement jump performance were assessed. A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to analyze the variables across the weeks. A significant time effect in internal load (F = 6.51; p = 0.001) has been observed. Handgrip test performance showed significantly higher values in the 3rd and 4th weeks …

Reliability Of Time To Exhaustion Above The Power Output At Vo2peak In Trained Mountain Bikers, Allan Inoue, Eduardo Lattari, Everton Carmo, Bruno Oliveira, Elirez Silva, Tony Santos

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 654-664, 2023. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the reliability of the time to exhaustion (TTE) test during constant-load trials in Olympic distance cross-country mountain bike (XCO-MTB) athletes. Thus, the aim was to analyze the reliability of the TTE test at intensities above peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak) in trained XCO-MTB athletes. Fifteen male XCO-MTB athletes (mean ± SD: age 31.5 ± 6.6 years, stature 174.0 ± 5.4 cm, body mass 67.2 ± 5.1 kg, VO_2peak 64.5 ± 4.7 mL∙kg^-1∙min^-1) completed 2 TTE tests on the cycle …

Heart Rate Response And Locomotor Activity Of Female Skateboarders, Bipoc Skateboarders, And Non-Skateboard Users During A Typical Session At A Community Skatepark, Jeff A. Nessler, Alivia L. Lundquist, Natalie Casas Jimenez, Sean C. Newcomer

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(7): 599-612, 2023. Prior research has demonstrated that male adults and youth engaged in skateboarding at community skateparks achieve heart rates that meet or exceed recommendations for exercise by the CDC. However, these studies do not adequately evaluate other non-traditional or ethnically diverse users who may differ in how they utilize the skatepark and in their cardiovascular response. The purpose of this experiment was to measure heart rate response and locomotor movement in three lesser studied groups that frequently utilize community skateparks, and to compare these results with those reported previously in male adult and …

Effect Of High Intensity Interval Training Under Mask On Force Vital Capacity In Football Players, Neranoch Bumrung, Apiwan Manimmanakorn, Natthapon Traiperm

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 576-586, 2023. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of high interval training (HIIT) under mask on forced vital capacity in football players. Fourteen male football players (age 20 ± 2 years) were randomized into the without mask group (CON) or with the 2 difference mask groups [Surgical mask (SM), FFP2 mask (FM)]. HIIT program were implemented six movements in each session three times per week. Body composition, forced vital capacity and percutaneous oxygen saturation test were taken before and after 4 weeks intervention. The results show that forced vital capacity …

Muscle Thickness, Echo-Intensity, Peak Force, Time Under Tension, Total Load Lifted, And Perception Of Effort Comparisons Between Two Abdominal Crunch Resistance Training Protocols In Recreationally-Trained Participants, Keanna Sullivan, Paula R. Ferreira, Vincent G.F. Martinez, Paulo Henrique Marchetti

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 538-549, 2023. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate acute dose response of different intensities with total volume equalized during the abdominal crunch exercise on muscle thickness, echo-intensity, peak force, time under tension, total load lifted, and perception of effort in recreationally-trained participants. Fifteen resistance-trained participants (23 ± 3 years) performed the abdominal crunch exercise in one of two different resistance training (RT) protocols in a randomized order: RT_4x10RM (4 sets of 10RM / 1-min rest) or RT_1x40RM (1 set of 40RM). Muscle thickness (MT), echo- intensity (EI), peak force …

Comparison Of A Ramp Cycle Ergometer And A Staged Assault Fitness Assaultbike Protocol For The Assessment Of Vo2max, Regis C. Pearson, Sara A. Garcia, Nathan T. Jenkins

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 613-619, 2023. We propose a new VO2max test using a progressive staged protocol on an Assault Fitness AssaultBike. Twelve healthy males performed a traditional ramp cycle ergometer test (TRAD) and a progressively staged AssaultBike protocol (AB) in a counterbalanced order. AB elicited higher immediate post-exercise lactate, absolute and relative VO2max, and maximum heart rate than TRAD (P = 0.006, P = 0.014, P = 0.007, and P = 0.001, respectively). The protocol outlined herein may provide a more accurate assessment of VO2max due to greater skeletal muscle mass recruitment that is more representative …

The Relationship Between Muscular Strength, Jump Power, And Bone Health In Collegiate Distance Runners, Daisy E. Huerta, Jarred M. Norris, William P. Mccormack, Todd C. Shoepe, Hawley C. Almstedt

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 563-575, 2023. Participation in sports, especially those involving impact loading, enhance bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD). Additionally, participation in impact loading sports may strengthen relationships between strength or power and bone variables. The purpose of this investigation was to examine relationships between measures of muscular performance and bone variables in Division I endurance athletes (29 males, 31 females, 19.6 ± 1.4 years). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were analyzed at the anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral (LAT) spine, femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), whole body (WB), and ultra-distal forearm (UD) for BMC …

Can 5-Weeks Of Hypopressive Exercise Influence Sagittal Lumbo-Pelvic Position In Athletic And Non-Athletic Females?, Kimberly Assumpção Wojcik, Lucas Teixeira Pinheiro Machado, Carla Itatiana Bastos De Brito1, Tamara Rial Rebullido

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4): 550-562, 2023. Hypopressive exercises (HE) are part of the Low Pressure Fitness training program which is widely used by physical therapists in the rehabilitation of the pelvic floor, abdominal and spinal musculature. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of HE on the sagittal lumbo-pelvic posture in athletic and non-athletic females. It was hypothesized that a 5-week training program of HE could influence lumbo-pelvic position while reducing abdominal circumference and low back pain in athletic and non-athletic females. Twenty normoweight females (mean age = 24.8 (SD 3.5) years; body mass index …

Older Adult Aerobic Capacity, Muscular Strength, Fitness And Body Composition After 20+ Years Of Exercise Training: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Eric Leslie, Vincent Luna, Ann L. Gibson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(3): 620-637, 2023. Older adults (³ 65 years) are recommended to participate in regular exercise to maintain health in late adulthood. The impact of long-term (20+ years) exercise training that align with the American College of Sports Medicine’s (ACSM) recommended guidelines has not been evaluated for older adults. To address this, a systematic review and meta-analyses were performed regarding the effects of long-term exercise training on older adult aerobic capacity, muscular fitness, and body composition that meet the ACSM’s recommendation for weekly training volume. Ten studies with individuals that performed cardiorespiratory or resistance exercise met …

Immediate Effect Of Gluteus Medius Kinesio-Taping On Plantar Pressure Distribution And Balance Among Healthy Individuals, Deepa Shekar, Hemant K. Kalyan, Prem Venkatesan, Nithin Prakash, Karvannan Harikesavan

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(1): 587-598, 2023. Gluteus medius eccentrically regulates hip adduction and internal rotation in unilateral postures against gravity. Any weakness to Gluteus medius can lead to poor posture, impaired balance and altered plantar pressure. There is a scarcity of literature to find the immediate effect of gluteus medius kinesio-taping on plantar pressure distribution and balance among healthy individuals. A Randomized cross-over trial was conducted in outpatient physiotherapy department of Manipal Hospitals Bangalore, on 28 healthy individuals from March 2021 to April 2022. The taping was done on the dominant leg of the subjects, with no tape, …

Low-Load X High-Load Resistance Exercise: Greater Cell Swelling After A Training Session, Gabriel Agentilho, Erick Lucena, Luis Felipe M. Teixeira, Vanessa Boas, Isadora Ribeiro, Renato Barroso, Brad Schoenfeld, Marco Uchida

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(3): 513-524, 2023. Cell swelling caused by resistance training is proposed to provide an anabolic stimulus for muscle growth and it is believed that these effects are heightened with the use of low loads. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of two volume-equated resistance training (RT) protocols, low-load (LL) versus high-load (HL), on elbow flexor muscles thickness, arm circumference, and blood lactate concentration in well-trained individuals. Eight resistance-trained males performed the following two RT protocols involving unilateral elbow flexion of the dominant arm: i) LL, four sets with 50% 1 …

Entropy Of Heart Rate On Self-Selected Interval Exercises In Older Women, Lucas E. R. Santos, Karla K. Dames, Edilaine S. D. De Oiliveira, Matheus S. S. Fernades, Tayrine O. Filgueira, Bruna M. S. Mesquita, Catarina F. C. X. M. De Souza, Eduardo Lattari, Tony M. Santos

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(2): 525-537, 2023. Non-linear analyzes such as Approximated Entropy (ApEn) and Sample Entropy (SampEn) could show the adaptability of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the dynamic changes caused by exercise. The aims of the study were: a) Investigate the effects of different Self-Selected based Interval Exercises (SSIE) configurations on Heart Rate (HR) entropy; b) Determine whether the stimuli time promote different entropy responses; c) Observe whether exercises with passive self-selected recovery time (SSRT) promote different HR entropy responses compared to those with imposed time and active recovery; and d) Determine whether post-training entropy …

Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Does Not Decrease Torque Loss Over High Intensity Repetitions, Ian Koskinen

All NMU Master's Theses

Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation, TENS, has been used widely as an analgesic and ergogenic aid for many years. Compared to other modalities of electrical stimulation, TENS has been shown to provide some benefits in exercise performance by reducing pain and increasing endurance in low intensity applications, such as time trial cycling or isometric endurance. While TENS has been shown to have a significant effect on exercise induced pain in individuals performing endurance activities, to my knowledge it has not been examined in high intensity contractions. 18 active young adults (age: 23.11 years ± 2.08, resistance training experience: 7.08 years ± 3.79, …

Meeting, Moving, Mastering - A Text Analysis Of The Aesthetic Attractions Of 'Wild Swimming', Dagmar Dahl, Åsa I. Bäckström

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

Why are people fascinated by swimming in nature? This article addresses the aesthetic experiences of wild swimming as expressed by five wild swimming authors in their books. Drawing from aesthetic philosophy, we analyze the ways in which the appeal of wild swimming is described on three levels: the allure of water in the environment, the sensory encounter between water and the body, and the experience of moving in water. Furthermore, with reference to Seel’s concept of nature aesthetics (1996), the experience of wild swimming is analyzed in terms of contemplation, correspondence, and imagination. We can conclude that the special intensity …